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The universal definition of myocardial infarction (MI) provides five subtypes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We present an interesting case of a type 2 myocardial infarction caused by the dilation of the left thoracic stomach.

Previously reported electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria to distinguish left circumflex (LCCA) and right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion in patients with acute inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) afford a modest diagnostic accuracy. We aimed to develop a new algorithm overcoming limitations of previous studies. Clinical, ECG, and coronary angiographic data were analyzed in 230 nonselected patients with acute inferior STEMI who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention. A decision-tree analysis was used to develop a new ECG algorithm. The diagnostic accuracy of reported ECG criteria was reviewed. LCCA occlusion occurred in 111 cases and RCA in 119. We developed a 3-step algorithm that identified LCCA and RCA occlusion with a sensitivity of 77%, specificity of 86%, accuracy of 82%, and Youden index of 0.63. The area under the ROC curve was 0.85 and resulted 0.82 after a 10-fold cross validation. The key leads for LCCA occlusion were V3 (ST depression in V3/ST elevation in III >1.2) and V6 (ST elevation ≥0.1 mV or greater than III). The key leads for RCA occlusion were I and aVL (ST depression ≥ 0.1 mV). Fifteen of 21 reviewed studies had less than 20 cases of LCCA occlusion, only 48% performed primary percutaneous coronary intervention, and previous infarction or multivessel disease were often excluded. The diagnostic accuracy of reported ECG criteria decreased when applied to our study population. In conclusion, we report a simple and highly discriminative 3-step ECG algorithm to differentiate LCCA and RCA occlusion in an "all comers" population of patients with acute inferior STEMI. The diagnostic key ECG leads were V3 and V6 for LCCA and I and aVL for RCA occlusion., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Rationale: The extent of protective effects of hemophilia against thrombotic events such as myocardial infarction (MI) and other acute coronary syndromes remains to be determined, as major risk factors for cardiovascular disease exist despite factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency. We present a case report of a 41-year-old male with severe hemophilia A and several cardiovascular risk factors., Patient Concerns: This morbidly obese patient developed chest pressure, followed by chest pain and difficulty in breathing shortly after receiving on-demand treatment with intravenous recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) (turoctocog alfa) dosed per body weight., Diagnoses: An electrocardiogram revealed a diagnosis of inferior ST-segment elevation MI., Interventions: The patient underwent an urgent coronary angiography using a radial artery approach. During the next 12 months, he received dual antiplatelet treatment, acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg, and clopidogrel 75 mg daily. His treatment for severe hemophilia A was changed to plasma-derived FVIII replacement therapy., Outcomes: During this 12-month period, he experienced several small bleeds in his elbows., Conclusions: The temporal relationship between rFVIII infusion and onset of the MI suggests a possible association; however, apart from obesity, the patient also had other major risk factors for arterial thrombosis, such as hypertension and smoking. Furthermore, atherosclerotic disease and underlying atherosclerotic changes could not be excluded with certainty. This case highlights the importance of studies assessing the impact of excess body weight on rFVIII dosing., (Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Double Right Coronary Artery (RCA) is one of the rarest congenital coronary anomalies. Although it can be regarded as a benign condition in the vast majority of cases, it has been associated with acute and life-threatening presentations, including inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), cardiogenic shock and complete heart block, tachyarrhythmias, or even sudden death. However, the role of a double RCA in these conditions is yet to be clarified as more recent data prove no statistically significant association between prevalence of significant atherosclerosis in anomalous coronary arteries in comparison to normal coronary arteries. Here we present a case of inferior STEMI in the context of double RCA, in which one of the two component branches was accidentally found after an "unexpected" jump of the coronary guidewire to treat what was initially considered the main vessel., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

To investigate the diagnostic value of electrocardiographic (ECG) ST-segment in acute inferior myocardial infarction (AIMI) caused by the left circumflex branch (LCX).A total of 240 clinical cases with AIMI in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. All of them had received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 12 hours after symptom onset. The clinical features, ECG manifestations, and coronary artery lesion characteristics of the patients were collected.The right coronary artery (RCA) was shown to be the infarct-related artery (IRA) in 177 patients, while LCX was responsible for AIMI in 63 cases. There was no significant difference in the risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD) (P > .05 for all) between the 2 groups. ST-segment elevation in lead II, III, and AVF could be found in all patients. Moreover, ST-segment depression in lead I (STD I), ST-segment elevation in lead III (STE III), STE III-STE II, STE AVF, STD AVL, STD AVL-STD I and STE v6 lead ST-segment deviation exhibited significant difference in 2 groups (P < .05 for all). The changes of STD I, STE III < STEII, STD AVL < STD I could discriminate between LCX and RCA in AIMI patients with high sensitivity and specificity.ECG may be an effective tool to predict the IRA in patient with AIMI.

We are reporting a case of a 65-year-old female who experienced three ST elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI) during the course of 3 weeks. The first infarct was related to intramural coronary hematoma that propagated proximally after stenting, the second involved progression of this hematoma with obstruction of the vessel lumen, and the third caused subacute stent thrombosis that required "stent cleaning" using the inflated balloon technique., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors have completed and submitted the Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal Conflict of Interest Statement and none were reported.

Acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is typically associated with acute coronary thrombosis or plaque rupture. Rarely, STEMI can be associated with ascending aortic dissection, which represents the majority of acute aortic syndrome aetiologies and carries dreadful outcomes. Routine cardiac intervention with emergent cardiac catheterisation may lead to a higher mortality rate in this group of patients. We present a case of painless inferior STEMI in the setting of ascending aortic dissection. The patient had an inferior STEMI due to the involvement of the right coronary artery as an extension of the ascending aortic dissection. In this era of protocol-driven practice and the pressure to fulfil quality measures, we aim to alert emergency physicians, cardiologists and interventionalists of the possible presentation of painless ascending aortic dissection as an STEMI. The two pathologies characterise by crucial differences in their initial and ultimate management., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: None declared., (2016 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

Thirty-nine year male had a history of road traffic accident with polytrauma. At emergency room he started having chest pain with ventricular tachycardia. He was subsequentially diagnosed with right coronary artery dissection secondary to blunt trauma which is an extremely rare cause of inferior wall myocardial infarction. After some dilemmas, he was ultimately treated with intravascular ultrasound guided coronary angioplasty with stenting and had an uneventful recovery., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infection caused by the larvae of Echinococcus granulosus, which is still endemic in many developing countries. Cardiac involvement is rare but potentially very serious on account of various clinical presentations and nonspecific symptoms that occasionally mimic acute coronary syndrome. We describe a case of ruptured left ventricular hydatid cyst presenting as acute inferolateral myocardial infarction with electrocardiographic changes. Because coronary angiography revealed normal coronary arteries, the final diagnosis was made on the basis of echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. On-pump surgical resection followed by albendazole therapy yielded an excellent outcome., (© The Author(s) 2015.)

Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia is a life-threatening complication, affecting the morbidity and mortality of the patient if not properly treated. We report a case of a 75-year-old female patient who experienced enoxaparininduced thrombocytopaenia during medical treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction due to thrombotic total occlusion in the large right coronary artery.

Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm is a rare presenting feature of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. We describe such a case which resolved with thrombolysis, and on further investigation, the patient was found to have a large sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. Abnormal gross pathology at the time of surgery was suspected to be aortitis which was only confirmed on postmortem examination 6 months later. We highlight the importance of working closely with a pathologist when aortitis is suspected, because failure to treat it medically results in a poor outcome., (© The Author(s) 2014.)

Systemic embolization from a primary cardiac tumor is a relatively frequent presentation. However, an acute myocardial infarction due to coronary embolization is rarely seen. We offer an unusual case of a 50-year-old man who presented with severe angina and was diagnosed with an inferolateral ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Aside from otherwise healthy coronary arteries, his coronary angiogram revealed an acute occlusion of the first obtuse marginal branch, which was treated with balloon angioplasty. Because no residual plaque or dissection was found after the angioplasty, an embolic source was suspected. An echocardiogram then revealed a large mobile left atrial myxoma prolapsing into the left ventricle, so the patient underwent minimally invasive resection. Detailed pathologic examination of the myxoma revealed a concomitant high-grade B-cell lymphoma.

Right ventricular (RV) myocardial infarction (MI) is a frequent concomitant of an acute inferior MI. We set out to determine the diagnostic value of speckle tracking echocardiography in comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) for RV stunning and scar prediction. 55 patients (66 ± 11 years) with an acute inferior ST elevation MI who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of an occlusion in the proximal right coronary artery were prospectively enrolled. An echocardiography was done on the day of presentation and on the 5th day thereafter. A CMR was subsequently performed 1 month after the MI. The CMR was used to differentiate between the group with RV scar (n = 26) and without RV scar (n = 29). RV peak systolic longitudinal strain (RV-LS) at presentation determined RV scar (-21.1 ± 5.1% vs. -9.9 ± 4.6%, p < 0.0001). The RV-LS correlated with the scar extent (r = 0.83, p < 0.0001). RV-LS > -15.8% had a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 83% in RV scar prediction (AUC 0.93). RV-LS was superior to TAPSE and TDI in determining the presence of RV scar. According to RV-LS values at presentation and on the 5th day, 3 subgroups were defined: G1-normal deformation (RV-LS <-20%), G2-RV stunning (baseline RV-LS >-20%, 5th day RV-LS <-20%) and G3-persistent RV dysfunction (unchanged RV-LS > -20%). In G1, there was neither RV scar nor clinically relevant hypotension. In G2, 58% of patients developed RV scar and 36% had hypotension. In the G3, 83% developed RV scar and 55% had hypotension. The myocardial deformation analysis could provide an early prediction of RV scar. It allowed the patients to be divided into subgroups with normal RV function, stunning and persistent RV dysfunction.

The use of conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) by legal security forces and in civil society is rapidly increasing. While they are generally considered safe devices, and fatal complications are rare, it is possible to see a small number of complications. In the present case, we describe the detection of acute inferior myocardial infarction in a patient who experienced chest pain after being exposed to a CEW. In such cases, multiple factors should be considered, and the choice of treatment and follow-up should be decided accordingly.

Arterial thrombosis is rare in ulcerative colitis (UC). Our case report described a triad of arterial emboli in a UC patient who presented with bilateral lower limb claudication associated acute chest pain, confusion, ataxia and diplopia. Investigations confirmed bilateral femoral and popliteal artery occlusion, occipital infarct and a sub-endocardial infarct secondary to embolic disease.

Transient left ventricular apical ballooning or Takotsubo syndrome (TS) is characterized by transient left ventricular dysfunction, electrocardiographic changes that mimic acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and minimal release of myocardial enzymes, with no evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Although prognosis and outcome are relatively good, reported complications include intraventricular thrombi and embolic events. We report an extremely rare case of AMI complicating the early in-hospital course of a patient with TS., (Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

A 71-year-old man underwent intracoronary stent implantation for acute inferior myocardial infarction (MI). Immediately after diagnostic intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) at 8 months' follow-up, an acute occlusion of the sinus node (SN) artery appeared, which developed sinus arrest with junctional escape rhythm. The serum level of high-sensitivity troponin T (TpT) was markedly elevated on the day after the procedure (2.1-32.5 ng/l), which was indicative of MI related to IVUS. Under continuous intravenous infusion of unfractionated heparin, the escape rhythm changed to lower atrial rhythm on the 4th day, and recovered to sinus rhythm on the 14th day. Coronary angiography (CAG) on 15th day showed a recanalization of the SN artery, but optical coherence tomography identified that disrupted plaque and white thrombus still existed in the ostium of the SN artery. The patient was discharged on maintenance anticoagulation therapy. We hypothesized from this case that IVUS-related myocardial injury may exist without clinical problems. Our retrospective investigation showed that the median levels of high-sensitivity TpT in 20 patients who underwent CAG and subsequent diagnostic IVUS significantly increased from 0.6 (interquartile range 0.3-1.1) to 1.6 (0.7-3.6) ng/l (P < 0.05), suggesting that IVUS may induce very low levels of myocardial injury. In conclusion, we experienced a rare case of IVUS-related MI caused by an acute occlusion of the SN artery. This case reaffirms that we should pay more attention to manipulation of IVUS catheters.

The prevalence of isolated right ventricular infarction is 0.4-2.4% in autopsy series and may occur by at least three different mechanisms, of which occlusion of a nondominant right coronary artery is reviewed here. Although rare, as oxygen demand/supply of the right is lower than that of the left ventricle, due to the smaller muscular mass, and it has a good prognosis, sudden death and cardiac rupture have been reported. Differential diagnosis with anterior infarction is needed. ECG may help but specific criteria should be adopted: dome-like and decreasing ST segment elevation from V1 to V3 leads; rapid ST segment normalization and no Q wave evolution from V1 to V3 leads, either accompanied or not by modest ST segment elevation in DIII (but not aVF) evolving in no Q wave; ST segment elevation in right-sided leads which should be explored; absence of ST segment depression in aVL; absent concomitant ST segment elevation in all inferior leads (DII, DIII, aVF). Applying these criteria may prevent erroneous management of right ventricular infarction if it is confused with left ventricular infarction. Right ventricular function evaluation should always be performed by echocardiography. Magnetic resonance imaging should be useful. An illustrative case and an ECG flow-chart are presented.

The Kounis syndrome was first described in 1991 as'the allergic angina syndrome'which could progress to acute myocardial infarction which was named'allergic myocardial infarction. There are several causes underlying this syndrome including drugs, various conditions and a variety of environmental exposure factors such as animal stings. Hymenoptera stings can induce Kounis syndrome because hymenoptera venom contains allergenic proteins and peptides. The following case report describes a patient who experienced an anaphylactic shock associated with coronary artery ischaemia (inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) after a bumblebee sting.

Introduction: Electrocardiogram a widely available tool may predict infarct related artery in acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. Severity of ST segment elevation may correlate with proximity of lesion in right coronary artery., Methods: Patient with acute ST segment elevation inferior wall myocardial infarction who underwent coronary angiogram was studied. Differences in electrocardiogram among right coronary and left circumflex groups were evaluated. Severity of ST segments elevation in relation to site of lesion in right coronary was studied., Results: The mean age of presentation was 59.52 ± 11.01 years. Total 36 (72%) were men. A total of 42 (84%) had lesion in right and 8 (16%) in left circumflex. Age, sex,diabetes,hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia and physical activity showed no correlation with lesion in right or circumflex coronary artery. ST segment elevation in III>II (P=0.01), ST segment depression in AVL> I (P<0.01) and ST elevation in V4R (P=0.04), correlated with right coronary lesion. Sum of ST elevation in inferior leads were 10.90 ±1.30 mm for proximal, 7.38±1.19 mm for mid and 5.50± 0.53 mm for distal right coronary with significant correlation (P<0.01)., Conclusions: Electrocardiogram was reliable tool to difference right and left circumflex lesion. Severity of sum of ST segment elevations in inferior leads correlated with the proximity of lesion in right coronary.

The benefit of the routine application of aspiration thrombectomy in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is now well established. The optimal management of patients who have "failed" thrombectomy characterized by a large residual thrombus burden after repeated mechanical thrombectomy, however, is not known. We report a case of failed aspiration thrombectomy in a 66-year-old woman who was admitted to our institution with chest pain associated with inferior ST segment elevation. Coronary angiography showed a thrombotic occlusion of the right coronary artery. Aspiration thrombectomy did little to reduce thrombus load and so the patient was treated with intracoronary tenecteplase. Repeat coronary angiography 18 hr later revealed marked thrombus resolution with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade 3 anterograde flow and patency of the infarct-related artery was maintained at 2-month follow up. This case demonstrates the potential for intracoronary thrombolytic therapy as a treatment option for the management of patients following failed thrombectomy in PPCI., (Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: Russell's viper (Daboia russelli) bites lead to high morbidity and mortality in South Asia. Although variety of clinical manifestations is reported in viper bite victims, myocardial ischemic events are rare., Case Presentation: We report a unique case of inferior wall ST elevation myocardial infarction due to a Russell's viper bite over a vein with possible direct intravenous envenoming, in a young male with no past history or family history suggestive of ischemic cardiac disease, from Sri Lanka. In addition, the possible mechanisms of myocardial ischemia in snake bite victims are also briefly discussed., Conclusion: Importance of the awareness of physicians on the rare, yet fatal manifestations of snake envenoming is highlighted.

A single coronary artery is a rare coronary anomaly. A 68-year-old male underwent coronary angiography for recent inferior wall myocardial infarction. It revealed a common coronary trunk arising from the right sinus of Valsalva and bifurcated into the right coronary artery (RCA) and anterior descending coronary arteries. The RCA, after its usual distribution in the right atrioventricular groove, continued as the left circumflex artery in the left atrioventricular groove. There were significant stenoses in the mid and distal RCA, which were treated percutaneously.

Coronary arteriovenous fistulae are a rare but potentially curable cause of ischaemic heart disease and should be considered as a differential diagnosis especially in patients lacking classical risk factors for coronary artery disease. We discuss one such case of cardiac ischaemia resulting from a coronary arteriovenous fistula. While there are sporadic case reports of similar patients in medical literature, our patient is the first reported case of ST-elevation myocardial infarction secondary to the fistulous connection.