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This study deals with some basic inference problems about future observations in a general linear model (GLM) with linear parameter constraints, known as a constrained general linear model (CGLM). Combining the CGLM and its future observations, the author turns the model into a reparameterized form. Using some quadratic matrix optimization methods, the author derives analytical formulas for calculating the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of all unknown parameter matrices under a CGLM and its future observations. In particular, the author next gives a comprehensive search on the comparison of dispersion matrices of BLUPs of unknown vectors by establishing various equalities and inequalities for dispersion matrices of BLUPs under the model by using elementary block matrix operations and some formulas of rank and inertia of block matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gauging the extent of consumers' willingness to choose electric vehicles rather than conventional vehicles has become increasingly important. Based on the push–pull–mooring framework, this study aims to examine how these three factors influence consumers' intention to shift from conventional vehicles to electric vehicles. Based on 886 validated questionnaires from six pilot cities, findings reveal that push factors such as price consciousness and social influence are effective in convincing consumers to switch from conventional vehicles to electric ones. Moreover, pull factors, including perceived benefit and convenience, attract consumers to switch to EVs. In line with our expectations, mooring factors such as perceived risk and inertia have a negative effect on consumers' switching intentions. Furthermore, perceived risk and inertia significantly reduce the positive effect of push and pull factors on consumers' switching intentions. These findings provide important implications for China's transition to low-carbon transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: With the rapid development of human society and economy, the power generation technology of various new energy vehicles has begun to receive widespread attention. Methods: Due to the lack of inertia and frequency stability in the new energy vehicle power generation system, this paper proposes a power generation control method that combines linear active disturbance rejection control technology and virtual synchronous generator technology. This method first introduces the control strategy and inertial response of the virtual synchronous generator. Then, it uses linear active disturbance rejection control technology to improve the virtual synchronous generator technology to deal with the uncertainty and external interference in the system. Results: The results showed that when the virtual inertia coefficient was 0, and the new energy vehicles would hardly intervene in the regulation of the grid voltage. When the virtual inertia coefficient was 5, the decline rate of the DC bus voltage of new energy vehicles had slowed down. When the virtual inertia coefficient increased, the power output of new energy vehicles can be increased to the grid. When the load suddenly increased, and the corresponding DC bus voltage decreased more slowly. In the VSG output power comparison, under the research method, the frequency fluctuation only increased by 0.09 Hz and returned to the rated frequency of 50 Hz. Additionally, the dynamic process of the system output power was the shortest, lasting only 0.05 s. Discussion: The above results show that the research method has significant superiority and effectiveness in improving the inertial response and overall stability of the new energy vehicle power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many experience sampling (ESM) studies suggested that high resilience is reflected by quickly recovering one’s emotional baseline. However, former studies relied on coarse data and did not look into differential recovery from emotional ups and downs. This preregistered proof-of-concept study therefore used high-resolution data collected in 2022 to compute emotional recovery after high levels of positive versus negative emotions. Adults (N = 68) participated in a three-week ESM study with eight assessments per day, complemented by short-spaced burst assessments. Resilience was assessed at baseline (trait-level; TR) and daily (day-level; DR). Multilevel survival analyses showed that high DR predicted faster returns from negative emotions, but also delayed returns following positive emotions (exp(β) = 1.32, p = 0.006). Instead, TR did not relate to emotional recovery (exp(β) = 0.85, p = 0.067). These findings were generally robust across different sensitivity analyses. This illustrates how innovative ESM designs combined with time-to-event analyses may further our insight in emotional recovery and the timescale at which it unfolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Therapeutic inertia (TI), or failure to escalate or initiate BP lowering medications when BP is uncontrolled, increases with advancing age and may in part be due to perceived fall risk. This study examined the association of a fall risk assessment, based on patient response to three questions administered by trained staff, with uncontrolled BP (≥140/90 mmHg) during a clinic visit and with TI during clinic visits with uncontrolled BP among 13 893 patients age ≥ 65 years corresponding to 41 122 primary care visits. Separate generalized linear mixed effects models were used to examine the association of fall risk (low, moderate, and high) with uncontrolled BP and with TI at a clinic visit after adjustment for demographics, comorbidities, and total number of visits. Baseline mean age was 73.0 years (standard deviation [SD] 5.6), 43.3% were men and questionnaire‐assessed fall risk severity was low in 73.6%, moderate in 14.3%, and high in 12.2%. Compared to low fall risk, the adjusted odds of uncontrolled BP during a clinic visit were 0.97 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.06) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.98) with moderate and high fall risk, respectively. In contrast, adjusted odds of TI during a clinic visit with BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg was 1.16 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.34) and 1.30 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.52) with moderate and high fall risk, respectively, compared to low fall risk. These findings suggest that perceived fall risk severity may be one of several factors that influence hypertension management in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates a Bregman and inertial extension of the forward–reflected–backward algorithm (Malitsky and Tam in SIAM J Optim 30:1451–1472, 2020) applied to structured nonconvex minimization problems under relative smoothness. To this end, the proposed algorithm hinges on two key features: taking inertial steps in the dual space, and allowing for possibly negative inertial values. The interpretation of relative smoothness as a two-sided weak convexity condition proves beneficial in providing tighter stepsize ranges. Our analysis begins with studying an envelope function associated with the algorithm that takes inertial terms into account through a novel product space formulation. Such construction substantially differs from similar objects in the literature and could offer new insights for extensions of splitting algorithms. Global convergence and rates are obtained by appealing to the Kurdyka–Łojasiewicz property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition towards an electricity system that is dominated by asynchronous and non-dispatchable generators, such as wind and solar power, entails challenges related to balancing the load and, thereby, keeping the grid frequency stable. Many technologies can contribute to load balancing and frequency control. This study investigates the interactions between electricity generation and frequency control in terms of investments and operation, using cost-minimizing, linear optimization modeling. The model is applied in three different geographic cases and for four future time-points, starting off with the already existing transmission and generation capacities, so as to yield insights into different systems and different stages along the energy transition. The results show that frequency control constraints in the optimization model have a weak impact on the system composition and cost, and that batteries are important for minimizing the impact. Furthermore, inertia requirements without a reserve demand show no impact on the cost or system composition. When allowing for vehicle-to-grid from battery electric vehicles, a large proportion of stationary grid battery investments is displaced, and the impact on system cost from adding frequency control constraints is removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When traditional grid-forming converters directly participate in the grid-connected operation of the power grid, due to the lack of a pre-synchronization control system, the voltage amplitude and initial phase on both sides of the grid-connected point will deviate, resulting in voltage and current distortion during grid-connected mode. An active support phase-locked loop free pre-synchronization control strategy based on the third-order model of a synchronous generator is proposed to address the grid-connected problem of the grid-forming converter mentioned above. First, a model of active support control with frequency integral feedback at small signal levels was constructed. The root locus method was employed to examine how system parameters affect the stability of the active support control system. Second, by adding phase pre-synchronization controllers and amplitude pre-synchronization controllers to the active frequency loop and excitation voltage loop of the third-order model, it was ensured that the frequency, phase, and voltage amplitude of the unit are consistent with the power grid, achieving a fast and smooth grid-connected mode of the unit. Finally, by using a DC source to simulate all types of new energy power generation equipment, the active support pre-synchronization control system based on the three-order model of synchronous generator is built in the MATLAB/Simulink simulation environment, and the accuracy and effectiveness of the control strategy in this paper is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Microrefugia on alpine slopes may allow species to persist in a warming climate. How plant species richness could respond to of the effectiveness of climatic buffering, defined as the difference in climate change in a microrefugium in comparison to that of an open alpine slope as mediated by competitive priority effects, is explored. Location: Alpine habitat anywhere. Taxon: Vascular plants. Methods: A simple spatially explicit model of plant species with adaptations across a climatic gradient simulates reproduction, dispersal, and mortality through climatic change. The effectiveness of microrefugia in buffering climate change and levels of competitive priority effects are included as factors that alter demographic rates in an experimental framework. Spatial patterns of microrefugia and differences in dispersal are also simulated. Differences in mean species richness were analysed. Results: The number of species conserved, relative to an instantaneous equilibrium calculation with the same climatic change, decreases with inclusion of a period of change (transient vs. instantaneous, equilibrium change) and further with competitive priority effects. In these simulations, the number of species conserved does not simply increase with buffer effectiveness, as hypothesized, but instead is bimodal. Main Conclusions: The dip in number of species conserved in the middle range of buffer effectiveness occurs because barriers develop. These are temporal ecological traps, wherein species adapted to the middle of a climatic gradient become extinct, because their colonization of microrefugia is blocked by an extinction debt of resident species. The inertia that allows these demographic consequences is increased by competitive priorities. The highest levels of buffering and resulting inertia will not be ubiquitous but the bimodal pattern indicates that assessments of the role of microrefugia need to recognize the temporal species‐environment and species‐species interactions that will change the number of species conserved versus extinctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing electrification of lifestyles in Indonesia has prompted a shift in consumer preferences, particularly regarding kitchen appliances. Indonesia is currently facing an electricity oversupply issue, hence migrating consumers from traditional Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) stoves to induction stoves offers the potential to enhance electricity utilization and effectively address this predicament. This study aims to investigate the influential factors behind consumers' intentions to switch from traditional LPG stoves to induction stoves. The data were collected from 802 traditional LPG stoves consumers, who are Indonesian citizens, residing across various regions of Indonesia, and have not previously purchased an induction stove to achieve the objective. The collected data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal the importance of Push, Pull, and Mooring factors in motivating consumers to switch from LPG stoves to induction stoves. This research contributes critical insights to academia, industry, and policymakers as well, offering a nuanced understanding of the dynamics influencing this transition in the Indonesian market and playing a pivotal role in addressing the electricity oversupply issue in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milgrom’s Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) correction to Newtonian gravity is shown to be equivalent to a more fundamental transformation between a non-inertial local reference frame and the fixed background of the observable universe, complying with Mach’s principle. Both Newton’s gravitational constant and Milgrom’s MOND acceleration parameter or scale constant are substituted for the speed of light and two varying and measurable cosmological parameters under the justification of Schrödinger’s and Sciama’s interpretation of Mach’s principle: causally connected mass and size of the universe. This Machian interpretation, free from fundamental constants and parameters with the exception of the speed of light as the speed of gravity, is based on relative field intensities of the small and large scale of the universe. The Machian MOND approximation is a necessary feature of a phenomenological theory of modified inertia which incorporates Mach’s principle in agreement with galaxy rotation curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dry frictional interface loaded in shear often displays stick–slip. The amplitude of this cycle depends on the probability that a microscopic event nucleates a rupture and on the rate at which microscopic events are triggered. The latter is determined by the distribution of soft spots, P(x), which is the density of microscopic regions that yield if the shear load is increased by some amount x. In minimal models of a frictional interface—that include disorder, inertia and long-range elasticity—we discovered an ‘armouring’ mechanism by which the interface is greatly stabilised after a large slip event: P(x) then vanishes at small argument as P (x) ∼ x θ (de Geus et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116(48):23977-23983, 2019. ). The exponent θ is non-zero only in the presence of inertia (otherwise θ = 0 ). It was found to depend on the statistics of the disorder in the model, a phenomenon that was not explained. Here, we show that a single-particle toy model with inertia and disorder captures the existence of a non-trivial exponent θ > 0 , which we can analytically relate to the statistics of the disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement for reparations for those enslaved on the North American continent from 1450 to 1866 has a long history fraught with debate, criticized by individuals on both the right and left sides of the political spectrum. Specific points of contention include how much money should be allocated, who the recipients and potential liable parties should be, and what specific form reparations should take. Accounting for this historical opposition, this paper employs a corpus-based discourse analysis to examine the communicative barriers to implementing reparations. The corpora consisted of YouTube comments posted to news reports of six cities' reparations proposals. I utilized Sketch Engine to examine frequency of keywords, collocations, and concordance, followed by a close-reading discourse analysis of lexical, grammatical, and tonal elements. The analysis revealed myriad constructions of reparations resulting in inertia, the institutional tendency to preserve the status quo. This discursive formation is consequential not only for its implications for reparations, but for broader structural reform efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We examine the generally accepted hypothesis that directed reciprocity is a powerful driver for cooperation. To do so, we consider a framework where agents situated on a circle network interact with their neighbors and have the choice to be egoistic, altruistic, or partially cooperative. We study the interaction between reciprocity, the likelihood that an agent reproduces value to the neighbor who has recently produced value for the agent, and inertia, the tendency of agents to repeat their previous choices even if other strategies are more successful. On the basis of extensive simulations, we conclude that for high levels of inertia, reciprocity enhances cooperation, while for low levels of inertia reciprocity rather subverts cooperation. For intermediate levels of inertia, we find a U-shaped effect. Reciprocity therefore interacts with the level of inertia in a non-monotonic fashion.

Optimal healthcare provision for the elderly is increasingly possible via real-time health indicators' data generated by mHealth care applications. Yet, these apps require continuous utilization, which remains problematic. This research examines gamification, usability, as well as empathetic cooperation and social interaction (ESCI) as enablers whereas inertia, sunk cost, transition cost, perceived risk, and technological anxiety are validated as inhibitors of mHealth care applications continued usage intention. Drawing on self-determination theory (SDT) and the Health IT Usability Evaluation Model (Health-ITUEM), the study also validates engagement as an influencer of continued intention. The sample comprised 643 older adults using mHealth care applications and residing in North Indian states. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was applied to assess and validate the hypothesized relationships. The results confirmed that usability strongly impacted engagement, followed by gamification and ESCI. Conversely, perceived risk emerged as the strongest inhibitor, followed by sunk cost, technological anxiety, and transition cost. Interestingly, Inertia had a positive and significant impact on engagement. This research is an initial endeavor to understand enablers and inhibitors of mHealth care applications (mHealth care apps) concerning older adults. The model that emerged from this study would provide valuable insights by validating various significant issues to generate engagement of the elderly towards mHealth care apps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By constructing counterexamples, the authors show that the fixed subgroups are not compressed in direct products of free and surface groups, and hence negate a conjecture in [Zhang, Q., Ventura, E. and J. Wu, Fixed subgroups are compressed in surface groups, Internat. J. Algebra Comput., 25, 2015, 865–887]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report describes the findings of craniofacial anomalies associated with dystocia in a mixed‐breed bitch. A bitch in labour was presented for evaluation of dystocia, and an emergency caesarean section was performed. Two pups with craniofacial abnormalities were delivered by hysterotomy. One pup was stillborn, with congenital anomalies including palatoschisis (cleft palate), cheiloschisis (cleft lip), an open fontanelle, and a narrow teardrop‐shaped skull. The second pup was delivered alive and had cheiloschisis. Craniofacial malformations are a reported cause of dystocia in the dog, usually due to obstruction. However, dystocia in the reported case is presumed to have developed because the pup's craniofacial malformations prevented stimulation of uterine contractions. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report to describe craniofacial abnormalities affecting 100% of the litter and is the first known report to describe the relationship between craniofacial abnormalities and presumptive primary uterine inertia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For positive real numbers r , p 0 , and p 1 < ⋯ < p n , let K r be the Kraus matrix whose (i, j) entry is equal to 1 p i - p j ( p i r - p 0 r p i - p 0 - p j r - p 0 r p j - p 0 ). In this article, we give a supplemental result to Sano and Takeuchi (J. Spectr. Theory, 2022) about the Kraus matrices K r : the simplicity of non-zero eigenvalues. Our proof is accomplished by arguments similar to those for Loewner matrices given by Bhatia, Friedland and Jain (Indiana Univ. Math. J., 2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms can achieve trinomial sustainability goals if they can constantly build and rejuvenate their capabilities to adapt to new situations. However, few studies consider the interrelationships between the distinct capabilities pertinent to sustainable development and the impact of these capabilities on firm performance under diverse contexts, especially in emerging economies. Drawing on dynamic capability theory, we developed a model to test the links between dynamic sustainability capability, theorized as a higher order capability, and relational and managerial capabilities, theorized as lower order capabilities, to the firm's sustainability performance. Data collected from 210 large Indian manufacturing firms is analyzed using PLS‐SEM. Results confirm that dynamic sustainability capability has facilitating effects on environmental and social performance directly and indirectly through managerial capability. Although relational capability partially mediates the link between dynamic sustainability capability and social performance, it does not impact environmental performance. Further, the aforementioned relationships are affected by forces in the firms' environment. Most of the direct and indirect relationships are negatively moderated by organizational inertia and positively moderated by environmental turbulence. By investigating the hierarchically structured capabilities, this study guides firms to make strategic choices regarding resource calibration for sustainability. The study recommends that organizations looking to integrate dynamic sustainability capability as part of their strategic management should look at the sequential combinations of existing resources to achieve different sustainability targets. The study's findings also urge policymakers to consider environmental conditions while developing sustainability reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating a contingency perspective with status-quo theory, this study investigates how to break the inertial use of incumbent payments to use mobile-payment services in South Korea. We surveyed 330 Korean respondents from March 2021 to May 2021, using a non-probability purposive and web-panel sampling method. Our hierarchical regression estimation results reveal that the status-quo inertia of incumbent transactional method negatively influences user behavior regarding mobile payment adoption. Moreover, from a contingency perspective, individual factors, including gender and age, and technology environmental factors, such as technology diversity, weaken the effect of status-quo inertia. Meanwhile, regulatory environmental factors, such as institutional inertia, strengthen status-quo inertia's effect on the intention to use mobile payment. More attention has been given to the questions of how and why leapfrogging from traditional transaction methods to mobile payment has not yet been replaced. In this context, our findings could provide answers for both academic and industry experts who have explored how to break inertia to adopt mobile payment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel three-equation two-phase flow model is proposed for sedimentation and consolidation. • Fluid pressure increases with initial sediment concentration, necessitating incorporation of non-hydrostatic pressure. • Inertial effects become significant with larger grains, indicating the need to incorporate inertial forces. Sedimentation and consolidation, a multi-physical phenomenon of great significance in aquatic environments, usually involves dynamic pore pressure, inertial effects, fluid-particle interphase interaction and solid stress. However, simplified models for sedimentation and consolidation typically assume hydrostatic mixture pressure and neglect inertial effects without proper justifications. Here, a one-dimensional three-equation two-phase flow model (TTP) is proposed for sedimentation and consolidation, which directly resolves dynamic fluid pressure and inertial terms. The present TTP model is benchmarked against a series of experimental cases and two existing four-equation two-phase flow (FTP) models. It features encouraging performance as compared to measured data and computed results of the existing FTP model. Furthermore, the present TTP model shows superior computing efficiency over the FTP models. To investigate the influences of inertial effects and non-hydrostatic mixture pressure, two simplified versions of the TTP model are constructed and compared with the TTP model. It is shown that incorporating inertial effects and non-hydrostatic fluid pressure are important for accurately predicting the sedimentation-consolidation process. The present study facilitates a promising framework for modelling sedimentation and consolidation, thereby supporting effective sediment management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the EV (Electric Vehicles) charging stations are characterized by weak damping and low inertia, the EV with a high degree of uncertainty can easily have an impact on the stability of the charging station system. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimization control method to improve the system inertia effect based on the fractional order impedance model of the charging station. This paper presents a study on establishing a fractional impedance model for charging stations, using the deviation between theoretical impedance spectra and actual measurements as a criterion. The goal is to enhance system inertia and optimize the parameters of the fractional-order controller to improve the supporting capacity of the charging station system and enhance its dynamic response. Initially, considering the fractional characteristics of the EV load, a fractional impedance model of the charging station is established. The analysis demonstrates that the fractional-order capacitor provides inertia to the system, enhancing its inertia support capability. In addition, a virtual inertia control strategy based on fractional-order PID (FOPID) is designed. Finally, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is utilized to optimize the control parameters. Through experimental verification under different operating conditions, it has been demonstrated that the fractional-order control strategy can achieve a dynamic response time of approximately 0.025s and limit the voltage deviation within 5%. Furthermore, the rotational inertia can rapidly increase to the maximum value satisfying the objective function within 0.05s. The results indicate that this control method effectively suppresses the DC voltage and power oscillations in the distribution grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDespite the growing research interest in facial recognition payment (FRP), the factors that influence the intention to switch to FRP have received limited attention. Grounded in status quo bias theory, this study explores predictors of users’ intention to switch from QR code payment to FRP through an online survey. The empirical findings based on 1,244 responses indicate that the need for uniqueness negatively affects embarrassment, privacy concern, and inertia and positively affects switch intention. Further, embarrassment and privacy concern are both positively related to inertia and negatively related to switch intention, and inertia significantly reduces switch intention. Through multi-group analysis, this study also finds that users with experience using services enabled by facial recognition technology are more willing to switch to FRP. This study enriches the FRP literature by highlighting the roles of inertia and the need for uniqueness and provides several implications for FRP practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an on-line closed-loop identification of mainly mass and inertia of an under-actuated aerial vehicle, namely a quadrotor acting as an aerial manipulator, is presented. Being treated as a rigid body, only one set of eighteen- or six tri-axial linear accelerometers is used to facilitate such estimation. Force and torque disturbances acting upon the vehicle during identification are also estimated which will refine the overall estimation quality of the unknown parameters. Namely, recursive linear and nonlinear least squares methods are used to obtain initial and refined estimations, respectively. Random disturbances are introduced to the closed-loop system to ensure enough excitation of the overall system. Issues related to identifiability, stability and performance are discussed. Since the proposed method depends on general kinematical and dynamical analyses of motion, it is claimed that the presented method will be also applicable to a wider range of, mainly, aerial vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of species is not random in space. At the finest‐resolution spatial scale, that is, field sampling locations, distributional aggregation level of different species would be determined by various factors, for example spatial autocorrelation or environmental filtering. However, few studies have quantitatively measured the importance of these factors.In this study, inspired by the statistical properties of a Markov transition model, we propose a novel additive framework to partition local multispecies distributional aggregation levels for sequential sampling‐derived field biodiversity data. The framework partitions the spatial distributional aggregation of different species into two independent components: regional abundance variability and the local spatial inertia effect.Empirical studies from field amphibian surveys through line‐transect sampling in southwestern China (Minya Konka) and central‐southern Vietnam showed that local spatial inertia was always the dominant mechanism structuring the local occurrence and distributional aggregation of amphibians in the two regions with a latitudinal gradient from 1200 to nearly 4000 m. However, regional abundance variability is still nonnegligible in highly diverse tropical regions (i.e. Vietnam) where the altitude is not higher than 2000 m.In summary, we propose a novel framework that shows that the multispecies distributional aggregation level can be structured by two additive components. The two partitioned components could be theoretically independent. These findings are expected to deepen our understanding of the local community structure from the perspective of both spatial distribution and regional diversity patterns. The partitioning framework might have potential applications in field ecology and macroecology research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Of interest here is the stability and associated deformation localization of structures when inertial effects are considered. Concerned primarily with the study of necking failure patterns, the prevailing approach in the relevant literature uses the "modal analysis" method to find the wavelength of the structure's fastest growing eigenmode, an approach that often uses a rate-dependent material response. However, the experimental studies of (Zhang and Ravi-Chandar in Int. J. Fracture 142: 183–217, 2006; Zhang and Ravi-Chandar in Int. J. Fracture 163: 41–65, 2010) on the high strain-rate expansion of thin rings and tubes, show no evidence of a dominant wavelength in their failure mode and no influence of strain-rate sensitivity on the necking strains. Moreover, modal analysis assumes that at all times the entire structure sees the applied eigenmode perturbation in spite of the physical limitation of a finite wave propagation speed. In addition, the closely related problem of stability in dynamically loaded structures, i.e., the time evolution of perturbations introduced at different times during loading, does not seem to have attracted attention. Based on the above-mentioned experimental and theoretical observations, (Ravi-Chandar and Triantafyllidis in Int. J. Solids Struct. 58: 301–308, 2015) proposed a "localized perturbation" approach to study the dynamic stability of an incompressible, nonlinearly elastic bar at different strain-rates by following the evolution of spatially localized small perturbations introduced at different times. The goal of the present work is to study the dynamic stability – linear and nonlinear – of rate-independent biaxially strained thin plates by following the evolution of spatially localized perturbations introduced at different times, to understand the initiation of the corresponding failure mechanisms. Our 2D linearized analysis of a thin plate under plane stress state, shows that these plates are stable until τ L , the dimensionless limit time corresponding to the loss of the uniformly strained plate's stability. This result is supported by fully nonlinear calculations. Our nonlinear numerical calculations also show an imperfection amplitude-dependent and biaxiality-dependent delay in the appearance of localization patterns in dynamically loaded plates for dimensionless times well beyond τ m , corresponding to the onset of loss of ellipticity in the constitutive law. Moreover, the failure patterns of these plates are studied numerically by following the time evolution of randomly distributed imperfections of different amplitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of global warming and growing demands that economies, industries, and firms should be climate‐neutral by mid‐century, various sources complain that firms are still hesitant to implement a corresponding climate neutrality strategy (CNS). To date, however, there is little empirical evidence or explanation for such an alleged inertia. This study fills this void by analyzing key determinants that may explain whether a CNS is pursued at the firm level. We develop and test hypotheses grounded in theory using firm‐level data from the 2021 European Flash Eurobarometer as well as country‐level datasets to examine the impact of formal and informal institutions. Our results reveal that the majority of firms across many countries and industries have no explicit CNS. As predicted by institutional logics, the extent of a firm's home country's exposure to climate change, climate problem awareness, and regulatory enforcement has a significant positive impact on the likelihood of CNS being formulated and pursued by firms. Extending traditional structural inertia theory, internal factors cause large and old firms to be more likely to report having explicit CNS. We further find that these structural characteristics partially moderate the link between institutions and CNS. After a thorough discussion of the results, potential limitations, research opportunities, and implications for various stakeholders are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a thorough analysis of unit commitment (UC) formulations in the context of low-inertia power systems, which are increasingly prevalent as the transition to Renewable Energy Sources (RES) gain momentum. Given the move towards more sustainable energy models, incorporating RES presents unique challenges in maintaining grid stability due to their inherent lack of synchronous inertia. This review examined the intricacies of modelling energy market designs and UC strategies to tackle these challenges. The study explores the expansion of frequency response services, emphasizing the increasing dependence on ancillary services, particularly in markets with a substantial presence of RES, attention is focused on the unique operating challenges in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa, where dispersed grid networks and generation inadequacies compound the problem. The paper delves into different methodologies and modelling approaches used in frequency-constrained optimization, shedding light on the strengths and weaknesses of current practices. A crucial outcome of our study is that the use of uniform frequency response models to deduce post-fault frequency parameters will not give adequate results in sparsely connected power system networks. Also, studies primarily focus on generation adequacy and the reliability criterion of the largest generator outage, overlooking the potential impact of network constraints and congestions in their formulation. Our analysis provides valuable insights into creating market frameworks that optimize energy and ancillary services, ensuring a stable and efficient grid operation in a power system dominated by RES. Based on our findings, it is essential to establish electricity market frameworks that can effectively maximize the utilization of energy resources and address the specific regional challenges associated with frequency regulation services in the future.