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The abundance of methane has led to a strong interest to use methane as a feedstock in the chemical industry. One of the main challenges is the initial activation of the methane molecule. This has resulted in the development of several different approaches to utilize methane, some more developed than others. In this work the current status of the different approaches is discussed and the main issues for industrial utilization described. A special focus of this work is the status of catalyst development.

Talc is an important industrial commodity due to its wide-ranging intrinsic properties; however, the presence of iron oxide hinders its industrial utilization. Herein, we report the purification of Pakistani talc through acid leaching assisted by chlorination techniques. Among various acids (i.e., HF, HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, Aqua Regia, H3BO3, and CH3COOH), HF was the most effectual, removing up to 67% of iron oxide at optimized conditions of temperature, 90–95 °C; time, 120 min; HF concentration of 5%; and at a pH of 1. In the second step, chlorination of the talc sample was performed separately by both wet chlorination and dry chlorination. Wet chlorination was carried out using KMnO4 and HCl in slurry phase which shown about 52% removal of iron oxide, whereas dry chlorination with CaCl2 at high temperature attained about 48% removal of iron oxide from talc sample. Further, the wet chlorination of HF leached samples was also performed under optimized conditions which showed up to 87% iron oxide removal. The original and treated talc samples were characterized by EDX and XRD analysis to monitor the changes in the elemental and mineralogical composition of the talc. It can be concluded that HF leaching followed by wet chlorination is an effective method for the upgradation of low-grade Pakistani talc ores.

The industrial utilization of straw from the field is an important way to achieve its comprehensive utilization. Construction of an efficient collection system is the premise and foundation for the efficient utilization of straw resources. It has become an urgent problem to reduce the cost of storage and transportation of straw from the field. In order to construct an indexing system and method of regional suitability evaluation of straw storage and transportation technology model, a model based on regional suitability criteria for straw storage and transportation technology has been constructed by using literature analysis. The evaluation method of the straw storage and transportation technology model is briefly discussed. This method provides a quantifiable basis for screening, evaluation, integration, and popularization of the straw storage and transportation technology model.

Despite their unprecedented potential, polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) have not reached their forecasted industrial utilization, yet. Insufficient control of nanoparticle (NP) spatial organization in...

The industrial utilization of natural bamboo has been plagued by cracking that are closely related to the relationship between the moisture content (MC) and drying shrinkage. To reveal the cracking...

An accurate and quantitative description of the pore structure of gasification-coke using fractal geometry could be of great significance to its industrial utilization. In this study, gasification-coke was prepared with low-quality coal blending at different high-temperature residence times to investigate the variation in the pore structure, fractal dimensions, reactivities, and their relationship. The pore structure parameters (e.g., specific surface area, pore volume, and average pore diameter) of gasification-coke were investigated by low-temperature N2 adsorption/desorption and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Fractal dimensions D1 and D2 (at relative pressures of 0–0.5 and 0.5–1, respectively) were calculated using the fractal Frenkel–Halsey–Hill model, and the fractal dimension D3 was obtained using the Menger sponge model. The results show that the pore structure systems of gasification-coke prepared at different high-temperature residence times are continuous and complete, which contributes to the gasification reaction. The variation trend of the macropore structure parameters is more complex than that of micropore and mesopore with the extension of the high-temperature residence time. It is found that D1 is linearly correlated with the micropore specific surface area, indicating that D1 is more suitable for reflecting the roughness of the micropore surface; D2 is linearly correlated with the mesopore volume and can describe the volumetric roughness of the mesopore; and D3 reflects the irregularities and surface roughness of the macropores. Gasification reactivity is closely related to the D2 value, and the reactivity of the gasification-coke may be improved if the number of mesopores is increased by controlling the high-temperature residence time or other pyrolysis conditions. The research results will provide theoretical reference for controlling the gasification reaction of gasification-coke and gasifier design.

Gelatinization and retrogradation characteristics of starches from tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) tuber before and after various oil extraction processes were studied in this investigation. The results indicated that starches isolated from tigernut tuber after the various oil extraction processes varied significantly in gelatinization and retrogradation properties. The starches isolated from the cakes of tigernut tuber after hot press extraction exhibited higher retrogradation tendency and relatively less shear-thinning than other starch samples. The results of FT-IR, XRD, and NMR analysis indicated that oil extraction had an unfavorable influence on starch retrogradation, which may be due to structural changes caused by oil extraction processes. In particular, oil extraction led to more efficient packing of double helices in the crystalline lamella of the starches during storage. Retrogradation of the starch gels also reduced the water holding capacities of the starches. The starch sample isolated from the cake after cold press extraction exhibited the highest water absorption capacity among the five samples for all storage times. This investigation provides valuable novel information for the industrial utilization of tigernut tuber starches isolated from meals and cakes after oil extraction.

Marble bodies occur in Ubo River Area as lenses of rocks. Seven (07) marble samples were obtained, analyzed and subjected to X-Ray Flourescence (XRF) analysis to determine both the major and trace elemental composition of the samples. The analysis revealed high CaO values (52.23-58.10 wt. %) and moderate values for SiO2 (7.50-10.43wt. %), fairly low values for Al2O3 (2.30 – 4.21 wt. %), Fe2O3 (2.62 – 5.15 wt. %), MgO (0.42 – 0.7 wt. %), MnO (0.01 – 0.06 wt. %), K2O (0.32 – 1.55 wt. %) and Na2O (0.01 – 0.03 wt. %), respectively. Variation plots involving Na2O/Al2O3 vs K2O/Al2O3 reveal sedimentary progenitors for the rocks. The fairly high SiO2 and low K2O content is an indication of the environment of deposition and may have been in a shallow marine environment with fair input of classic sediments into the system. The relatively high CaO content, moderate SiO2content and fairly low Al2O3 and Fe2O3 values indicates a fair degree of purity of the parent rock, hence its suitability as a raw material in the industrial sector. Keywords: Clastic, Deposition, Environment, Progenitor, Marble, Chemical

Starch is a major part of the human diet and an important material for industrial utilization. The structure of starch granules is the subject of intensive research because it determines functionality, and hence suitability for specific applications. Starch granules are made up of a hierarchy of complex structural elements, from lamellae and amorphous regions to blocklets, growth rings and granules, which increase in scale from nanometers to microns. The complexity of these native structures changes with the processing of starch-rich ingredients into foods and other products. This review aims to provide a comprehensive review of analytical methods developed to characterize structure of starch granules, and their applications in analyzing the changes in starch structure as a result of processing, with particular consideration of the poorly understood short-range ordered structures in amorphous regions of granules.

Previous studies have explored the potential of pomace valorization, with an emphasis on the transformation of polysaccharide biopolymers of pomace-cellulose and hemicellulose to produce high-value bioproducts such as microcrystalline cellulose. Notably, opportunities for the exploration of the biopolymer of pomace-lignin for its employment in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering have not been comprehensively explored. There is, therefore, a need for an intervention to highlight the potential of utilizing pomace-lignin as a high-value biomass resource. This review explores potential biomedical applications of pomace-lignin and highlights some of the factors that hinder the industrial utilization of pomace-lignin. In addition, the present review covers lignin chemistry, extraction methods, depolymerization approaches, and prospects of lignin utilization in biomedical applications. It is anticipated that this review will aid future decisions regarding the preferred approaches for the valorization of pomace-lignin.

Industrial decarbonization is a daunting challenge given the relative lack of low-carbon options available for “hard to decarbonize” industries such as iron and steel, cement, and chemicals. Hydrogen, however, offers one potential solution to this dilemma given that is an abundant and energy dense fuel capable of not just meeting industrial energy requirements, but also providing long-duration energy storage. Despite the abundance and potential of hydrogen, isolating it and utilizing it for industrial decarbonization remains logistically challenging and is, in many cases, expensive. Industrial utilization of hydrogen is currently dominated by oil refining and chemical production with nearly all of the hydrogen used in these applications coming from fossil fuels. The generation of low-carbon or zero-carbon hydrogen for industrial applications requires new modes of hydrogen production that either intrinsically produce no carbon emissions or are combined with carbon capture technologies. This review takes a sociotechnical perspective to examine the full range of industries and industrial processes for which hydrogen can support decarbonization and the technical, economic, social and political factors that will impact hydrogen adoption.

This review outlines the present state and recent progress in the area of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs), an emerging family of green cellulose nanomaterials. Different types of LCNF raw materials are described, with main focus on wood-based raw materials, and the properties of the resulting LCNFs are compared. Common problems faced in industrial utilization of CNFs are discussed in the light of potential improvements from LCNFs, covering areas such as chemical and energy consumption, dewatering and redispersibility. Out of the potential applications, barrier films, emulsions and nanocomposites are considered.

The 21st century is witnessing a fast-paced digital revolution. A significant trend is that cyber and physical environments are being unprecedentedly entangled with the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT). IoT has been widely immersed into various domains in the industry. Among those areas where IoT would make significant impacts are building construction, operation, and management by facilitating high-class services, providing efficient functionalities, and moving towards sustainable development goals. So far, IoT itself has entered an ambiguous phase for industrial utilization, and there are limited number of studies focusing on the application of IoT in the building industry. Given the promising future impact of IoT technologies on buildings, and the increasing interests in interdisciplinary research among academics, this paper investigates the state-of-the-art projects and adoptions of IoT for the development of smart buildings within both academia and industry contexts. The wide-ranging IoT concepts are provided, covering the necessary breadth as well as relevant topic depth that directly relates to smart buildings. Current enabling technologies of IoT, especially those applied to buildings and related areas are summarized, which encompasses three different layers based on the conventional IoT architecture. Afterwards, several recent applications of IoT technologies on buildings towards the critical goals of smart buildings are selected and presented. Finally, the priorities and challenges of successful and seamless IoT integration for smart buildings are discussed. Besides, this paper discusses the future research questions to advance the implementation of IoT technologies in both building construction and operation phases. The paper argues that a mature adoption of IoT technologies in the building industry is not yet realized and, therefore, calls for more attention from researchers in the relevant fields from the application perspective.

Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments are a serviceable method for the industrial utilization of the microalgae, which can improve the phenotype, performance, and stability of microalgae to obtain strains containing beneficial mutations. In this article, we reviewed the research into the microalgae ALE test and assessed the improvement of microalgae growth, tolerance, metabolism, and substrate utilization by ALE. In addition, the principles of ALE and the key factors of experimental design, as well as the issues and drawbacks of the microalgae ALE method were discussed. In general, improving the efficiency of ALE and verifying the stability of ALE resulting strains are the primary problems that need to be solved in future research, making it a promising method for the application of microalgae biotechnology.

Water scarcity for industrial utilization has been appeared as a global issue in this modern era. Different types of wastewater containing heavy metals are continuously contaminating water. To resolve this contamination, various technologies have been adopted to reduce and among them membrane technologies have been considered more effective compared to conventional wastewater treatment technologies due to the isolation capability of nutrients and heavy metals at low concentration. This study demonstrated the comprehensive analysis on the numerous membrane technologies for wastewater pretreatment processes. Furthermore, recovering valuable resources such as nutrients through membrane technologies has been outlined in this chapter what could lead to economic and environmental feasibility. The overview of this chapter summarized that wastewater treatment and resource recovery via implementations of membrane technologies can play an excellent role in near future effectively for wastewater treatment, purification, and resource recovery in chemical, biochemical, food, and manufacturing industrial sector.

This paper focuses on the problem of fractional controller P I stabilization for a first-order time-delay systems. For this reason, we utilize the Hermite–Biehler and Pontryagin theorems to compute the complete set of the stabilizing P I λ parameters. The widespread industrial utilization of PID controllers and the potentiality of their noninteger order representation justify a timely interest in P I λ tuning techniques. Step responses are calculated through K p , K i , l a m b d a parameters inside and outside stability region to prove the method efficiency.

Cellulases, the third-largest industrial enzyme, has significant applications across a plethora of industries, including food, textiles, pharmaceutical, detergent, biofuels, and paper. Owing to the abundance of cellulose in nature and its applicability in various industries, the demand for cellulases is always on the rise. Over the last few decades, significant efforts have been made towards the industrial utilization of cellulosic biomass, with a primary focus being development of cost-effective and efficient enzymatic technologies. This review highlights the critical consideration of the industrial use of cellulases, including sources and methods of production of enzymes, the market value of cellulase in the enzyme industry, current industrial applications of cellulase, and recent research developments around industrial cellulases.

Seaweeds have been generally utilized as food and alternative medicine in different countries. They are specifically used as a raw material for wine, cheese, soup, tea, noodles, etc. In addition, seaweeds are potentially good resources of protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, essential fatty acids and dietary fiber. The quality and quantity of biologically active compounds in seaweeds depend on season and harvesting period, seaweed geolocation as well as ecological factors. Seaweeds or their extracts have been studied as innovative sources for a variety of bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, carrageenan, fucoidan, etc. These secondary metabolites have been shown to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti- obesity and anti-tumour properties. They have been used in pharmaceutical/medicine, and food industries since bioactive compounds from seaweeds are regarded as safe and natural. Therefore, this article provides up-to-date information on the applications of seaweed in different industries such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetics, dermatology and agriculture. Further studies on innovative extraction methods, safety issue and health-promoting properties should be reconsidered. Moreover, the details of the molecular mechanisms of seaweeds and their bioactive compounds for physiological activities are to be clearly elucidated.

For over two decades, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have drawn huge attention in the scientific community, with the promise to solve a wide variety of real-world problems. Despite overwhelming interests for this unique class of porous materials, the progress towards actual utilization falls short of the expectation due to the challenging transition from academia to industry. In this review, an up-to-date summary of the progress for MOF industrialization is presented. The latest developments in scalable production of MOFs and MOF processing from their powdered form are discussed to give a broad overview of the route to MOF commercialization. Their industrial utilization potentials are evaluated as well to provide useful insights for the future development in this field. This review aims to serve as an introduction for multidisciplinary research teams who are interested in developing a commercial market for MOF products. National Research Foundation (NRF) W. L. Teo thanks the Nanyang President’s Graduate Scholarship (NPGS) for funding his doctorate study. This research is supported by the Singapore National Research Foundation Investigatorship (NRF-NRFI2018-03).

Sustainable bamboo construction requires systematic and scientific integration and allocation of involved resources to achieve the optimization of a comprehensive value. The resources mentioned include not only nature but also social and human aspects. A clear analysis of resource elements is a prerequisite for clarifying the decisive variables related to the sustainability of bamboo construction activities. For this, the chapter summarizes the status quo of the bamboo forest resource, bamboo industrial utilization, and processing technology, as well as the economic, social, and environmental impacts of the bamboo industry, which lays the foundation for the development of sustainable solutions.

In this letter, a new approach to the synthesis of nickel ferrite has been performed. Nickel ferrite nanoparticles have been prepared via a straightforward method by simply heating iron-nickel tertracyanide powder (FeNi(CN)4·3H2O) in air at 400 °C for only 5 min. During the heating process, it was observed that iron-nickel cyanide powder ignites at a certain point in the material and then this ignition propagates in a wave-like manner through the rest of the mass. As the ignition front propagated through the material, an extreme expansion occurred in a way similar to musical accordion and eventually formed nickel ferrite nanoparticles. Samples were characterized using XRD, SEM, HRTEM, TGA and Raman spectroscopy. All analysis confirmed the successful formation of single phase nickel ferrite. The present method can be extended to synthesize other ferrites. The presented approach is characterized by both simplicity and scalability which makes it promising for industrial utilization.

For a long time whole edible insects have been consumed in developing countries as part of food. With the aim of promoting food and nutrition security there is a focus on the industrial value addition of edible insects. The industrial utilization is hampered by limited information regarding the functionality of cricket proteins in food matrixes. Therefore this study aims at determining the NaCl and pH at which the functional properties of edible crickets protein concentrates is optimum. Reared edible crickets were acquired from JKUAT farm in Kenya, freeze dried and ground to powder. Two methods were used to extract the proteins namely; hexane and aqueous extraction. The protein solubility, water holding capacity, emulsion capacity and stability, foaming capacity and stability and least gelation concentration of the protein concentrates were determined separately using NaCl at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 12% and pH regimes of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 respectively. Protein solubility of the protein concentrates decreased from pH 2 to pH 8 followed by a significant increase at pH 12. Increase of NaCl concentration to 4% increased the water holding capacity followed by a decline towards 12%. pH had significant effect on the water holding capacity of the protein concentrates (p = 0.0246). Emulsion capacity decreased with increase in NaCl concentration up to 6% followed by an increase with continuous increase in NaCl concentration. NaCl and pH considerably influenced the foaming capacity of the protein concentrates. The least gelation concentration of the protein concentrates was 30%.

As the largest country in Africa and home to a variety of topographies and geologies, Algeria is rich in substantial mineral reserves. But unfortunately, these minerals are currently underutilized, as the mining sector attracted a little investment and researches. High-purity silica sand for several applications is currently sourced but just from a few locations in Algeria (Beddiaf Chihi and Leghrieb J Afr Earth Sci 106:129–133, 2015; Anas Boussaa et al. A Phys Pol A 129:129–133, 2016a; Anas Boussaa et al. Rev Energ Renouv 19(N°3):481–486, 2016b; Anas Boussaa et al. OpenChem 16:1227–1232, 2018; Zouaouid and Gheriani Silicon 11:1537, 2019; Bendida et al. Energy Procedia 36:825–833, 2013; Maazouzi et al. Silicon 6(3):149–154, 2014; Meftah and Mahboub Silicon. 12:2019–2153, 2019). The grow demand for this material by the industries is expecting, so more silica sand sources are required to be found, and for successful high-purity silica sand resource identification, detailed characterization properties is essential. To our knowledge, no research concerning Zemmouri silica sand characterization has been reported up to now. It is therefore important to investigate the capacity of this vast silica sand deposit for its potential uses and to enable the economic development of this region. This study seeks to determine the various textural parameters and chemico-physical properties of sand located in Zemmouri (Algeria) for its future industrial utilization. The result of this study using XRF indicates that Zemmouri sand has got a very good purity (99.3% silica). The value of densities was determined, agreeing with the actual values required by the standard. According to the granular analysis, different granular parameters were determined and the sand was found as well-graded medium sand and as poorly fair sand. The optical observations were carried out, and the micrograph observations indicated the presence of different shapes of sand grain, some rounded whereas others are angular edged or elongated.

The Tohoku Medical Megabank Project was designed as part of the national reconstruction project for addressing the damage from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. It is an integrated project involving the genome cohort study of 150,000 participants, integrated biobank construction, and multi-omics analyses. Public relations and communication activities emerged to be extremely important in the successful development of this project. To gain insights into the contributions of these activities, we divided the public relations and communication activities for the project into three phases based on the situations surrounding the project. Prior to the start of the cohort study (Phase I), a cooperative relationship was established with a focus on concluding cooperation agreements with local governments. Until the participants reached the target number (Phase II), we actively communicated with the media to publicize the project. During the phase in which use of the constructed biobank is promoted (Phase III), for ensuring the industrial utilization of the biobank, visits from the industry are promoted. Throughout the execution of these activities, we explored the best strategies for building relationships with multiple stakeholders like local government, media and industry. By paying attention to these phases that have been changing according to the project's progress, we were able to adapt the strategies and methods of public relations and communication. The success of these activities has enabled the overall project to progress smoothly. We hope that the process of designing our project's public relations and communication activities will be useful for other similar initiatives.

La incompatibilidad de los dispositivos eléctricos y electrónicos para operar en redes eléctricas europeas y norteamericanas, hace necesaria la utilización de convertidores de frecuencia para el funcionamiento de los mismos en ambos sistemas, el diseño y construcción de un prototipo convertidor de frecuencia de 60 Hz (estándar norteamericano) a 50 Hz, presenta una propuesta tecnológica viable y de bajo coste, que aplica conceptos de diseño electrónico además de utilizar un adecuado criterio técnico y científico que identifique los requerimientos del prototipo, entre los que destacan: filtrado de las emisiones conducidas que contenga propiamente la red de suministro eléctrico, así como también evitar que el prototipo inyecte ruido a la red, transformación de tensiones en CA, rectificación y filtrado de señales, y diseño de inversores en modo conmutado para generar una señal alterna a una frecuencia específica. Todos estos elementos permiten obtener como resultado un completo sistema que cumple con el objetivo del diseño propuesto. Se ha garantizado un nivel de potencia adecuado para alimentar electrodomésticos de uso común. Finalmente, el prototipo alcanza costos relativamente bajos con respecto a dispositivos existentes en el mercado con la misma funcionalidad. En el Ecuador se homologan los equipos electrónicos para su operación y funcionamiento en redes eléctricas con el estándar norteamericano, sin embargo, la procedencia de otros, traídos directamente por el usuario, sin que sean compatibles con las redes de distribución eléctricas locales los vuelven inservibles. Por tanto, el prototipo constituye una solución práctica a ser considerada para su producción a escala, para uso doméstico e industrial.

Today, fractional order proportional integration derivative (FO-PID) controllers have attracted much attention from academia and industry. Despite FO-PID controllers outperforming integer order (IO) ones in many cases, the latter continues to dominate industrial utilization. One of the big barriers which confine adoption of FO-PID controllers is the complexity of the current tuning methods for industrial application. In this paper, a practical tuning method for FO-PID controllers is introduced. In this line, classical loop-shaping tools are utilized to propose this new simple tuning rule. A rule of thumb and a guideline are given for non-expert and industrial users for controlling motion systems. Finally, the tuning method is validated in a high-tech precision positioning system.

Curcumin (E100) is a natural colorant that, besides conferring color, has bioactivity, serving as an alternative to some artificial colorants. As a hydrophobic colorant, its modification/compatibilization with the aqueous medium is required to improve stability and enable its application in hydrophilic food matrices. Herein, different formulations of curcumin (curcumin powder: PC, water-dispersible curcumin: DC: and nanoencapsulated curcumin: NC) were evaluated as yogurt colorants. PC showed the strongest bioactivity in all assays (EC50 values: 63±2 to 7.9±0.1 μg.mL-1; GI50 values: 48±1 to 17±1 μg.mL-1 and MIC values: 0.0625 to 0.5 mg.mL-1), which might indicate that DC and NC reduce the short-term accessibility to curcumin. The tested curcumin formulations produced yogurts with different appearance, specifically associated with their color parameters, besides presenting slight changes in nutritional composition and free sugars and fatty acids profiles. The water compatible formulations (DC and NC) showed advantages over hydrophobic (PC) having a wider industrial utilization. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This study sought to establish the effectiveness of water washing pre-treatment on the quality of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash (FA) for reuse and solidification or stabilization (S/S). Initial analysis of the FA sample shows that it did not meet the USEPA-1311 toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) regulatory limits of 2011. As a result, a two-stage water washing process was carried out an attempt to improve the quality of the MSWI FA. After the washing pre-treatment, the heavy metals in the FA sample met the regulatory limits, thereby making it non-toxic for reuse or safe disposal. The leachate from the washing process also passed regulatory standards of China (GB 8978 – 1996) and the 2011 USEPA-1311. The washing process successfully removed more than 98% of each heavy metal under study. The process was excellent at removing cadmium (99.99%) and very good at removing the rest of the heavy metals. The 28-day compressive strength increased as the quantity of FA decreased. Also, all the heavy metals in the samples prepared with the pre-treated FA met the USEPA-1311 TCLP regulatory limit for reuse and safe disposal. The heavy metals leachability and compressive strength tests showed that the effect of cement-based S/S was largely influenced by its quantity in the samples. The highest compressive strength was attained by using 55% of the FA as replacement for cement. However, FA replacements of up 70% also yielded good results that met the 1989 USEPA standard of 0.34 MPa (50 psi).

Study for advanced and cost efficient finishing processes like magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process has been an area of research in order to enhance the performance of existing finishing processes and makes the process more efficient for industrial utilization. Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is one of the finishing process which can finish the surface of both magnetic and non-magnetic materials up to Nano-scale. Intent of this paper is to study all operating parameters (machining gap, current supply, input voltage, machining time, rotational speed, mesh size of abrasive, weight of abrasive, percentage of oil or binder in MAP, composition of MAP, type of abrasives), machining forces and their effects on the quality of surface finish achieved. In the view of existing literature, magnetic abrasive finishing for finishing of plane surfaces has undergon less attention. This paper reviews the results reported in past and recent researches. These results are used to study the performance of magnetic abrasive finishing process for flat surfaces and effect of variation in composition of magnetic abrasive powder on surface texture of work piece

To expand industrial utilization of tigernut starch and meet the demand for industrial starch, the influence of dry heat treatment (130 °C for 2 h and 4 h, 7% moisture) on the functional properties and structure of tigernut starch alone and mixed with Chinese quince seed gum (1% w/w) was investigated. Modifying the starch significantly (p

Hydrolases, being most prominent enzymes used in industrial processes have left no stone unturned in fascinating the pharmaceutical industry. Lipases, being a part of acyl hydrolases are the ones that function similarly to esterases (except an interfacial action) wherein they generally catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds. Be it in terms of stereoselectivity or regioselectivity, lipases have manifested their promiscuous proficiency in rendering biocatalytic drug synthesis and intermediates thereof. Industrial utilization of lipases is prevalent since decades ago, but their distinctive catalytic competencies have rendered them suitable for maneuverability in various tides of biocatalytic industrial process development. Numbers of exquisite catalysts have been fabricated out of lipases using nanobiotechnology whereby enzyme reusability and robustness have been conferred to many of the organic synthesis procedures. This marks a considerable achievement of lipases in the second wave of biocatalysis. Furthermore, in the third wave an advent of genetic engineering has fostered an era of customized lipases for suitable needs. Be it stability or an enhanced efficacy, genetic engineering techniques have ushered an avenue for biocatalytic development of drugs and drug intermediates through greener processes using lipases. Even in the forthcoming concept of co-modular catalytic systems, lipases may be the frontiers because of their astonishing capability to act along with other enzymes. The concept may render feasibility in the development of cascade reactions in organic synthesis. An upcoming wave demands fulfilling the vision of tailored lipase whilst a far-flung exploration needs to be unveiled for various research impediments in rendering lipase as a custom fit biocatalyst in pharmaceutical industry.