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China has made great achievements in industrial development and is transforming into a powerful manufacturing country. Meanwhile, the industrial land scale is also expanding. However, whether industrial structure upgrading achieves the purpose of restraining industrial land expansion remains unanswered. By calculating the industrial land structure index (ILSI) and industrial land expansion scale (ILES), this study analyzed their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics at both regional and city levels from 2007 to 2020 in China. Results show that industrial land expansion presents a different trend in the four regions, the ILES in the eastern region is the largest, and the speed of industrial land expansion has declined since 2013, but it has gradually increased since 2016. The ILSI of the eastern and central regions is higher than that of the western and northeastern regions. Furthermore, a spatial Durbin model (SDM) has been established to estimate the spatial effect of industrial structure upgrading on industrial land expansion from 2007 to 2020. Notably, industrial structure upgrading has not slowed industrial land expansion. The eastern and western regions require a greater amount of industrial land while upgrading the industrial structure. The improvement of the infrastructure level and international trade level has promoted industrial land expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing inequality is essential to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). This study aims to clarify the relationship between industrial land expansion, which is closely related to global urban expansion, and inequality reductions and propose strategies to reduce inequality from the perspective of resource utilization. A geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model is to analyze the impact of industrial land expansion on the urban–rural income gap using data from 215 cities in 19 urban agglomerations in China from 2007 to 2018. The estimation results show that the scale and structure of industrial land expansion differently impact the urban–rural income gap: the expansion scale and structure mainly have a shrinking and expanding effect, respectively. The stage differences of impacts are obvious, with 2013 as the turning point. Finally, there are significant differences between urban agglomerations. The shrinking effect of the expansion scale is smaller in the mature stage than in the development and cultivation stage, while the expanding effect of the expansion structure is more apparent in the cultivation stage. Thus, the differential characteristics and laws of urban agglomeration development can provide useful insights for policymakers as they help to understand the characteristics of industrial land use in urban agglomeration at different stages of development and to reasonably allocate industrial land resources, giving full play to their important role in achieving SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial land is a prerequisite for industrial development and a crucial factor in promoting local economic growth. However, while promoting industrial development, industrial land expansion has produced much environmental pollution, but its impact has not been effectively evaluated. Based on the balanced panel data of 324 cities in China from 2007 to 2016, the effect of industrial land expansion on PM2.5 concentrations is studied using a spatial econometric model. The results show the evident regional heterogeneity of industrial land expansion. The eastern region has the largest expansion scale. Additionally, since 2013, the scale of industrial land expansion has decreased. The vast cities in the central and eastern regions have relatively high PM2.5 concentrations, especially in the North China Plain. Furthermore, the overall PM2.5 concentrations show a downward trend; however, a noticeable interannual fluctuation has been observed. Besides, the industrial land expansion has significantly promoted increased PM2.5 concentrations, both nationally and regionally. The most significant impact is in the eastern region, and the smallest impact is in the central region. Population density (POPD), road density (RORD), and temperature (TEM) positively correlate with PM2.5 concentrations, whereas economic development levels (EDL), industrial structure upgrading (ISU), vegetation coverage (NDVI), and precipitation (PRE) have varying effects on PM2.5 concentrations in each region.

Whether the land resource allocation method with Chinese characteristics can continue to play a positive role must be explored in the context of high-quality development. This study is based on the panel data of A-share listed non-financial insurance enterprises from 2006 to 2018. The proportion of industrial land area in urban construction land area to characterize land resource allocation methods and analyzes the effect of China’s land resource allocation methods on enterprise technological innovation. Results show that 1) the land resource allocation methods of the large-scale transfer of industrial land and the restricted transfer of commercial and residential land inhibit enterprises from technological innovation. 2) The inhibition is heterogeneous given the nature of the enterprise and the degrees of technology intensity and regional differences. The effect is greater on state-owned enterprises and those in high-tech industries and eastern cities. 3) The increase in corporate R&D expenditure and government subsidies weakens the negative effect of China’s land resource allocation method to a certain extent. This study maintains that the reform of land resource allocation methods should be promoted following local conditions, the role of the market should be fully utilized, and the subjective initiative of local governments should also be mobilized to promote the overall transformation of the economy and society to innovation-driven development effectively.

Scientific territorial spatial planning is of great significance in the realization of the sustainable development goals in China, especially in the context of China's ecological civilization construction and territorial spatial planning. However, limited research has been carried out to understand the spatio-temporal change in EEQ and territorial spatial planning. In this study, Changsha County and six districts of Changsha City were selected as the research objects. Based on the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) model, the spatio-temporal changes in the EEQ and spatial planning response in the study area during 2003-2018 were analyzed. The results reveal that (1) the EEQ of Changsha declined and then rose between 2003 and 2018, showing an overall decreasing trend. The average RSEI declined from 0.532 in 2003 to 0.500 in 2014 and then increased to 0.523 in 2018, with an overall decrease of 1.7%. (2) In terms of spatial pattern changes, the Xingma Group, the Airport Group and the Huangli Group in the east of the Xiangjiang River had the most serious EEQ degradation. The EEQ degradation of Changsha showed an expanding and polycentric decentralized grouping pattern. (3) Massive construction land expansion during rapid urbanization caused significant EEQ degradation in Changsha. Particularly, the areas with low EEQ were concentrated in the areas with concentrated industrial land. Scientific territorial spatial planning and strict control were conducive to regional EEQ improvement. (4) The prediction using the urban ecological model demonstrates that every 0.549 unit increase in NDVI or 0.2 unit decrease in NDBSI can improve the RSEI of the study area by 0.1 unit, thus improving EEQ. In the future territorial spatial planning and construction of Changsha, it is necessary to promote the transformation and upgrading of low-end industries into high-end manufacturing industries and control the scale of inefficient industrial land. The EEQ degradation caused by industrial land expansion needs to be noted. All of these findings can provide valuable information for relevant decision-makers to formulate ecological environment protection strategies and conduct future territorial spatial planning.

• Use the balanced panel data of 324 cities in China from 2007 to 2016. • Investigate the changes of industrial land expansion and PM 2.5 concentrations. • The impact of industrial land expansion on PM 2.5 concentrations is estimated. • Socioeconomic and meteorological factors play a key role in PM 2.5 concentrations. • Suggestions on land and industrial policies are put forward for different regions. Industrial land is a prerequisite for industrial development and a crucial factor in promoting local economic growth. However, while promoting industrial development, industrial land expansion has produced much environmental pollution, but its impact has not been effectively evaluated. Based on the balanced panel data of 324 cities in China from 2007 to 2016, the effect of industrial land expansion on PM 2.5 concentrations is studied using a spatial econometric model. The results show the evident regional heterogeneity of industrial land expansion. The eastern region has the largest expansion scale. Additionally, since 2013, the scale of industrial land expansion has decreased. The vast cities in the central and eastern regions have relatively high PM 2.5 concentrations, especially in the North China Plain. Furthermore, the overall PM 2.5 concentrations show a downward trend; however, a noticeable interannual fluctuation has been observed. Besides, the industrial land expansion has significantly promoted increased PM 2.5 concentrations, both nationally and regionally. The most significant impact is in the eastern region, and the smallest impact is in the central region. Population density (POPD), road density (RORD), and temperature (TEM) positively correlate with PM 2.5 concentrations, whereas economic development levels (EDL), industrial structure upgrading (ISU), vegetation coverage (NDVI), and precipitation (PRE) have varying effects on PM 2.5 concentrations in each region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China entered marketization in the late 1980s, it soon established a market economy system and implemented tax-sharing reforms. Driven by the marketization, local governments have rapidly developed the economy under the pressure of fiscal competition caused by the reform of the tax-sharing system. Industrial land is an important factor of local economic development, and it enables local governments to invest heavily in the industrial sector to promote economic development, leading to urban expansion. In order to shed light on the relationship between the market reforms implemented by the Chinese government and the expansion of urban industrial land, this paper used the data of 77 prefecture-level cities in China's five national-level urban agglomerations as research samples from 2007 to 2018. We first constructed the marketization rate of industrial land (MIL) and used the panel data model to examine whether China′s market reform will curb the expansion of industrial land. The results showed that: (1) land market reform can restrain the scale of industrial land expansion, and the impact is different in different urban agglomerations; (2) under the effect of marketization, foreign direct investment (FDI) has restrained the expansion of industrial land to a certain extent. The amount of industrial investment (AII), the ratio of secondary industry to GDP structure (RSG), and the number of industrial enterprises (NIE) will aggravate the expansion of industrial land. We suggest that the Chinese government should deepen the reform of land marketization and develop a differentiated land market mechanism. It is also necessary for local governments to develop stock land, improve the efficiency of industrial land use, increase the investment in advanced technology, and improve the intensive utilization of industrial land. The research provides a reference for other countries in the world that are developing in a transitional period to restrain unlimited land expansion and save land resources in the process of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]