Search

The atomized reagent and synchronous jet pre-mineralization technology, as a novel method to enhance the flotation process, increases the solubility of fatty acid collectors in pulp through atomized reagent application and improves the mineralization effect and flotation rate via synchronous jet pre-mineralization technology, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for the flotation of minerals with fatty acid collectors. Systematic studies on the atomization method, atomization particle size, and flotation experiments revealed that, compared with conventional stirring methods, the atomized reagent method increases the solubility of sodium oleate in pulp from 82.5 mg/L to 142.9 mg/L at 288.15 K. The induction time for quartz particles treated with atomized reagents and bubbles is significantly lower than that of the conventional stirring method. Semi-industrial test results of the atomized reagent and synchronous jet pre-mineralization show that, compared to traditional roughing, the TFe grade increased by 0.87 percentage points, iron recovery increased by 3.95 percentage points, and reagent consumption decreased by 7.5 percentage points. Experimental and test results demonstrate that the atomized reagent and synchronous jet pre-mineralization technology can effectively enhance mineralization, accelerate the flotation rate, improve flotation indices, and reduce reagent consumption to a certain extent, providing significant guidance for the efficient recovery of fine-grained minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleation and growth during the crystallization process are crucial steps that determine the crystal structure, size, morphology, and purity. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms is essential for producing crystalline products with consistent properties. This study investigates the solubility of tacrolimus (FK506) in an ethanol–water system (1:1, v/v) and examines its crystallization kinetics using batch crystallization experiments. Initially, the solubility of FK506 was measured, and classical nucleation theory was employed to analyze the induction period to determine interfacial free energy ( γ ) and other nucleation parameters, including the critical nucleus radius ( r * ), critical free energy ( ∆ G * ), and the molecular count of the critical nucleus ( i * ). Crystallization kinetics under seeded conditions were also measured, and the parameters of the kinetic model were analyzed to understand the effects of process states such as temperature on the crystallization process. The results suggested that increasing temperature and supersaturation promotes nucleation. The surface entropy factor ( f ) indicates that the tacrolimus crystal growth mechanism is a two-dimensional nucleation growth. The growth process follows the particle size-independent growth law proposed by McCabe. The estimated kinetic parameters reveal the effects of supersaturation, temperature, and suspension density on the nucleation and growth rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of formation of aromatic components for agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis is closely related to endophytic fungi and the result of complex multiple long-term joint interactions with them. However, the interactions between the aromatic components and endophytic fungi remain unclear during the formation of agarwood. In this study, precise mixed solution of hormones, inorganic salts, and fungi was used to induce its formation in A. sinensis, and sample blocks of wood were collected at different times after inoculation. This study showed that the aromatic compounds found in the three treatments of A. sinensis were primarily chromones (31.70-33.65%), terpenes (16.68-27.10%), alkanes (15.99-23.83%), and aromatics (3.13-5.07%). Chromones and terpenes were the primary components that characterized the aroma. The different sampling times had a more pronounced impact on the richness and diversity of endophytic fungal communities in the A. sinensis xylem than the induction treatments. The species annotation of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) demonstrated that the endophytic fungi were primarily composed of 18 dominant families and 20 dominant genera. A linear regression analysis of the network topology properties with induction time showed that the interactions among the fungal species continued to strengthen, and the network structure tended to become more complex. The terpenes significantly negatively correlated with the Pielou evenness index (p < 0.05), while the chromones significantly positively correlated with the OTUs and Shannon indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since their clinical application in the 1840s, the greatest mystery surrounding general anesthesia (GA) is how different kinds of general anesthetics cause reversible unconsciousness, and the precise neural mechanisms underlying the processes. Over past years, although many studies revealed the roles of cortex, thalamus, brainstem, especially the sleep-wake circuits in GA-induced loss of consciousness (LOC),the full picture of the neural circuit mechanism of GA is still largely unknown. Recent studies have focused on the importance of other brain regions. Here, we report that the activity of glutamatergic (Glu) neurons in the piriform cortex (PC), a critical brain region for odor encoding, began to increase during the LOC of GA and gradually recovered after recovery of consciousness. Chemical lesions of the anterior PC (APC) neurons accelerated the induction time of isoflurane anesthesia. Chemogenetic and optogenetic activation of APCGlu neurons prolonged isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia induction, whereas APCGlu neuron inhibition displayed the opposite effects. Moreover, the modification of APCGlu neurons did not affect the induction or emergence time of propofol GA. In addition, odor processing may be partially involved in the induction of isoflurane and sevoflurane GA regulated by APCGlu neurons. In conclusion, our findings reveal a critical role of APCGlu neurons in inhalational GA induction.

Simple Summary: In this study, we compared the effectiveness of two anesthetics, eugenol and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), in consecutive administrations on zebrafish. We evaluated zebrafish behaviour after repeated anesthesia. Eugenol induced anesthesia more quickly than MS-222 but had longer recovery times. Additionally, swimming frequency decreased after eugenol anesthesia. The buffered version of MS-222 was more effective than the non-buffered one. We recommend using buffered MS-222 for studies requiring repeated, brief-duration anesthesia. The increasing use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) in scientific experiments has made it necessary to implement anesthesia protocols guaranteeing minimum pain and suffering for these animals and ensuring the reliability of the results obtained from their research. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of two anesthetics, eugenol and MS-222, in consecutive administrations and evaluate the zebrafish behaviour after repeated anesthesia. Thus, several zebrafish were anaesthetized with eugenol, MS-222, and buffered MS-222 three times repeatedly with a 24-h interval between each exposure. The induction and recovery periods were also timed. Their swimming frequency was determined after each exposure to assess their behaviour after the anesthesia. Anesthesia induction was quicker with eugenol compared to MS-222. However, eugenol presented longer recovery times, which were prolonged after each exposure. Also, the swimming frequency was reduced after each anesthesia with eugenol. The buffered version of MS-222 was more efficacious than the non-buffered one. Both versions of MS-222 did not affect the swimming frequency. Based on these findings, we recommend the utilization of MS-222 buffered rather than eugenol when repeated, brief-duration anesthesia is necessitated for a study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylem-associated fungus can secrete many secondary metabolites to help Aquilaria trees resist various stresses and play a crucial role in facilitating agarwood formation. However, the dynamics of endophytic fungi in Aquilaria sinensis xylem after artificial induction have not been fully elaborated. Endophytic fungi communities and xylem physio-biochemical properties were examined before and after induction with an inorganic salt solution, including four different times (pre-induction (0M), the third (3M), sixth (6M) and ninth (9M) month after induction treatment). The relationships between fungal diversity and physio-biochemical indices were evaluated. The results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble sugar content first increased and then decreased with induction time, while starch was heavily consumed after induction treatment. Endophytic fungal diversity was significantly lower after induction treatment than before, but the species richness was promoted. Fungal β-diversity was also clustered into four groups according to different times. Core species shifted from rare to dominant taxa with induction time, and growing species interactions in the network indicate a gradual complication of fungal community structure. Endophytic fungi diversity and potential functions were closely related to physicochemical indices that had less effect on the relative abundance of the dominant species. These findings help assess the regulatory mechanisms of microorganisms that expedite agarwood formation after artificial induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no intervention that quickly reduces a person's blood alcohol content (BAC). "Sober up before you drive" may prevent road traffic injury (RTI) caused by alcohol consumption. The aim of this study was to analyze the risk of RTI on an hourly basis (1–6 h) after the last drink and the determinants of this risk. This was a case-crossover study of alcohol consumption among 430 patients who suffered an RTI and arrived at an emergency department in a large hospital in Mexico City from January to April 2022. Of the 430 patients studied, 46 reported drinking within 1 h before the RTI, for a risk ratio (RR) of 7.7 (95% CI [5.6, 10.4]). This RR decreased to 2.2 (95% CI [1.3, 3.7]) for the 12 patients drinking in the second hour before the RTI and was null for those drinking earlier (p ≤ 0.001 for the trend). The induction time was 3 h among those with higher BAC and intoxication levels. The RR for an RTI decreases 71% from the first to second hour from the last drink and 32% from the second to third hour. This decrease was similar among those intoxicated and those with increased BACs. In multiple regression models, higher levels of intoxication and higher BACs remained associated with higher RRs. People should avoid driving after drinking. Waiting to drive, walking, or riding after drinking reduces the risk of an RTI, especially for people with higher BAC and intoxication levels. • The risk of TRI was higher 1 h after the last drink and decreased thereafter. • Risk was similar for drivers, pedestrians, and passengers. • The induction time was 1–2 h, extended for those with high BAC or intoxication. • Elevated risk depended on BAC at hospital entry and feeling intoxicated at injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous cobalt- and/or iron-substituted aluminophosphates were synthesized by a hydrothermal method, followed by pyrolysis and calcination. The substitution of the transition metal elements modified the electronic properties of the samples and the accompanying surface characteristics. The samples showed tunable catalytic activity through the substitution of Fe and/or Co. We have demonstrated that the light-induced photocatalytic 4-nitrophenol reduction reaction can be enhanced through the substitution of Fe and/or Co in aluminophosphates. The induction time associated with the three different types of samples, observed due to the influence of the substituents, allows us to understand the mechanism of the 4-nitrophenol reduction process in our samples. Our work solves the issue associated with the origin of induction time and the enhancement of the catalytic activity of mesoporous aluminophosphates in the 4-nitrophenol reduction reaction through a controlled modification of the electronic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand why hematite of different genesis behave diversely in flotation systems, this study assesses the flotation response at pH 5 of bulk (morphology, texture, Crystal Preferential Orientation (CPO)) plus interfacial (surface area, zeta potential, immersion enthalpy, contact angle, induction time) characteristics of species formed under distinct metamorphic conditions: low-strain deformation (Hematite-1) versus high-strain deformation (Hematite-2). Hematite-2 (predominantly composed of specular and lamellar morphologies) shows (001) CPO and exhibits fewer Fe sites on its surface that undergo doubly coordinated Fe-OH when exposed to moisture. This results in a less reactive surface associated with a less ordered adsorbed water layer than Hematite-1, which is predominantly composed of granular and sinuous hematite. Those characteristics lead to a naturally hydrophobic behavior characterized by the exothermic energy below the Critical Immersion Enthalpy ( − ∆ H i m m < 200 mJ/m2), lower values of zeta potential due to attenuated dissociation of Fe-OH(surf), lower induction time (47 ms vs. 128 ms), higher contact angle (39° vs. 13°), and higher flotation recovery (21% vs. 12%) than Hematite-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Chemical Engineering is the property of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A simple predictive analytical model for induction times in reverse osmosis (RO), both with and without an antiscalant (AS), has been developed based on the fundamental principles of mass and momentum balance. The simplicity of the model arises from the very low Reynolds number in the vicinity of the cluster surface, enabling the use and derivation of exact equations. The main assumption of the induction time without AS, t0A, is that the net growth of the cluster size results from the difference between adhesion and shear forces. With AS, the induction time, tA, is extended due to the competition between the AS and the scaling molecules on the cluster's surface ligands. The model was validated by fitting it to six independent datasets from experiments conducted with spiral-wound and tubular RO membranes under various operational conditions, resulting in an average difference of 8.0% (t0A) and 8.7% (tA) between predicted and experimental induction times. It was found that t0A is governed by three dimensionless parameters: supersaturation ratio (Sa), shear (Ku), and scalant saturation (κ). tA increases with t0A and the AS concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The slow formation rate and low nucleation rate of carbon dioxide hydrate were common problems in current research. Many scholars focused on the promotion of gas hydrates by carbon nanotubes, whereas they ignored carbon microtubes, which were similar in structure and properties to carbon nanotubes and had more structural advantages. In this article, the effects of system temperature (1, 2, and 3 °C), pressure (3, 3.5, and 4 MPa), gas–liquid ratio (3:2, 4:1, and 5:1) and different types of carbon microtube concentration (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/mL) on the growth kinetics of carbon dioxide hydrate were investigated using orthogonal experiment method in a high-pressure reactor. The results revealed that compared to the pure carbon microtube system, amination, carboxylation, and hydroxylation carbon microtube systems improved the probability of carbon dioxide hydrate generation by 11–22%, with the shortest induction time of 0.23 hour. The highest gas storage capacity was 31.71 V/V under the carboxylated carbon microtube system. In the pure carbon, aminocarbon, carboxylated carbon and hydroxylated carbon microtube systems, the primary factors affecting the induction time were temperature, gas–liquid ratio, pressure and concentration. The gas–liquid ratio was the primary factor influencing the gas storage capacity of the carboxylated carbon microtubes; however, temperature was the primary factor affecting the gas storage capacity of the remaining three systems. Finally, we compared the effects of modified hydrophilic groups on the formation of carbon dioxide hydrate and made a conjecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comprehensive quality enhancement and grading of coal are crucial methods for unlocking the high value-added and low-carbon utilization of coal resources. In this work, the influence of oily bubbles on the flotation of Shendong Jurassic vitrinite-rich coal and inertinite-rich coal was studied via flotation tests, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle detection, and induction time measurements. FT-IR and XPS analyses demonstrated that the surface of inertinite-rich coal contains more hydrophilic oxygen-containing functional groups. Contact angle and induction time measurements showed that the vitrinite-rich coal is more hydrophobic than inertinite-rich coal, and that for both air and oily bubbles, the induction time on the surface of vitrinite-rich coal is shorter than that on the surface of inertinite-rich coal. In addition, rather remarkably, the induction times for both vitrinite-rich coal and inertinite-rich coal are significantly reduced by oily bubbles. Finally, a better flotation performance for oily bubble flotation of vitrinite-rich coal and inertinite-rich coal was found. It appears that oily bubble flotation is an efficient method for enhancing the recovery of vitrinite-rich coal and inertinite-rich coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of hydrate formation and its attendant plugging effect on pipelines has remained a major challenge that the oil and gas industries are faced with during production. This problem is simply an issue affecting the oil and gas facilities both at drilling and production systems. As a result of this millions of dollars have been invested in remedial and preventive operations, therefore necessitating an in-depth study on the preventive methods. This study determines and validates existing postulations on favourable conditions at which hydrates form in transmission lines in a sampled Well-X, located in the Atlantic region. Measurements and experimentations were meticulously carried out on the sampled Well-X using methane gas and water at various conditions of pressure and temperature to determine the hydrate formation induction time using a stirred reactor. The result obtained in this study shows that the induction time at which hydrate starts to form in Well-X is at a pressure of 160 bar and temperature of 4°C. The obtained result confirms a pressure of 160 bar as against pressures of 120 bar and 135 bar and a temperature of 4°C as against 6°C as the induction time of hydrate formation. From the obtained result in this study, it is concluded that there is a need for a concerted effort to maintain stable pressure and temperature conditions of the flow systems. This study recommends that adequate provisions for an efficient flow assurance system with precise inhibitors in the right concentration and quality to mitigate the effects of hydrate should be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim was to analyze anesthetic induction time and postoperative pain using spinal anesthesia versus general anesthesia with or without the use of peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) in total knee arthroplasty. The hypothesis was that spinal anesthesia would be beneficial with respect to induction time and postoperative pain and that PNBs would complement this effect. Patients were stratified according to demographics, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system (ASA), and opioid intake and divided into: (A) general anesthesia without PNB; (B) general anesthesia with PNB; (C) spinal anesthesia without PNB; and (D) spinal anesthesia with PNB. Endpoints were anesthetic induction time, opioid consumption, and pain. Of 559 patients, 348 (62.3%) received general anesthesia (consisting of group A with 46 and group B with 302 patients), and 211 (37.7%) spinal anesthesia (consisting of group C with 117 and group D with 94 patients). We observed significantly lower total opioid intake 48 hours postoperative when applying spinal anesthesia by 2.08 mg (P <.05) of intravenous morphine-equivalent, and a reduction of 7.0 minutes (P <.05) until skin incision. The application of a PNB achieved a reduction of piritramide intake of 3.59 mg (P <.05) 48 hours postoperative and lengthened induction time by 8.5 minutes (P <. 0 5). Statistically shorter anesthetic induction times without clinical relevance, but lower postoperative opioid dosages with clinical relevance were observed for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty with spinal anesthesia. The additional application of PNBs led to a lower need for opioids and lower pain levels in the early postoperative phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 hydrate technology can be applied to seawater desalination. However, the kinetics of CO2 hydrate formation were inhibited in the aqueous solution with inorganic salts, and the kinetic mechanism of CO2 hydrate formation for inorganic salts with different metal cations and anions was still unclear. In this work, CO2 hydrate nucleation and growth were studied in aqueous solutions of metal chlorides. Instead of Na+ and K+ ions, CO2 hydrate nucleation was promoted in the presence of Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Fe3+ ions due to the co‐ordination bonds between transition metal ions and water molecules to enhance the formation of the critical crystal nuclei. The induction time was increased by 61.1% in aqueous solution with 0.32 mol/L NaCl, while it was shortened by 55.6% in FeCl3 aqueous solution at the same concentration of Cl− anions. In the process of CO2 hydrate growth, Cl− ions played a more important role than the metal ions in affecting the stability of CO2 hydrate cages. The gas storage capacity was reduced by 10.3% in the presence of NaCl, and was lower than that of other metal chlorides. Cl− anions were absorbed on the hydrate surface and involved in hydrate cages to inhibit the hydrate growth due to the hydrogen bonds between the Cl− ions and water molecules of the hydrate cages. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAs the oilfield fully enters the late stage of exploitation, the water content in the oil and gas transportation pipelines is rising. Meanwhile, the high-pressure and low-temperature environment inside the pipeline facilitate the formation of hydrates, which will seriously block the mixing pipeline and cause a series of production safety problems. Therefore, it is necessary to control the risk under the high water content system. In this paper, a high-pressure flow loop device with a viewable window was used to study the formation characteristics of carbon dioxide hydrate in a pure water system, and the effects of the liquid loading, pressure, volume flow rate, and two inhibitors, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and propylene glycol methyl ether (PM), on the induction time of carbon dioxide hydrate formation were investigated. The experimental results showed that the amount of liquid loading, pressure, volume flow rate, and inhibitor had a significant effect on the hydrate induction time. In addition, the ether compounds PM and PVP have inhibitory synergistic effects, which can significantly prolong the hydrate induction time, and the inhibitory synergistic effect is further enhanced with the increase of PM concentration, which further suggests the synergistic inhibition mechanism of the two. Based on the standard regression coefficient method, the factors affecting the induction time were subjected to sensitivity analysis, and it was found that the inhibitor was the most important factor affecting the induction time. Therefore, future research should also focus on finding better performance of inhibitors, synergists and their ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleation and growth during the crystallization process are crucial steps that determine the crystal structure, size, morphology, and purity. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms is essential for producing crystalline products with consistent properties. This study investigates the solubility of tacrolimus (FK506) in an ethanol–water system (1:1, v/v) and examines its crystallization kinetics using batch crystallization experiments. Initially, the solubility of FK506 was measured, and classical nucleation theory was employed to analyze the induction period to determine interfacial free energy (γ) and other nucleation parameters, including the critical nucleus radius (r*), critical free energy (∆G*), and the molecular count of the critical nucleus (i*). Crystallization kinetics under seeded conditions were also measured, and the parameters of the kinetic model were analyzed to understand the effects of process states such as temperature on the crystallization process. The results suggested that increasing temperature and supersaturation promotes nucleation. The surface entropy factor (f) indicates that the tacrolimus crystal growth mechanism is a two-dimensional nucleation growth. The growth process follows the particle size-independent growth law proposed by McCabe. The estimated kinetic parameters reveal the effects of supersaturation, temperature, and suspension density on the nucleation and growth rates.

Induction and reaction times of hydrogen–air mixtures (ϕ = 0.5–2) have been measured behind reflected shock waves at temperatures of 1000–1600 K, pressures of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6 MPa in the domain of the extended second explosion limit. The measurements were performed in the shock tube with a completely transparent test section of 0.5 m long, which provides pressure, ion current, OH and high-speed chemiluminescence observations. The experimental induction time plots demonstrate a clear increasing of the global activation energy from high- to low temperature post-shock conditions. This trend is strongly pronounced at higher post-shock pressures. For a high-temperature range of T > 1200 K, induction time measurements show an activation energy for the global reaction rate of hydrogen oxidation of 64–83 kJ/mole. Detected reaction times exhibit a big scatter and a weak temperature dependence. The minimum reaction time value was nearly 2 µs. Obtained induction time data were compared with calculations carried out in accordance with the known kinetic mechanisms. For current and former shock-tube experiments within a pressure range of 0.1–2 MPa, critical temperatures required for strong (1000–1100 K), transient and weak auto-ignition modes behind reflected shock waves were identified by means of the pressure and ion-probe measurements in stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixture. The transfer from the strong volumetric self-ignition near the reflecting wall to the hot spot ignition (transient) was established and visualized below <1200 K with a post-shock temperature decreasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Petrochemical Universities / Shiyou Huagong Gaodeng Xuexiao Xuebao is the property of Journal Editorial Department Of Liaoning Shihua University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Crude oil droplets in oilfield-produced water are highly emulsified, and the poor attachment between gas bubbles and oil droplets limits the effectiveness of oil-water separation during flotation processes. This paper proposes a new surface-functionalized bubble called a condensate bubble and evaluates its flotation performance based on surface properties and adhesion theory mechanism to address this issue. The surface chemical properties of the oil droplets were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurement, and zeta potential. Induction time and flotation tests were conducted to compare the attachment effects between air or condensate bubbles and emulsified oil droplets. The interaction forces were calculated using DLVO and extended DLVO theory. The experimental results showed that crude oil contains functional compounds containing oxygen that make it tough to float. However, the contact angle between the oil surface and condensate bubble was greater than 150°, demonstrating that the condensate liquid bubbles have better hydrophobicity than air bubbles. The micro-flotation experiments indicated that condensate bubbles have a strong collection capacity for emulsified oil droplets, which was confirmed by induction time tests. In 70 mM NaCl brine, the oil removal efficiency of condensate bubble flotation could reach 82%, which was a 30% improvement compared to air bubble flotation. However, DLVO theory failed to predict the flotation with a concentration higher than 10 mM NaCl. The extended DLVO theory accounted for hydrophobic interactions, which were observed due to similar solvent extraction and hydrophobicity of the condensate liquid film. As a result, the condensate bubble-oil droplet system exhibited stronger hydrophobic attraction, successfully confirming and illustrating the superiority of the condensate bubble in flotation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To interpret the effect of Al and Mn substitutions on activation performances of La–Ni–Al–Mn alloy, the initial activation curve has been measured, which shows that the incubation time of activation is prolonged with the increase of Al content in alloy, while shortened duo to Mn substitution. Further, the first-principles calculations are employed. We find that (1) (100)/(010) surface of LaNi5 is the most stable and its stability can be improved by Al substitution for Ni while decreased by Mn substitution; (2) the preferential hydrogen adsorption sites are the hole and Ni (or Mn)-top sites; (3) Al and Mn substitutions can increase the hydrogen adsorption stability, but Al doping decreases the number of available sites, therefore retarding activation, while Mn doping guarantees the number of available sites, making activation easier; (4) H bonds covalently with neighbor Ni (or Mn) and ionically with La, together determining the stability of hydrogen adsorption.

The increasing use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) in scientific experiments has made it necessary to implement anesthesia protocols guaranteeing minimum pain and suffering for these animals and ensuring the reliability of the results obtained from their research. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of two anesthetics, eugenol and MS-222, in consecutive administrations and evaluate the zebrafish behaviour after repeated anesthesia. Thus, several zebrafish were anaesthetized with eugenol, MS-222, and buffered MS-222 three times repeatedly with a 24-h interval between each exposure. The induction and recovery periods were also timed. Their swimming frequency was determined after each exposure to assess their behaviour after the anesthesia. Anesthesia induction was quicker with eugenol compared to MS-222. However, eugenol presented longer recovery times, which were prolonged after each exposure. Also, the swimming frequency was reduced after each anesthesia with eugenol. The buffered version of MS-222 was more efficacious than the non-buffered one. Both versions of MS-222 did not affect the swimming frequency. Based on these findings, we recommend the utilization of MS-222 buffered rather than eugenol when repeated, brief-duration anesthesia is necessitated for a study.

Xylem-associated fungus can secrete many secondary metabolites to help Aquilaria trees resist various stresses and play a crucial role in facilitating agarwood formation. However, the dynamics of endophytic fungi in Aquilaria sinensis xylem after artificial induction have not been fully elaborated. Endophytic fungi communities and xylem physio-biochemical properties were examined before and after induction with an inorganic salt solution, including four different times (pre-induction (0M), the third (3M), sixth (6M) and ninth (9M) month after induction treatment). The relationships between fungal diversity and physio-biochemical indices were evaluated. The results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble sugar content first increased and then decreased with induction time, while starch was heavily consumed after induction treatment. Endophytic fungal diversity was significantly lower after induction treatment than before, but the species richness was promoted. Fungal β-diversity was also clustered into four groups according to different times. Core species shifted from rare to dominant taxa with induction time, and growing species interactions in the network indicate a gradual complication of fungal community structure. Endophytic fungi diversity and potential functions were closely related to physicochemical indices that had less effect on the relative abundance of the dominant species. These findings help assess the regulatory mechanisms of microorganisms that expedite agarwood formation after artificial induction.

Abstract In oil and gas exploitation and transportation, it is essential to avoid hydrate blockage in the wellbores and pipelines. Using kinetic inhibitors in composite with thermodynamic inhibitors can reduce the operational expenditure for oil and gas pipelines under high water content conditions. The phase equilibria of pure water natural gas system, oil–water natural gas system, and oil–water monoethylene glycol (MEG) natural gas system were first investigated by experiments and combined with software predictions in this study. The results showed that both mineral oil and MEG shifted the phase equilibrium of the system to high‐pressure and low‐temperature directions. The oil phase increased the effective temperature range of the compounding inhibitor. Then the hydrate inhibition performance and natural gas hydrate generation characteristics of the composite formulation of Luvicap 55w and MEG in oil–water emulsions and natural gas mixtures were investigated. With the increased subcooling, the induction time decreased sharply, and the gas consumption increased. The induction time increased with increasing MEG concentration, which verified the synergistic effect of MEG in oil–water emulsion for Luvicap 55w. The hydrate generation characteristics did not change much with increasing Luvicap concentration at the same temperature. In contrast, the hydrate induction time rose from 142.8 to >3500 min as the MEG concentration increased from 10 to 20 wt%.

A simple predictive analytical model for induction times in reverse osmosis (RO), both with and without an antiscalant (AS), has been developed based on the fundamental principles of mass and momentum balance. The simplicity of the model arises from the very low Reynolds number in the vicinity of the cluster surface, enabling the use and derivation of exact equations. The main assumption of the induction time without AS, t0A, is that the net growth of the cluster size results from the difference between adhesion and shear forces. With AS, the induction time, tA, is extended due to the competition between the AS and the scaling molecules on the cluster’s surface ligands. The model was validated by fitting it to six independent datasets from experiments conducted with spiral-wound and tubular RO membranes under various operational conditions, resulting in an average difference of 8.0% (t0A) and 8.7% (tA) between predicted and experimental induction times. It was found that t0A is governed by three dimensionless parameters: supersaturation ratio (Sa), shear (Ku), and scalant saturation (κ). tA increases with t0A and the AS concentration.

The increasing demand for protein in Nigeria has resulted in the culture of many fishes in confinements. This practice has exposed many fish species to some tedious processes, thus the need to sedate fishes to reduce stress during breeding. In this study, the efficacy of two anesthetic agents (clove oil and sodium bicarbonate) was compared on the two most cultured species; Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus. Clarias gariepinus (798.9 ± 0.07 g) and Oreochromis niloticus (581.8 ± 0.2 g) were subjected to different concentration of clove oil (mg/L) and sodium bicarbonate (g/L) of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 respectively. There were significantly decreased induction times as concentrations and size of the species increases in all the anesthetic agents. Similarly, recovery times increases as concentrations and weight of the species increases (P<0.05). A significant correlation (P<0.05) was observed between body weight, anaesthetic concentrations, times to reach complete anesthesia and time to recover. Duration for induction and recovery depended significantly (p < 0.05) on the concentration of the anaesthetic agents. The lowest effective concentrations that induced complete anesthesia in this study were 20 mg/L (15.1 ± 0.8 mins and recovery time 4.2 ± 0.2 mins) for clove oil, 20 g/L (7.0 ± 0.12 mins and recovery time 7.0 ± 0.12 mins) for sodium bicarbonate. No mortality was recorded for all sizes of species exposed to the anaesthetic agents. Clove oil and Sodium bicarbonate have been found to be effective and safe at different concentrations for both species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In oil and gas exploitation and transportation, it is essential to avoid hydrate blockage in the wellbores and pipelines. Using kinetic inhibitors in composite with thermodynamic inhibitors can reduce the operational expenditure for oil and gas pipelines under high water content conditions. The phase equilibria of pure water natural gas system, oil–water natural gas system, and oil–water monoethylene glycol (MEG) natural gas system were first investigated by experiments and combined with software predictions in this study. The results showed that both mineral oil and MEG shifted the phase equilibrium of the system to high‐pressure and low‐temperature directions. The oil phase increased the effective temperature range of the compounding inhibitor. Then the hydrate inhibition performance and natural gas hydrate generation characteristics of the composite formulation of Luvicap 55w and MEG in oil–water emulsions and natural gas mixtures were investigated. With the increased subcooling, the induction time decreased sharply, and the gas consumption increased. The induction time increased with increasing MEG concentration, which verified the synergistic effect of MEG in oil–water emulsion for Luvicap 55w. The hydrate generation characteristics did not change much with increasing Luvicap concentration at the same temperature. In contrast, the hydrate induction time rose from 142.8 to >3500 min as the MEG concentration increased from 10 to 20 wt%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical immobilization is widely used by wildlife and veterinary professionals for the safe handling of animals. A combination of nalbuphine (40 mg/mL), azaperone (10 mg/mL), and medetomidine (10 mg/mL), known as NAM, is a low-volume combination with field immobilization practicality and fewer regulations restricting its use in the US than some other drug combinations. We evaluated the safety and effectiveness of NAM as an immobilizing agent for raccoons (Procyon lotor). From May 2021 to February 2022, 16 adult raccoons were captured in cage traps and immobilized with 0.3 mL NAM intramuscularly (12 mg nalbuphine, 3 mg medetomidine, and 3 mg azaperone, regardless of body weight). After administration, time to sedation was measured; body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation were monitored and recorded every 5 min for 20 min. Each raccoon was weighed; the dose administered was calculated (range 2.2–4.1 mg/kg, mean 3 mg/kg). Mean induction time was 6 min (4–17 min); time to recovery following administration of 15 mg atipamezole, 7.5 mg naltrexone for reversal, was 10 min (6–18 min). Heart rate, oxygen saturation, and respiration rate remained steady during immobilization. Rectal temperature steadily declined. Overall, NAM appeared to be a practical option for raccoon immobilization, providing rapid induction and reversal as well as adequate sedation for short-term handling and minimally invasive sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the generation and decomposition characteristics of methane hydrate and its influencing factors, a high-pressure fully transparent double-reactor test platform was designed and built to conduct initial and secondary generation and decomposition tests of methane hydrate with high-purity methane and deionized water as the study objects. During the tests, the samples were stirred or not stirred to make a comparison. The experimental results showed that the hydrate generation included four stages: induction, rapid generation, slow generation and stabilization. Stirring could promote the hydrate generation. At the speed of 400 r / min, the lower reactor consumed 93. 6% more methane than the upper reactor. Meanwhile, the memory effect was more obvious, and the induction time in the secondary generation was shortened by 62. 5 %, and the methane consumption was increased by 254. 0% compared with the primary generation. There is much for reference of the study for the development of hydrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anaesthetic effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on male and female three spotted tilapia (Oreochromis andersonii) was investigated. A total of 210 broodstock O. andersonii (weight: 160 ± 10 g) of different sexes were immersed in NaHCO3 at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30.0 g/L in triplicates. The induction and recovery times were monitored using a stopwatch. The induction and recovery times at all stages of anaesthesia for both sexes were significantly higher at concentrations ≥10 g/L. The induction times were significantly longer in the male fish than in the female at concentrations of 15 g/L for stages 1, 20 g/L for stages 1 and 2, 25 g/L for all the stages and 30 g/L for stage 2. The recovery time for male fish was significantly longer than that of the female fish at concentrations of 10 g/L for stages 2 and 3, 15 g/L for stage 1 and 20–30 g/L for stages 1 and 2. Overall, the induction and recovery times of the three spotted tilapia broodstock exposed to different concentrations of NaHCO3 could be affected by sex. Therefore, 30 and 25 g/L of NaHCO3 concentrations are recommended for use in male and female broodstock, respectively.

This paper focuses on the influence of reagent interaction on induction time in the process of bubble–particle interaction. Induction time instrument was used to investigate the influence of single reagent and reagent interaction on induction time. Meanwhile, the influence mechanism of reagent interaction on coal particle surface wettability, surface tension, and surface functional groups was studied combined with contact angle and FTIR. The results showed that when the collector interacted with the frother, the addition of the frother reduced the induction time and increased the hydrophobicity of the coal particle surface. Compared with raw coal, the surface contact angle of collector-frother-reacted coal particles increased, and its change law was inconsistent with that of collector-reacted coal particles. The larger the contact angle, the lower the surface tension, the higher the interfacial surface tension between coal particles and water, the lower the wettability and the more hydrophobic the particle surface. FTIR spectra indicated that the influence of collector–frother interaction on the surface functional groups of coal particles was mainly reflected in the absorption peaks at 3436 cm−1 and 1400 ~ 1000 cm−1. The effect of interaction varied with the structure of the reagent. 2-Octanol can produce multi-point adsorption on the surface of coal particles and promote the hydrophobic modification of coal particle surface. When ether alcohols interacted with arene, reverse adsorption occurred. Throughout this study, the mechanism affecting the adhesion characteristics of coal particles and bubbles caused by reagent interaction was clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glutamatergic–mediated excitatory system in the brain is vital for the regulation of sleep–wake and general anesthesia. Specifically, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), which contains mainly glutamatergic neurons, has been shown to play a critical role in sleep–wake. Here, we sought to explore whether the PVH glutamatergic neurons have an important effect on the process of general anesthesia. We used c‐fos staining and in vivo calcium signal recording to observe the activity changes of the PVH glutamatergic neurons during isoflurane anesthesia and found that both c‐fos expression in the PVH and the calcium activity of PVH glutamatergic neurons decreased in isoflurane anesthesia and significantly increased during the recovery process. Chemogenetic activation of PVH glutamatergic neurons prolonged induction time and shortened emergence time from anesthesia by decreasing the depth of anesthesia. Using chemogenetic inhibition of PVH glutamatergic neurons under isoflurane anesthesia, we found that inhibition of PVH glutamatergic neurons facilitated the induction process and delayed the emergence accompanied by deepening the depth of anesthesia. Together, these results identify a crucial role for PVH glutamatergic neurons in modulating isoflurane anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction and reaction times of hydrogen–air mixtures (ϕ = 0.5–2) have been measured behind reflected shock waves at temperatures of 1000–1600 K, pressures of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6 MPa in the domain of the extended second explosion limit. The measurements were performed in the shock tube with a completely transparent test section of 0.5 m long, which provides pressure, ion current, OH and high-speed chemiluminescence observations. The experimental induction time plots demonstrate a clear increasing of the global activation energy from high- to low temperature post-shock conditions. This trend is strongly pronounced at higher post-shock pressures. For a high-temperature range of T > 1200 K, induction time measurements show an activation energy for the global reaction rate of hydrogen oxidation of 64–83 kJ/mole. Detected reaction times exhibit a big scatter and a weak temperature dependence. The minimum reaction time value was nearly 2 µs. Obtained induction time data were compared with calculations carried out in accordance with the known kinetic mechanisms. For current and former shock-tube experiments within a pressure range of 0.1–2 MPa, critical temperatures required for strong (1000–1100 K), transient and weak auto-ignition modes behind reflected shock waves were identified by means of the pressure and ion-probe measurements in stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixture. The transfer from the strong volumetric self-ignition near the reflecting wall to the hot spot ignition (transient) was established and visualized below

Due to the inherent environmental footprint of petroleum derived transformer fluids, the power industry is gradually exploring the potential of vegetable oils as alternatives. The impetus comes mostly from vegetable oils renewability and their inherent biodegradability.However, the major drawback in the use of vegetable oils as dielectric fluids is their lower oxidative stability and higher kinematic viscosity compared to mineral oils. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the correlation between spectroscopic data induction time, kinematic viscosity, acid value, and peroxide value. Quantitatively, the absorption frequencies of functional groups in vegetable oil transformer fluids that can be correlated to the mentioned quality parameters show noticeable changes with aging/oxidative degradation. The study also demonstrates the utility of integrating spectroscopic data to understand trends in induction time and kinematic viscosity of oil samples heated under transformer service conditions.

At a later stage of oilfield development, there will be more free water in the pipeline, which may engender the phase inversion of water-in-oil emulsions, thereby augmenting the risk of hydrate plugging. In a novel 30 L high-pressure autoclave, the effects of wax content, water cut, temperature, initial pressure, and rotation speed on hydrate crystallization nucleation and slurry viscosity were examined. Results demonstrated that in systems with wax content greater than or equal to 2 wt%, at the onset of the swift hydrate growth stage, the aggregation of wax and hydrate will impair the gelling structure of wax-containing oil, inducing an abrupt fall in slurry viscosity. Consideration is given to the solubility fluctuation of the natural gas in oil, and an empirical prediction formula for gas consumption during hydrate formation in wax-containing systems is established. The presence of wax hinders the crystalline nucleation and growth of hydrates. Notwithstanding, the hydrate slurry viscosity of the wax-containing system is greater because the wax-hydrate aggregates have a more conspicuous effect on the slurry viscosity than the hydrate volume fraction. The water cut of 70% is a critical upper limit, above which the viscosity of hydrate slurry would increase dramatically. Higher rotation speed and initial pressure can significantly enhance the viscosity of hydrate slurries, but their effects on the hydrate nucleation induction time are more perplexing. [Display omitted] • The kinetics of NGH formation in non-emulsifying oil system was analyzed. • The aggregation of wax and hydrate can destroy the gelling structure of the system. • Prediction of gas consumption during hydrate formation in wax-containing systems. • The effect of wax-hydrate aggregates on viscosity of NGH slurry is significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the impact of operating parameters such as temperature (90, 100, 110, 120 °C), airflow rate (10, 15, 20 L h−1), and sample weight (3, 6, 9 g) on the oxidative stability of cold‐pressed camelina and hemp seed oils using the Rancimat apparatus. Conducted analysis indicates a significant influence of temperature on oils' induction time. Moreover, higher airflows should be selected at high analysis temperatures. Based on the calculated parameters of the oxidation kinetics, it was shown that hemp oil has higher activation energy values than camelina oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) indicates that to minimize the determination time of camelina oil oxidation, the following analysis conditions should be selected: sample weight (SW) = 33.5 g, airflow (AF) = 20 L h−1, and temperature (T) = 120 °C. However, for hemp oil, these parameters should be SW = 5.56 g, AF = 15 L h−1, T = 120 °C. Sample mass does not significantly impact oils induction time, which depends mainly on the temperature and airflow. Practical applications: The conducted research shows that the parameters of the cold‐pressed camelina and hemp oils oxidative stability have to be determined experimentally. The determined parameters for assessing the oxidative stability will reduce the analysis time and the possibility of interpolating the obtained result at different temperatures and analysis parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity is becoming a severe problem worldwide due to inadequate freshwater resources and swift population growth. Seawater desalination is one of the vital approaches to meet the demand for freshwater. However, energy and associated costs with conventional seawater desalination techniques are incentivizing non‐conventional water desalination processes. Water desalination using gas hydrates formation is one of the emerging non‐conventional processes. In this perspective article, recent advances in hydrate‐based seawater desalination (HBSD) have been critically analyzed to outline a future path towards a clean and efficient hydrate‐based desalination process. It provides a detailed comparison of various processes developed over decades, and measured desalination efficiencies with their process details. Moreover, the current challenges, limitations, and future perspectives of hydrate‐based desalination are also discussed. The study also recapitulates the thermodynamics and kinetics aspects of the hydrate‐based desalination process. In addition, various factors controlling the desalination efficiencies, such as control of the separation of hydrate crystals, salt deposition on hydrate particles, and hydrate morphology, were thoroughly investigated with their proposed process designs. The kinetics of hydrate formation is also assessed, with the possibility of a zero‐induction regime and its consequent impact on hydrate morphology. The current capabilities of the thermodynamics models (Gibbs energy minimization + electrolyte equation of state) were discussed using various commercially available software. Additionally, the role of hydrate promotors is also discussed, which can reduce the higher cost associated with the hydrate‐based desalination process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of eugenol anaesthesia on the behavioural and cardiovascular responses of doctor fish (Garra rufa) (2.0 ± 0.2 g mean weight) were studied. Two experiments were performed. In experiment 1, G. rufa was exposed to eugenol baths at different concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 μl/L) to record induction and recovery times and fish behavioural responses. Experiment 2 was performed to evaluate the effects of different eugenol concentrations (50, 100 and 150 μl/L) on the electrocardiographic parameters of anaesthetized fish. Induction and recovery times were recorded for each fish separately, and 10 fish were used per eugenol concentration. During the induction stage, video recordings were taken to evaluate fish behaviour. Thereafter, electrocardiographic (ECG) records were taken with the help of electrodes attached to the anaesthetized fish. A strong relationship between eugenol concentrations and induced anaesthesia was verified (R2 = 0.8583), but this relationship decreased slightly during recovery time (R2 = 0.6481). Distance movement, movement duration, swimming speed (velocity) and mobility significantly decreased with an increase in eugenol concentration. ECG results indicated that G. rufa had higher heart rates when anaesthetized with a high concentration of eugenol than with a low concentration (150 μl/L, 94.4 ± 7.3 beats/min; 50 μl/L, 69.0 ± 3.7 beats/min). The QT interval was significantly higher for G. rufa anaesthetized with 100 and 150 μl/L eugenol concentrations. In conclusion, 25 and 50 μl/L eugenol concentrations can be used for general aquaculture procedures in G. rufa, and 75 μl/L is suitable for rapid blood sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recovery of coal particles in a flotation column was investigated to determine its dependency on the type of frother, particle size, and gas and feed velocities. The kinetics of the cumulative recovery was established. The induction time and flotation rate constant were analyzed based on the recovery, incorporating the stability, attachment, and collision efficiencies of the particles with the bubbles. An inverse relationship between recovery and induction time was observed. Recovery of the particles was noticed to increase with superficial air velocity and frother dose, while it decreased with increasing particle size and feed circulation velocity. The induction time decreases with increasing superficial air velocity and frother dose but increases with increasing particle size and feed circulation velocity. Low induction time and high recovery were observed in the cationic frother. Small particles with low induction time can be captured with ease and have excellent selectivity. A generalized correlation for the induction time was proposed based on experiments under different operating conditions. The presented research will be beneficial in terms of increasing the transport efficiency of flotation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study on methane–oxygen mixture ignition diluted with nitrogen by numerical simulation was carried out. Temporal sweeps of CH3, CH4, OH, and O2 concentrations were obtained for three variants of the combustible mixture in a wide temperature range T = (700–2500) K. The temperature intervals of ignition with the mechanism of active radicals' chain branching were established. Ignition temperatures in these intervals were determined. The induction time and the corresponding reduced induction time for the three ignition signs were calculated in the determined temperature intervals for the three variants of the mixtures. A satisfactory agreement between the values of the calculated induction time and the published measured values was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anaesthetic effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on male and female three spotted tilapia (Oreochromis andersonii) was investigated. A total of 210 broodstock O. andersonii (weight: 160 ± 10 g) of different sexes were immersed in NaHCO3 at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30.0 g/L in triplicates. The induction and recovery times were monitored using a stopwatch. The induction and recovery times at all stages of anaesthesia for both sexes were significantly higher at concentrations ≥10 g/L. The induction times were significantly longer in the male fish than in the female at concentrations of 15 g/L for stages 1, 20 g/L for stages 1 and 2, 25 g/L for all the stages and 30 g/L for stage 2. The recovery time for male fish was significantly longer than that of the female fish at concentrations of 10 g/L for stages 2 and 3, 15 g/L for stage 1 and 20–30 g/L for stages 1 and 2. Overall, the induction and recovery times of the three spotted tilapia broodstock exposed to different concentrations of NaHCO3 could be affected by sex. Therefore, 30 and 25 g/L of NaHCO3 concentrations are recommended for use in male and female broodstock, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has numerically simulated and experimentally verified the pitting corrosion propagation inside a low-alloy carbon steel pipeline for sweet (CO2) petroleum service. In this study, a Finite-Element-Analysis-based mechanistic model was first developed to predict the transient dissolution rate of iron ion (Fe2+) from a pre-existing pit through solving the Nernst-Planck Equation. Specifically, the computational domain combines a hemispherical-shaped pit and a thin laminar boundary layer of an electrolyte solution. The mesh was generated using quadratic triangular elements in the Cartesian Coordinate System, and a moving mesh method was deployed to track the dynamic pitting propagation. The velocity distribution of the electrolyte solution was computed through solving the Navier-Stokes Equations. Distribution of electrochemical potentials was determined based on the Poisson Equation in consideration of electroneutrality whereas a Debye-Hückel approximation was applied to describe the variation of the potentials at the metal-solution interfaces by reason of the existence of the Electrical Double Layer. The distribution of the ionic concentrations of each participating chemical species was obtained through solving Fick’s Second Law. To verify the developed pitting propagation model, a laboratory testing system was established and a series of experimental tests were performed. The results demonstrate that the predicted pitting corrosion growth rates agree well with the experimental observations. The model described herein is able to predict pitting corrosion rates and induction times for the onset of pitting attack or passivation in a given sweet pipeline system set of operating conditions.