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DC microgrids have emerged as an efficient power system design approach in academia and industry offering the potential to integrate Distributed Energy Resources DERs even in challenging locations such as offshore platforms and rural villages The intermittent nature of DERs poses integration challenges for conventional power systems In contrast DC microgrids can accommodate these uncontrollable behaviours This paper provides a comprehensive overview of controlling techniques for DC microgrids focusing on centralized decentralized and distributed controlling methods Each controlling approach possesses unique advantages and disadvantages that must be carefully evaluated when selecting an appropriate control strategy This paper aims to provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the available controlling methods in terms of the communication architecture in DC microgrids facilitating informed decisionmaking on their respective research procedures

Hydrogen as an energy carrier is becoming more and more advanced and attractive with the global trend of achieving a net zero emissions policy So with the developments in renewable energy systems around the world hydrogen related devices like electrolysers fuel cells and hydrogen microturbines are commonly integrated into the power system This work presents a study on the mathematical modelling of a PEM electrolyser and equivalent electrical circuit modelling of a PEM fuel cell The PEM fuel cell model is tested with a standard load profile which simulates the dynamic behaviour of a practical fuel cell Vital parameters of the PEM electrolyser namely hydrogen production rate efficiency and cell voltage behave as functions of input current temperature and pressure of the system The behaviour of these parameters considering variations of two input parameters simultaneously is investigated in an analytical study

Legacy Alternating Current (AC) based power systems, coupled with bulk-generated electrical energy from fossil fuels, are working against the achievement of sustainable development. Worldwide integration of renewable energy in power generation is growing rapidly. This is making a major contribution to the achievement of sustainable development goals and affordable clean energy. Direct Current (DC) operable products are becoming the most common type of internal power architecture in many application domains in both land and marine based systems. In these systems, power supplied from AC form is internally converted to DC within the appliance. Renewable-based power generation, including solar photovoltaics (PVs), wind, wave, and tidal generators, can generate DC power intrinsically or can be converted to DC power. In addition to that the supportive novel technologies developing around renewable energy generation such as hydrogen storages, fuel cells and associated other alternative energy storage technologies such as battery and supercapacitors all are intrinsically in DC form. Therefore, both the supply and the demand sides of power systems are in favor of moving towards DC systems called DC microgrids. With the elimination of DC/AC and AC/DC converter stages in DC grids, they create a highly efficient, low-cost platform. Also impacts such as skin effect, reactive power usage, power quality issues and grid synchronization are comprehensively reduced too. Since renewable sources like photovoltaics generate on-site DC power, eliminating the need for long distance AC transmission facilities, they are particularly attractive for remote communities and industrial and commercial sites. Since the minimum interaction on main power grids, offshore systems are more attractive to be operated as low voltage DC distribution. DC microgrids have the potential to revolutionize power systems by offering a versatile solution for a wide range of power applications. These microgrids can