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The notion of 'Portuguese race' started to take shape in the early 1870s, under the influence of Aryan mythology and the first iterations of Haeckelian social Darwinist concepts of 'historical races'. This notion evolved alongside theories of a 'race struggle' that would ensure planetary domination by the 'Aryan peoples'. With these theories as a reference, mass killings and genocides became regular features of the conquest of territories in Angola, Mozambique and Timor, from the mid-1890s to the late 1910s. António Sardinha, one of Portuguese fascism's leading doctrinaires, would revive the idea of a 'Portuguese race' in the early 1910s, infusing it with a certain air of mystique. Later that decade, Mendes Correia, a 'raciologist' initially related to the 'anthroposociology school' that gave rise to Nazi race programs, would fit the concept into a supposedly scientific framework. Mendes Correia also built up the mystical side by projecting the realization of the race onto empire. For the next forty years, his 'raciology' school would provide the Portuguese empire with its official 'science of the races', carrying out numerous anthropological field studies in the African colonies. Portugal's national day, June 10, was celebrated as Dia da Raça, the 'Day of the Race', by the fascist regime up until the 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "greatness" of the Mahābhārata, its mahat/mahā quality, refers primarily to its intended dynamism as a powerful engine generating the spread of Brahminic teaching throughout the world, casting "heathen" (nāstika) teachings and their patrons into shadow for all time. The Brahmin authors worked to accomplish this end in two main ways. First, they devised a tremendously engaging tale that depicted the decisive victory of a king (Yudhiṣṭhira Pāṇḍava) who accepted Brahmin claims to deserve monopoly-control over teaching the norms of society. Second, they made this tale an extensive magisterium of Brahmin ideology and philosophy, affording to all in society, women and śūdras as well as Aryan men, encouragement to seek the forgiveness of past wrongs at tīrthas and access to the teachings of mokṣa without Vedic initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lusitania Sacra is the property of Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, Centro de Estudos de Historia Religiosa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article talks about the controversy over Black Athena written by Martin Bernal and Afro-Asiatic roots of the Greek culture, background of Europe's Indo-Aryan or Phoenician-Semitic to be the reason behind the the rise of Mediterranean powers, European civilization and Hellenism. It talks about Edmund Dickinson's work Delphi Phoenizantes as a contribution to the debate of oriental roots of European culture, the Book of Joshua and significance of Greek mythology.

For a proper study of the controversy surrounding the Aryan invasion (migration) theory, it is essential to recognize the nature of this controversy. It is a multi-disciplinary controversy among specialist scholars with conflicting expert opinions. Widely accepted ground rules are essential to study such a controversy. Historians' criteria for expert opinion are validated with Indian judicial standards for expert testimony. They minimize subjectivity in the assessment of evidences. The Aryan debate must be conducted to be consistent with these criteria. Vedic rituals satisfy these criteria, which fundamentally alters the nature of the Aryan debate. Other scientific evidences can also qualify if scientists can demonstrate that they satisfy the criteria. The primary focus of the Aryan debate becomes a scrutiny of the reliability and credibility of the contradictory settled conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long-standing debate on whether 'Aryans' (central Asians) had entered India has recently gained momentum. The debate is polarized. In the recent set of articles, some authors have strongly criticized inferences drawn using genomic data and population genetic methods. Some criticisms are flawed. These criticisms stem from lack of clear understanding of population genetic concepts and frameworks. Such inappropriate criticisms have led to unnecessary confusion and further polarization among readers. This article attempts to place the ongoing 'Aryan debate' in the perspective of population genetic frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although both linguistic and historical studies indicated only a small group of Aryans had been involved into the diffusion of Indo-Aryan languages into Bangladesh, no genetic studies had been carried out to prove this notion. By studying mitochondrial DNA variants of 240 Bengali speakers in Bangladesh, among which 23 mitogenomes are completely sequenced, we found a high proportion of South Asian components in this group. By contrast, only a small proportion of lineages can be traced back to western Eurasia, which could be attributed to recent gene flow. Our results implied a cultural diffusion of the Indo-Aryan languages into Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dhiyan or Dehan is the name of language spoken by Koch-Rajbangshi people of Barak Valley. Dhiyan is mainly spoken in ten villages in the Eastern part of Barak river namely Horinagar, Japirbon, Leburbon, Gororbon, Dewan (Labok) or Dewan Bosti, Narayanpur, Larchingpar, Thaligram, Lakkhichora, and Digli. Ethnically, they are Mongoloids and their language may fall under the Indo-Aryan sub-group of the Indo-European language family, nevertheless no study has been made to prove their classification. The total population of Dhiyan speaking Koch-Rajbangshi in Barak valley is estimated about 5000 in approximate. The present paper is an attempt to describe the phonemic inventory of the language in terms of number of vowels, consonants and diphthongs including their distribution and arrangement in the language. The study will also investigate whether Dhiyan exhibits the phonological features of Indo-Aryan languages or not? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of Punjab's caste-system on voting behavior emerging from 2013 Pakistan's general elections. Historically, the caste and Biradari system have been playing a significant role in the region of the Punjab since the arrival of Aryans. The historical evolution and modernization of the British Raj never fully changed the traditional value-system of the Punjabi society which is based on caste and biradari. With particular reference to caste and Biradari system, an analytical study has been made to understand deep roots of Caste-System and its impact on the voting behavior of four selected districts of the province of Punjab in 2013 general elections of Pakistan. Further, this research shows that the Punjabi society is based on multiculturalism and social diversification with parochial political culture; therefore, the Punjabi society accepts authoritarian rule which begins from family and ends at national politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the history and culture of Tamil Nadu, India. Topics discussed include worship in South India; Brahmanical religion, often identified as orthodox and belonging to the external and sometimes invading Aryan culture; and influences between the local Dravidian culture and the Aryan newcomers.

The article discusses Reinhold Grünnendahl outrage at the idea that the Aryan notion connects German Indology to national socialism and genocide. Topics cited include Grünnendahl's concerns over Edward W. Said's endorsement Indology which jeopardizes any factual debate about the history of German scholarship and Grünnendahl's belief that it is grotesque that the Germans continued to trace a seamless cultural-historical lineage centered on the Aryan leitmotif.

The main theme underlying Vedic rituals was the renewal of Prajāpati, the creator God, who was exhausted after creating the universe. This was developed in analogy with the cyclical year. The Year was sanctified as a counterpart of Prajāpati, making it the most important evidence. The combined expertise of Sanskrit scholars and scientists is necessary to understand Vedic rituals. They have interpreted Gavāmayana and Agnicayana, the most important rituals, and Mahāśivarātri to ~3000 BC (Indus Valley Civilization), contradicting the Aryan invasion/migration theory. This consensus validates Kane's contention that Vedic rituals must be preferred over linguistics to understand Vedic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the variable alignment properties of experiencer constructions in Indo-Aryan (IA) languages in the light of the available historical data from Vedic Sanskrit onwards. The first aim of the article is to shed light on the possible historical sources, emergence and expansion of constructions with non-canonically marked arguments in Old IA in general. The second aim is to gain a better understanding of the variation in case marking and agreement patterns that can be attested in New IA experiencer constructions, given that the interplay among morphological cases, semantic roles and additional semantic motivations poses many unsolved questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no indication from the previous mtDNA studies that west Eurasian-specific subclades have evolved within India and played a role in the spread of languages and the origins of the caste system. To address these issues, we have screened 14,198 individuals (4208 from this study) and analyzed 112 mitogenomes (41 new sequences) to trace west Eurasian maternal ancestry. This has led to the identification of two autochthonous subhaplogroups-HV14a1 and U1a1a4, which are likely to have originated in the Dravidian-speaking populations approximately 10.5-17.9 thousand years ago (kya). The carriers of these maternal lineages might have settled in South India during the time of the spread of the Dravidian language. In addition to this, we have identified several subsets of autochthonous U7 lineages, including U7a1, U7a2b, U7a3, U7a6, U7a7, and U7c, which seem to have originated particularly in the higher-ranked caste populations in relatively recent times (2.6-8.0 kya with an average of 5.7 kya). These lineages have provided crucial clues to the differentiation of the caste system that has occurred during the recent past and possibly, this might have been influenced by the Indo-Aryan migration. The remaining west Eurasian lineages observed in the higher-ranked caste groups, like the Brahmins, were found to cluster with populations who possibly arrived from west Asia during more recent times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the Jaina literature in ancient Sanskrit literature comprising Anga, refers to the categories that Buddhist canonical writings were divided. The topics addressed include details on the manuscript Rāyapaseṇaïyyam in which Javaṇas is included in a list of foreign slave women and manuscript 'Pañhāvāgaraṇāiṁ' in which Javaṇas is included in a list of foreign peoples.

The article offers information on the Indic literature comprising translations of literature into different languages. The topics addressed include details on the Tabitan version of the manuscript 'Lalitavistara'; highlights information on the narratives from the bKah-'gyur, which is the Tibetan translation of the Mūlasarvāstivādavinaya.

The article offers information on the Sanskrit Buddhist literature and the Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit literature. The topics addressed include details on the Bhaiṣajyavastu which is a Sanskrit manuscript referring to medicine along with translation of some of its contents in English and information on the Sanskrit manuscript Bhikṣunī-Vinaya.

The article offers information on the Buddhism based Pāli literature. The topics addressed include details on the Majjhimanikāya, Buddhist scripture, one of the nikayas that compose the Pali Tipitaka of Theravada Buddhism; highlights information on the Yonaka monks as pilgrims in ancient period; and details on the Dīghanikāya.

The article offers information on the Indic literature and inscriptions. The topics addressed include information on the Taxila Copper Plate Inscription of a Meridarch; highlights details on the Bajaur Casket inscriptions; and information on the Peshawar University Museum Slab, which is small slab dated year 88, arsamiasa masasa.

By a consideration of geography and environment, this essay raises questions about migration, settlement, and state formation in the Ganga plain from the first millennium BCE to the early second millennium CE. It asks why Indo-Aryan speakers continued to migrate from north-western parts of South Asia towards the Ganga plain during the first millennium BCE and precisely what route they followed. To understand better these largely misunderstood historical problems related to migration and settlement, the essay casts doubt on the utility of geographers' tripartite division of the Ganga plain, proposing instead a division based on aridity and rainfall. Such a division helps explain why the transitional zone between the drier and the more humid areas of the Ganga plain became the linchpin of migratory movements, state formation, and urban development since at least the middle of the first millennium BCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Folk Culture is the property of Lithuanian National Culture Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: We contrast the historical data with respect to light verbs and auxiliaries in Indo-Aryan and show that light verbs are comparatively stable and unlikely to be subject to reanalysis or restructuring. We propose that there is a very tight connection between a light verb and its corresponding main verb, and that this connection differs markedly from the relationship an auxiliary bears to the main verb it is derived from. In particular, we depart from the received view that the existence of a light verb is due to a historical process of semantic bleaching. We instead propose that synchronically there is a single underlying lexical entry which tightly binds light verbs to their corresponding main verb. This proposal accounts not only for the simultaneous synchronic uses of light and main verbs, but also for the historical data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article explores the origin of the people and the religious history of the Karakoram Himalayan mountain region in the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir. Topics covered include the migration of Indo-Aryans and other groups from Central Asia, the arrival of Sakas in the Kashmir area and the explanations behind it, and the movement of Burusu people. Other subjects mentioned include the Scythian religion, the Sharda cult, the Burusu religious terminology.

India has the longest and the richest tradition in drama. During the age of the Vedic Aryans, drama was performed in a simple way. Different episodes from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Bhagavad-Gita were enacted out in front of people. It depicts different situations relating to men good, bad and indifferent, and gives courage, amusement, happiness and advice to all of them. When Britishers came in India, the crippled Indian drama regained its strength. In 1920, a new drama in almost all the Indian languages came to the fore, it was a drama largely influenced by prevailing movements like Marxism, Psychoanalysis, symbolism, and surrealism. Indian drama got a new footing when Kendriya Natak Sangeet Akadami was started in January 1953 National school of drama set up Sangeet Natak Akadami in 1959 was another development. The year 1972 was a landmark year for Indian theatre. Badal Sircar, Vijay Tendulkar and Girish Karnad have contributed to the modernization of the face of the Indian theatre, these play wrights have made bold innovations and fruitful experiments in terms of both thematic concerns and technical virtuosities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Lip prints are very useful in forensic investigation and personal identification. Like finger prints, even lip prints can be instrumental in identifying a person positively. Aims: Indians are closer to Mongoloids than to Caucasoids or Negroids as indicated by the phylogenetic tree. Most of the studies on lip prints are done in their own population. We have compared lip prints of Manipuris with other Indians (Aryans and Dravidians) who are both close to Mongoloid race and are genetically similar. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 students 50 males and 50 females were selected of whom 30 males and 30 females were of Aryan and Dravidian features and 20 males and 20 females showed the Mongol features. Study materials used were Red colored lipstick, Lip brush, Cellophane tape, White chart paper and Magnifying lens. The lip prints were analyzed by dividing them into eight compartments. Results: Analysis of lip prints showed that the most common and the least common pattern in both males and females (Aryans-Dravidians and Mongols) were the same, but the compartment wise distribution of the lip patterns was different. Conclusion: In the present study, it is established that there is no similarity of lip prints from one individual to another individual and between males and females. Regarding the comparison with Mongols, more studies with a larger sample size is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To establish the Steiner's cephalometric norms for a Nepalese population, compare the gender and inter-racial variations in dentoskeletal and soft tissue structures, and to test the null hypothesis that there are no racial differences in cephalometric measurements between Nepalese, Caucasians and other populations. Design: Prospective, cross-sectional study. Subjects and methods: One hundred and twenty lateral cephalograms of Nepalese subjects aged 16-21 years with class I normal occlusion and balanced facial aesthetics were selected. The cephalometric variables were measured. An independent one sample t test was used to compare the Steiner's ideal values with Indo-Aryan Nepalese means and independent t test to compare Japanese means with Mongoloid Nepalese means and Mongoloids with Aryans. Entra-investigator error was assessed with Lin's concordance method and the reliability of aesthetic evaluation of the photographs was tested with Cronbach's alpha. Results.' Nepalese Mongoloid males possessed more protrusive lips (Z angle mean difference, 8°; P<0.001) than the Indo- Aryan males. Mongoloid females had more protrusive mandible (SNB angle mean difference, 3.7°; P<0.001), greater class 11 skeletal bases (SND angle mean difference, 3.5°; P<0.001), longer SL length (mean difference, 5.6 mm; P<0.01), more proclined upper incisors (UI-NA mean difference, 6°; P<0.01) and a more protrusive lower lip (lower lip-S line mean difference, 0.9 mm; P=0.003), lower lip-E line (2.0 mm; P<0.001) and Z angle (4,40; P<0.001), than the Endo-Aryan females. Differences between the Nepalese sample and published Caucasian and Japanese norms are also described. Conclusions: Differences in the cephalometric values exist between the two ethnic groups in Nepal, as well as between our Nepalese sample and published Caucasians and Japanese norms. The norms published in this article will be useful when planning orthodontic treatment in Mongoloid and Indo-Aryan individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author surveys recent narratives of Turkmen, Kazakh, and Uzbek ethnogenesis and explores the tension between the Aryan myth and pan-Turkism. He also analyzes the role of the Aryan myth in Tajik and Russian narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In comparison with other countries, India and especially its social and economic life could hardly be placed among the subjects which were regularly discussed by the Russian press. Nevertheless, these publications offer an Idea about what the image of India was in Russia, what the Russian people knew and thought about India's socio-economic and particularly agrarian problems, what was the range of questions they were interested in, and in what perspective and context these questions were being considered. Russian interest In India was determined by several governing factors, such as existence of certain common tendencies In the social and economic life of both the countries, perception of their own path of development as different from the West, confrontation of Britain and Russia In Central Asia and by pure economic considerations, among them, competition of Russian and Indian commodities In the world market, desire of the Russian commercial circles to start direct trade with India and borrowing English agricultural practice In India. Russian journals became the source for this article, both literary monthly ('fat magazines') and economics journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper inquires into the origin of Romani ablative and locative markers against the background of the Middle Indo-Aryan development. It shows that there are no overt reflexes of the old thematic locative ending -e in Romani, although several zero-marked adpositions and adverbs are reflexes of the forms in -e. The paper argues for the origin of Romani -e in the late MIA locative -ahim, and of Romani -al in the Śaurasenī ablative -ādo. A degree of adverbial productivity of both suffixes is also dealt with. Then the paper analyses the nominal locative and ablative markers -te and -tar respectively, which derive from postpositions. The initial consonant of both suffixes is proposed to reflect their common ancestor in the pronominal base t-, whereas the final segments -e and -ar are argued to be remnants of inflectional affixes related to -e and -al respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human Rights is one of the burning topics of the contemporary era. It is indispensable for `good and qualitative' human survival. Violation of Human Rights not Only disturbs peace and harmony of the society and the country. The Vedas, which stand at the head of the entire Sanskrit Literature, is full of ideas, which, if adopted, could be highly useful for protecting human rights of every individual. Here one should know that in Vedas, the rights are complemented with duties. One has to perform his or her duties. This is the best way to protect human rights of every citizen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information related to the aspects of Sindhi implosives. It says that the belief on the representation of the implosives as direct inheritance of voiced preglottalized mediae has been shown to be inconsistent with the existence of exceptions in Sindhi to the rule of author Alexander Lubotsky of laryngeal loss. It states that the evidence of the late consonantal reflex retention of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) laryngeals beside the coexistence of dental stops and simplex retroflex in Indo-Aryan occlusive series that corresponds to PIE mediae argues the relative early preglottalization loss in most environments. It adds that the reappearance of implosives in Sindhi environments in Sindhi represents fresh process and not an adaptation to any existing model.

This paper provides a case for rejecting the Autochthonous Aryan theory and proposes an alternative to the Aryan Migration Theory, i.e., it examines why the genetic input from Central Asia may have been extremely small and how the spread of Indo-European (IE) language and culture in India might have occurred in trickle in scenarios, i.e., when movements of IE speakers were small. It suggests that the IE speakers first migrated into and settled in the northernmost tip of the sub-continent, trickled into the plains due to climatic changes in the northernmost tip of India, synthesized with the Harappans, fused with them and got the upper hand when the transfer of population from North-West India into the Gangetic plains took place around 1900 BC, and then desynthesized with whatever was left of the Harappan civilization till it vanished around 1400 BC. Cultural contacts with West Asia and then with South India would complete the process of spread of IE language and culture in India. This paper suggests the need for delinking race with spoken and written forms of language and culture while studying the identity of the Harappans, analyzes the role of internal and external migrations in shaping Indian culture and questions some other long-held assumptions about post-Harappan India. It also suggests that an integrated framework be developed for studying Ancient India. The paper stresses the need for adopting via media approaches for resolving the Aryan issue and comes up with a new hypothesis which will be taken up for a debate and discussion. It also proposes a concurrent dating paradigm and a new heuristic framework which will be useful both for future cultural studies of Ancient India and for conducting further archaeological excavations, and then uses this framework to make inferences about the cultural and religious history of the sub-continent. The methodology adopted takes the Aryan Migration Theory (1500 BC) as a base and works backwards to arrive at a fresh set of conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Aryan Invasion debate and its role on the Hindu American challenge to California's 6th grade world history textbooks. It also discusses the need to help teachers see the controversy and challenge in teaching perspectives on wars and conflicts. The reasons why Indian scholars have questioned the theory of external origins of the Indo-Aryans are discussed.

The paper deals with an Aryan onomastic evidence in a Hittite cuneiform text concerning Išuwa, hitherto unnoticed. The author assumes the possibility of a mixed Hurrian-Aryan coexistence in this area, like in Mitanni, Kizzuwatna, and Syria-Palestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduces a series of articles on German Orientalism. Revelation that Germany did not have a "protracted sustained national interest in the Orient" and thus no Orientalism of a politically motivated sort, according to writer Edward Said; Connection between Orientalism and a particular form of European colonialism; Search for Germany's ancient, but national, "Aryan" past.

Examines the history of tribal people in India through historical perspectives. Discussion of the early period of tribal history; Examination of the cultural consequences of the tribes after the Aryan conquest; Assessment of the contemporary tribal situation in India.