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The literature on speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) in motor control has evidenced individuality in how individuals trade moments (e.g.. mean and variance) of spatial and temporal errors. These individual tendencies could grasp tendencies of the system given previous experiences and constraints of the organism, a signature of the system control. Nonetheless, such tendency must be robust to small perturbations. Thirty participants performed nine conditions with different time and spatial criteria over 2 days (scanning). In between these scanning conditions, individuals performed a practice condition that required modifications of the individuals' preferred spatial and temporal tendency in the SAT. Our results demonstrated that there were no systematic effects of practice in SAT preferences. However, individual analyses demonstrated significant changes for 25 out of 30 individuals. The latter either attests against a consistent preference or to a more complex characterization of individual SAT tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive skills, such as innovative problem-solving, are hypothesized to aid animals in urban environments. However, the significance of innovation in wild populations, and its expression across individuals and socio-ecological conditions, is poorly understood. To identify how and when innovation arises in urban-dwelling species, we used advanced technologies and new testing and analytical methods to evaluate innovative problem-solving abilities of wild raccoons (Procyon lotor). We deployed multi-compartment puzzle boxes with either one or multiple solution types and identified raccoons using radio frequency identification. Raccoons solved these novel extractive foraging tasks, and their success was influenced by age and exploratory diversity. Successful raccoons always discovered multiple different solution types, highlighting flexible problem-solving. Using a unique, comparative sequence analysis approach, we found that variation in raccoon solving techniques was greater between individuals than within individuals, and this self-similarity intensified during times of competition. Finally, the inclusion of an easier solution in the multi-solution trials enabled previously unsuccessful raccoons to bootstrap their learning and successfully open multiple difficult solutions. Our study suggests that innovative problem-solving is probably influenced by many factors and has provided novel field and analytical methods, as well as new insights on the socio-ecological dynamics of urban populations.

There are known individual differences in both the ability to learn the layout of novel environments and the flexibility of strategies for navigating known environments. However, it is unclear how navigational abilities are impacted by high-stress scenarios. Here we used immersive virtual reality (VR) to develop a novel behavioral paradigm to examine navigation under dynamically changing situations. We recruited 48 participants (24 female; ages 17-32) to navigate a virtual maze (7.5 m × 7.5 m). Participants learned the maze by moving along a fixed path past the mazes landmarks (paintings). Subsequently, participants experienced either a non-stress condition, or a high-stress condition tasking them with navigating the maze. In the high-stress condition, their initial path was blocked, the environment was darkened, threatening music was played, fog obstructed more distal views of the environment, and participants were given a time limit of 20 s with a countdown timer displayed at the top of their screen. On trials where the path was blocked, we found self-reported stress levels and distance traveled increased while trial completion rate decreased (as compared to non-stressed control trials). On unblocked stress trials, participants were less likely to take a shortcut and consequently navigated less efficiently compared to control trials. Participants with more trait spatial anxiety reported more stress and navigated less efficiently. Overall, our results suggest that navigational abilities change considerably under high-stress conditions.

Management and organization studies have long been interested in the social contexts and enduring consequences of individual and collective action. Yet, empirically observing both the situated nature of actions and their ultimate consequences remains challenging. In this paper, we describe microhistory as a complementary approach to grounded and longitudinal studies that reconciles situated action in time with its broader consequences over time. Microhistorical research involves the reflexive use of dual temporal frames: a microtemporal frame suited to an empirically grounded study of individuals in time and a macrotemporal frame accounting for processes of continuity and change in social structures over time. We describe the epistemology, method, and form inherent in theorizing with microhistory and consider its potential for management researchers. Microhistory's approach, we recognize, is well-suited to several phenomena that remain elusive to contemporaneous and longitudinal studies, such as exceptional normal actions, unintended consequences, nonlinear and emergent processes, contingent processes, and unobserved or inconceivable processes. Finally, we consider how microhistory's reflexive temporality offers management scholars opportunities to situate ourselves and our own theorizing in time and to account for evolving consequences over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate how functional cognition of people post-stroke is evaluated and reported by occupational therapists in Ireland. Functional cognition refers to the use and integration of cognitive skills for daily function. Methods: This study used a qualitative design. Six focus groups and one individual interview were conducted with 20 occupational therapists purposively sampled for variation across different clinical grades. Data were analysed according to the Braun and Clark thematic analysis framework. Results: Participants felt that assessment of functional cognition was an integral feature of occupational therapy assessment in stroke care but acknowledged that terminology used by occupational therapists for functional cognition was inconsistent. Non-standardised observational assessment was routinely used by participants. Challenges were reported with respect to written documentation of non-standardised observations. Participants reported that use of standardised cognitive assessments required considered clinical reasoning before administration. Standardised performance-based assessments were not widely implemented by participants. Conclusion: Occupational therapists in Ireland reported a multi-component assessment process to evaluate functional cognition post-stroke. Establishing practice guidelines for the assessment of functional cognition may be of benefit to occupational therapists working in stroke care. Further research is needed to quantify procedures in this assessment process to account for variation in practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: The assessment of functional cognition in stroke rehabilitation is integral to occupational therapy practice. Occupational therapists described the assessment of functional cognition as a multi-component assessment drawing from three main modalities: standardised cognitive assessments; non-standardised observations; and performance-based assessments. Professional education in, and practice guidelines, for the assessment and reporting of functional cognition could be beneficial for occupational therapists in stroke care to streamline their assessment and reporting of functional cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasticity allows organisms to form lasting adaptive changes in neural structures in response to interactions with the environment. It serves both species-general functions and individualized skill acquisition. To better understand human plasticity, we need to strengthen the dialogue between human research and animal models. Therefore, we propose to (1) enhance the interpretability of macroscopic methods used in human research by complementing molecular and fine-structural measures used in animals with such macroscopic methods, preferably applied to the same animals, to create macroscopic metrics common to both examined species; (2) launch dedicated cross-species research programs, using either well-controlled experimental paradigms, such as motor skill acquisition, or more naturalistic environments, where individuals of either species are observed in their habitats; and (3) develop conceptual and computational models linking molecular and fine-structural events to phenomena accessible by macroscopic methods. In concert, these three component strategies can foster new insights into the nature of plastic change. Hille et al. wish to strengthen connections between human research and animal models of brain plasticity. They propose to make greater use of macroscopic imaging methods in animals, intensify cross-species research, and develop models linking microscopic events to macroscopically accessible phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart mobility aids invoke conflicting impressions of enhanced mobility and being restricted and dependent. This ambivalence between perceived gain and loss of personal control might affect the acceptance of these devices. In a preregistered study (N = 194), we investigated people's expectations on how using a flexible exosuit and a rigid exoskeleton would affect their personal control and tested how this influenced their acceptance of those devices. Overall, participants anticipated a net gain of personal control by using smart mobility aids. There was no difference in anticipations of gain of control between devices, but anticipations of loss of control were higher for the rigid exoskeleton than for the flexible exosuit. Anticipated gain and loss of control explained more than 50% of the variance in the acceptance of the investigated devices. The belief that a smart mobility aid would increase the user's personal control was more predictive of overall acceptance than the belief that such a device would limit the user's personal control. Overall, the current findings reveal that potential users' expectations regarding changes in personal control, in particular the degree to which positive changes are expected, are a key determinant of acceptance of smart mobility aids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural Australian youth exhibit high rates of mental ill-health, exacerbated by reduced access to mental health services. While the need for innovative solutions is well-established rural youth themselves are frequently excluded from the dialogue, creating a significant gap in evidence and the development of relevant service provision that reflects young people's lived experiences. Drawing on the concepts of individualism and healthism and research highlighting the continuing importance of relationships and trust in the lives of young people in a digital society, we aim to better understand how rural youth understand mental health and navigate mental health services and information. Using a qualitative methodology, we held 2 small focus groups with a total of 8 young people in rural Tasmania to identify aspects of rural mental healthcare that require improvement and to contribute to developing new and innovative solutions. Findings indicate that rural Tasmanian youth face numerous structural, social, and cultural barriers to positive mental health. Rural self-reliance and generational differences in attitudes towards mental health can negatively affect youths' help-seeking behaviours. Findings from this study suggest a need to combine technology-and community-based approaches creating a multi-generational approach to combat mental ill-health among rural youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses conceptual frameworks that have been suggested in the literature for understanding women's radicalization, including the emergent phenomenon of family bombings, focusing on Indonesia and Malaysia. We argue that understanding these trends requires grappling with socio-culturally specific gender-related concepts and that the liberal political theory framework that has informed a significant body of research in this area, with its emphasis on individuality, has limited utility for making sense of the new models of women's engagement in extremism in Southeast Asia'. We suggest that a communitarian philosophical framework has the potential to provide new context-specific insights on radicalization, extremism and terrorism in Southeast Asia. We apply this approach to a reading of the family suicide bombings in Surabaya and Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia, in May 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punk culture, with its hallmark rebellious aesthetic, often stands in stark contrast to the modesty prescribed by Islamic traditions, particularly regarding women's attire. This article explores the sartorial practices of female Muslim punks in Malaysia, investigating the complex interplay of gender, religion, and subcultural identities within the Malaysian context. Employing an ethnographic approach, we examine how these women use dress for self-expression, empowerment, and resistance, challenging the historic oversights in punk discourse. Introducing the conceptual framework of 'the localization of subculture', our research provides a theoretical model for understanding how global subcultures, like punk, adapt to local contexts, leading to unique cultural expressions. Examining individual approaches to dress practices, our findings demonstrate the ability of the Malaysian punk community to deconstruct conventional norms and actively construct meanings of its own. This article invites a re-evaluation of subculture studies and advocates rethinking what we know about subcultures by considering local influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the more than half a century since James Bedford reportedly became the first person to undergo whole body cryopreservation in 1967, the number of cryogenic 'patients' and people who have registered to be cryopreserved upon their death has slowly but steadily increased. These preserved 'patients' present problems for both bioscience and bioethics. But they also present problems for several core legal principles – including the concept of legal personhood in private law. This article introduces the concept of private law personhood and identifies its three core tenets: private law personhood terminates at death; it is focused on the self-interested individual; and it is ill-equipped to weigh the interests of the individual against those of society. This article argues that each of these core tenets is fundamentally challenged by the existence of cryopreserved individuals, who have an awesome and ongoing physical presence despite being technically dead, but are nonetheless entirely reliant on the care of the living for their ongoing maintenance – even when such care causes the living to suffer harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To analyse the concept of eating experiences in people living with dementia. Design: Rodgers' evolutionary method of concept analysis was used as a framework for the paper. Data Sources: The literature was searched using electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, CINHAL, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Embase and Elsevier databases. These databases cover a variety of disciplines, including but not limited to nursing, medicine and occupational therapy. The relevant literature published from 1989 to April 2023 was thoroughly examined. Any quantitative or qualitative studies published in English focused on eating or dining experiences in people with dementia were included. Review Methods: Rodgers' evolutionary method for concept analysis was used. The attributes, antecedents, consequences and case examples of the concept were identified. Results: Twenty‐two articles met the inclusion criteria, identifying key attributes of self‐connection, the special journey of life and self‐interpretation. Antecedents, as framed by the socio‐ecological model, were categorized to represent intrapersonal (personal preferences, individual culture, mealtime routines), interpersonal (social interaction) and environmental (dining room environment, policies) factors. Consequences were divided into external (nutritional health, physical health and quality of life) and internal (personhood, autonomy and independence, dignity and feeling valued and mental well‐being) domains. Conclusion: A theoretical definition and conceptual model of eating experiences in people living with dementia was developed. The identified attributes, antecedents and consequences can be utilized in nursing education, research and intervention approaches. Impact: This article allows nurses and other healthcare professionals to better understand people living with dementia through the relationship between eating and interpersonal, intrapersonal and environmental aspects to develop personalized interventions and care strategies to achieve an optimal quality of life. Patient or Public Contribution: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turn‐taking is a universal pattern of human conversations characterized by a fast exchange of turns between speakers and an avoidance of overlaps. Language is embedded in this conversational skill acquired well before it during infancy, through everyday interactions with caregivers. The earliness of this skill and its link with language allows us to test whether social environment shapes early language development. We therefore study turn‐taking perception of 6‐month‐old infants by measuring their gazes during video presentation of three different conversational situations where the turn is explicitly given, normally taken or taken with an overlap. We studied 51 infants to cover several family and infant characteristics: infants' sex, presence of siblings, and family socioeconomic status (SES). We found that infants looked more at the second speaker when she overlapped the first speaker than in the other situations, but not all infants were equally sensitive. Indeed, infants from high‐SES families reacted differently to the three situations, while infants from the two lower SES categories did not. Also, only singletons reacted differently by looking more at the second speaker after the overlapping and turn‐giving situations, and not after the turn‐taking situation. Our results emphasize the importance of early social experiences on language development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, in the United States, there is no legal obligation for medical professionals or civil courts to uphold patients' Advance Directives (ADs) regarding end-of-life care. The applicability and standing of ADs prepared by Alzheimer's patients is a persistent issue in bioethics. Those who argue against giving ADs full status take two main approaches: (1) appealing to beneficence on behalf of the Alzheimer's patient and (2) claiming that there is no longer any personal equivalence between the AD's creator and the subject of the AD. In this paper, I present profound arguments against both approaches. Firstly, I argue that the principle of beneficence cannot apply in the case of Alzheimer's patients, and, secondly, that the moral and legal authority of the AD need not depend on strict equivalence of personal identity. I conclude by arguing that valid ADs protect the dignity and autonomy of Alzheimer's patients and that, therefore, there are moral obligations to uphold ADs which should be reflected in public policy and legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domain‐general prediction differences have been posited as underlying many aspects of the cognitive‐behavioral profile in autism. An interesting potential implication of such differences is hyperplasticity of learning—the idea that autistic individuals may privilege more recent input over the accumulation of prior learning. Because real world language input is highly variable, hyperplasticity could have serious ramifications for language learning. To investigate potential hyperplasticity during a language processing task, we administered an experimental anticipatory eye movement (AEM) task to 2‐ to 3‐year‐old autistic children and neurotypical (NT) peers. Autistic children's change in anticipation from before to after a switch in contingencies did not significantly differ from NT counterparts, failing to support claims of hyperplasticity in the linguistic domain. Analysis of individual differences among autistic children revealed that cognitive ability was associated with prediction of the initial, stable contingencies, but neither age nor receptive language related to task performance. Results are discussed in terms of clinical implications and the broader context of research investigating prediction differences in autism. Lay Summary: Autistic individuals may differ from neurotypical peers when making predictions, especially when the environment is unstable. In this study, we found that 2‐ to 3‐year‐old autistic children's linguistic predictions did not differ from their neurotypical peers, though autistic children with stronger cognitive ability were better at prediction in stable environments. More research will be needed to investigate the relationship of prediction and language skills in autistic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Hypothesis Recovering from a first psychosis is a highly individual process and requires the person to make sense of their experiences. Clinicians, in turn, need to comprehend these first-person perspectives, creating a mutual sense-making dynamic. Antipsychotic medication is a substantial part of psychosis treatment. Providing insight in the lived experience of recovery with antipsychotics could improve the mutual understanding and help bridge the gap between the perspective of the clinician and that of the person recovering from psychosis. Study Design 14 persons in recovery from a first psychosis with the use of antipsychotics were interviewed. Their narratives were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Study Results Five overarching themes were found, representing important and meaningful experiences in recovering with antipsychotic medication. Theme 1: antipsychotics as external dampening (4 subthemes); Theme 2: shifting of realities ; Theme 3: pace of recovery ; Theme 4: antipsychotics' influence on identity ; and Theme 5: is it truly the antipsychotics? Conclusions Our findings show that recovery from psychosis with antipsychotics is an all-encompassing, multi-faceted, and ambivalent experience. The themes found in this research could inspire clinicians to discuss less obvious aspects of the experience of recovering with antipsychotics. Even more so, paying attention to the first-person perspective could lead to a more thorough understanding and benefit therapeutic relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducts a thorough analysis of Abi Al-Tayyib Al-Mutanabbi's poem 'My Heart Is a Flame' through the philosophical lens of German thinker Friedrich Nietzsche. It emphasizes Nietzsche's concept that superior humans are distinguished by their might. The research seeks to challenge the prevailing belief, supported by writers like Taha Husein, Blachere, and Abdulla Al-Ghuthami, that Al-Mutanabbi was a hypocritical, exploitative, and excessively arrogant poet who degraded others while asserting his individuality. The study explores two pivotal axes: the first focuses on Saif al - Dawla, emphasizing the elevation of the model and spaces of undermining; the second centers on Al-Mutanabbi, highlighting themes of superior ego and the fallacy of equity. In conclusion, the study presents the researcher's findings, offering justifications that underscore Al-Mutanabbi's egoism. By delving into Al-Mutanabbi's individuality, including poetic prowess, the pursuit of supremacy, engagement in war, courage, and boldness, the study contends that such characteristics fueled his distinct egoism. Furthermore, the research addresses Al-Mutanabbi's rejection of humiliation and arrogance, as elucidated through his disassociation from Saif al - Dawla, the Emir, and his court, following a dramatic ideological shift and an attempted assault on the poet's capabilities. This emancipation from flattery and avarice for Saif al - Dawla 's gifts is posited as a significant aspect of Al-Mutanabbi's resilience and selfhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the context of creative writing groups, this paper explores how the affective experience of vulnerability as a basis for driving more reciprocal and interdependent caring relations involves articulating orientations towards individuality and orientations towards relationality. I examine this experience of vulnerability as an ambivalent embodied condition shaped by sociocultural norms and expectations by drawing on Goffman’s theorisation of frontstage and backstage identities. I suggest that vulnerability is experienced differently between the level of frontstage identity (as writer-listeners) and the more intimate level of backstage identity. Throughout my writing, I embody the story I tell by interweaving experiences of vulnerability in the collective context of creative writing workshops and in the co-writing experience of the academic review process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we systematically and critically review the past decade of empirical psychological research (n = 132) on masculinity and violence against women (VAW) to demonstrate an overreliance on individualist and "culturalist" (or culturally essentialist) approaches to theorizing and studying masculinity. Individualist and essentialist approaches assume that masculinity is something men are or possess based on the extent to which they identify with, conform to, or approve of traits or norms (pre)deemed masculine. We argue that these approaches cannot explain why it is men who overwhelmingly practice VAW, or account for the contextual, material, and structural power asymmetries that create conditions for gendered violence. We demonstrate the potentiality of formulations of masculinity (structuralist, poststructuralist, and especially processual) for ending VAW that move beyond individualism and essentialism. While they have helpfully situated masculinity within wider systemic forces, structuralist approaches often overlook how structures operate in constituting masculinities; and they impose false unity by theorizing masculinity through a homogenizing categorical lens. Poststructuralist approaches have accounted for fluidity in the complex construction of masculine subjects, but not for sociomaterial forces, or systemic inequities and modes of structural violence (e.g., neoliberalism, colonialism) that coproduce VAW. We argue that processual approaches, not yet mobilized in the empirical psychological masculinity and VAW literature, offer a particularly productive new way forward in that they map how the individual and social intertwine. We outline implications for theory, research, and praxis. Public Significance Statement: Psychologists tend to conceptualize and study masculinity as something that men are or possess, leaving undertheorized how the individual and sociomaterial intertwine in explaining violence. New approaches that understand and study masculinity as constantly shifting with the social and material world will help us better understand and disrupt the links between masculinity and violence against women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the psychological study of men and masculinities (PSMM) field has continued to develop (Addis et al., 2010; Valentine & Wong, 2023), notions of white masculinities have remained mostly uninterrogated (Liu, 2017; Wong & Wang, 2022). In this article, we emphasize the unexamined "whiteness" and assumed Americanness of masculinities research and scholarship (Liu, 2017) and use a racial–spatial framework to explore how systemic racism renders differential racialized experiences for white men when compared with the racialized experiences of men of Color (Liu et al., 2023). We critique the use of intersectionality to understand the asymmetric dominance of white men and masculinities. Additionally, we describe how the construction and maintenance of whiteness in the United States and the protections offered to white men, due to their whiteness, provide them with spaces of comfort and privileges that are unique to them and their masculinities. We contend that future psychological research in men and masculinities could be conceptualized within a racial–spatial framework of systemic racism wherein white racial power and privileges are explicitly interrogated. We offer seven recommendations that underscore the critical examination and naming of whiteness in researchers' and practitioners' theoretical assumptions, methods, practices, and positionalities. Public Significance Statement: This article discusses the unexamined "white" of masculinities research and scholarship (Liu, 2017), and explores how "whiteness" renders differential racialized experiences for white men when compared with the racialized experiences of men of Color (Liu et al., 2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Every advanced cancer diagnosis brings enormous challenges to patients and their relatives on numerous levels: be it physical, practical, social challenges, or on a more personal level. While specific aspects have been researched before, an overarching approach is lacking. Aim: To understand the lived experiences of people with advanced cancer, to identify gaps along the cancer care continuum, to identify potential opportunities for meaningful interventions and to develop a theoretical framework for practitioners and researchers. Design: A qualitative study using in-depth interviews with patients, relatives, and care professionals. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a conventional content analysis. Setting/participants: Fifty-four interviews with 17 patients from a university oncology department and palliative care service, 15 relatives and 22 care professionals from physicians to funeral directors. All interviewees were recruited by a German university hospital. Results: We developed a novel model describing the diagnosis with advanced cancer as a highly disruptive experience that threatens to challenge the integrity of personhood in cancer patients through four areas: communication, knowledge, relationships, and confidence. We were able to identify factors leading to disintegration in these areas and factors supporting a restoration of integrity of personhood. Conclusions: The developed model provides a more thorough understanding of patients lived experiences. It can help to develop new interventions along the cancer care continuum to support patients in the complex challenges they face. These interventions should focus on supporting the integrity of personhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there have been numerous studies on the relations between group identification and ethnic prejudice, it is less clear whether their associations reflect stable individual tendencies or rather situational or temporal fluctuations. This longitudinal multilevel study aimed to fill this gap by examining the between‐ and within‐person associations of identification with the national and superordinate human groups and levels of prejudice against multiple ethnic minorities. A total of 883 Italian majority adolescents (Mage = 15.66, SD = 1.15 at T1, 49.7% females) completed questionnaires at four time points over the course of 1 year. Results showed that national identification was related to more prejudice at the between‐person level but to decreases in prejudice at the within‐person level. Additionally, human identification contributed to lower levels of and steeper decreases in prejudice at both the between‐ and within‐person levels. Common and unique associations also emerged across different ethnic minority targets, but only for between‐person effects. Overall, this study highlights the importance of distinguishing stable individual levels and momentary fluctuations of both ingroup identifications and ethnic prejudice in order to orient future interventions aimed at improving the quality of intergroup relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russian President Vladimir Putin is often seen and characterised merely as a venal thug. To deal with him effectively, however, it is important to understand that he has a genuine, if misguided, ideology. The Kremlin has not merely composed, disseminated and imposed an official ideology on Russian society as a means of controlling the masses and concealing the Putin regime's corruption. Ideology founded on grand ideas about Russia is central to Putin's ruling philosophy. From the outset, his project was authoritarian with totalitarian intentions that have been realised through progressive political radicalisation. For Putin, Russia's greatness is an end in itself and the highest attainment of the state and the Russian people. It is prudent to assume that Russia is preparing for major war with the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Touch is a key channel for conveying meaning in social interactions. The affective quality of touch and its effects on well‐being are shaped by relational context (relationship between touch giver vs. recipient) and person variables (e.g. adult attachment style). Yet, such effects have not been explored in relation to the meaning ascribed to touch. We used data from the Touch Test, the world's largest touch survey, which included questions on the degree to which people felt and related specific emotions and intentions to imagined gentle stroking touch and hugs. In N = 23,428, we examined how relational context (imagined source of touch) and person variables (gender, recalled positive childhood touch and adult attachment style) were associated with positive (e.g. love, desire, support) and negative (e.g. fear, anger, warning) emotions and intentions related to imagined touch. Love, desire and support were endorsed more when participants had had their partner (vs. someone else) in mind, and women (vs. men) gave lower ratings for desire overall. Gentle stroking touch was most linked with arousal when participants had had their partner in mind. Further, more positive childhood touch and secure and anxious attachment scores were associated with more positive emotions and intentions, while the opposite was found for avoidant attachment scores. Lastly, positive childhood touch and higher anxious attachment scores were related to greater discrimination between distinct emotion and intention categories, while higher attachment avoidance was associated with reduced discriminability. Thus, contextual and person variables matter in shaping the meaning of social touch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Postpartum care focuses on prevention of health problems by performing medical check-ups and through enhancing maternal empowerment, the parent–infant interaction and knowledge about mother's own health and that of her newborn. We aimed to investigate whether there was significant clustering within neighbourhoods regarding the uptake of postpartum care and to what extent neighbourhood-level differences are explained by individual socio-demographic factors, pregnancy-related factors and neighbourhood-level determinants (i.e. deprivation and urbanization). Methods A nationwide population-based observational study was carried out using linked routinely collected healthcare data from appropriate-for-gestational-age weight live-born term singleton deliveries (2015–18) in the Netherlands. We performed two-level multivariable logistic regression analyses, using three different models. Model 1 contained no explanatory variables and was used to assess clustering of postpartum care uptake within neighbourhoods. In model 2, individual-level determinants were added one by one and in model 3, neighbourhood-level determinants were added. Results About 520 818 births were included. Multilevel modelling showed that 11% of the total variance in postpartum care uptake could be attributed to the neighbourhood of residence. Individual characteristics explained 38% of the neighbourhood variance, of which income and migration background were the most important contributors. An additional 6% of the variation could be explained by neighbourhood-level determinants. Conclusion We found substantial neighbourhood differences in postpartum care uptake. These differences are influenced by a complex interplay between individual-level and neighbourhood-level determinants, highlighting the importance of addressing both individual and neighbourhood-level determinants to improve the uptake of postpartum care and therewith overall community health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to understand how citizens' more intrinsic cultural orientations shape their attitudes toward the importance of ethics. Drawing upon the Grid-Group Cultural Theory, we investigate how four different cultural orientations influence citizens' attitudes toward ethics in distinctive ways. Our multivariate analysis of the survey responses of 1,260 Seoul citizens revealed that strong hierarchs, egalitarians, and individualists are more likely to recognize the importance and necessity of public ethics. Fatalist orientation, however, did not show a statistically significant relationship with the importance and necessity of public ethics. It was individualism that exerted the most significant influence over the importance of ethics in personal life, while the perception of the importance of ethics in the public sector and the necessity for ethics training for public officials were found to be mostly supported by strong hierarchs. We conclude this paper by discussing the theoretical and practical ramifications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture and leadership display various patterns of interrelationship across countries and regions. However, research is sparse for Slavic countries and especially for small countries like the Republic of North Macedonia. Therefore, this paper tries to explore the linkages between culture dimensions and preferred leader behavior in the country focusing on differences between the capital city of Skopje and the rest of the country. The study utilizes Values Survey Module and Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire XII on a sample of 259 employees. The results show statistically significant differences for one cultural dimension and most of the preferred leader behavior dimensions. There is a complex matrix of positive and negative correlations between the culture dimensions and preferred leader behavior with regional variations in the correlation matrix. Having in mind the small and convenient sample, more studies are needed to further explore such linkages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Croatian national culture value dimensions, employee leadership behavior preferences, and their relationships. The analysis confirms Croatia's cultural homogeneity revealing no statistically notable cultural difference between its two main regions (Adriatic and Continental Croatia). The research highlights cultural inclination towards Individualism, indicating a value for personal autonomy, individual aspirations, and a family-centric orientation. Croatia demonstrated a weak tendency to Uncertainty Avoidance, pointing to a cultural openness towards risks, changes, and new challenges. Some significant relationships between cultural value dimensions and preferences for leadership behaviors are found. Through its significant results, this study contributes to the understanding of Croatian societal values and leadership preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive mechanisms underpinning categorization development are still debated, either resulting from knowledge accretion or an increase in cognitive control. To disentangle the respective influence of accumulated factual knowledge and executive functions (inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) on (a) the development of categorization abilities in the food domain and (b) differences in this development by child characteristics (i.e., food neophobia), we conducted two experiments. The first experiment assessed 4−6-year-old children's (n = 122) ability to taxonomically categorize food at the superordinate level of categorization. The second experiment tested 3−6-year-old children's (n = 100) ability to cross-categorize the same food according to two different relationships alternatively (i.e., taxonomic and thematic). Results indicate that accumulated factual knowledge and executive functions mediated both the effect of age and the effect of food neophobia on categorization performance. Notably, the specific executive functions involved may vary depending on the categorization abilities tested, whereas world knowledge was always a prerequisite. Overall, this research highlights the complex interplay between accumulated factual knowledge, executive functions, and child characteristics in shaping the development of categorization abilities. Public Significance Statement: During development, children learn to categorize objects by identifying relevant features that distinguish them from others. Categorization becomes increasingly flexible, allowing children to categorize the same entity into different categories depending on the context. This study investigates the mechanisms underlying this development and reveals that while knowledge is essential for accurate categorization, it is not enough. Children also need sufficiently developed executive functions to effectively apply their knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrant and refugee women are vulnerable to experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) due to a range of factors associated with immigration. This study aims to consolidate existing research concerning IPV among Iranian immigrant women and examine its impact on their lives. A comprehensive literature search for articles of any design published in the English language in the past 15 years was performed using Medline, Embase, CINAHL, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (ProQuest) and PsycINFO databases. The topic of IPV among Iranian immigrant women has been underexplored in research, and only 11 studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria for this topic. The findings from these studies indicate that Iranian immigrant women have experienced different forms of IPV, with psychological IPV being prominent and replacing physical violence. These experiences have had adverse effects on the women's physical and mental health. The women's experiences of IPV were influenced by various cultural, religious, and individual factors. They predominantly sought informal help rather than accessing formal resources to address their situations. There is a need for rigorous studies to thoroughly investigate IPV among Iranian immigrant and refugee women. Such research is essential for establishing effective strategies that are culturally sensitive to reduce IPV incidents within this population. Moreover, it is essential to enhance IPV awareness among these women and ensure their access to formal resources that are proficient in addressing IPV. This comprehensive approach not only tackles the immediate issue but also fosters a safer environment and promotes long-term wellbeing within this community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Killer whales (Orcinus orca Linnaeus, 1758) are of major interest to scientists and society in general as apex predators and intelligent marine mammals. Despite the world's practice of keeping some of them in sea pens (not indoor pools), nothing has been published about their blood analytes in such conditions. We aimed to fill this gap and provide data for 10 young killer whales. They were legally captured for sale, kept in sea pens in the Sea of Japan from July 2018 to August 2019, and then released back to the wild under the public pressure. These killer whales were under the care of veterinarians throughout this time, and blood samples were taken regularly. The animals were clinically healthy. We have retrospectively analyzed variations in the blood analytes due to different influencing factors. We have found effects of water temperature, period of adaptation to captivity (related to stress), and individuality on their blood analytes. No statistically significant correlation between killer whales' sex and their blood analytes has been found. The results of our study contribute to a broader understanding of the killer whales' physiology. Veterinarians can apply them to diagnose and manage health problems in these unique animals more accurately in order to increase chances of recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This diachronic study investigates Chinese ideological given names (personal names which represent the name-givers' shared ideas and beliefs) by focusing on historical changes over five time periods between 1935 and 2012. Based on an analysis of 21,687 given names, 2,687 (12.4%) of which are ideological names, the study finds that naming practices bear historical imprints in terms of content and syllabic form. The more intensely a society is politicized, the higher the rate of occurrence of ideological given names. The data also illustrate the dynamic that exists in naming practices between conformity and individuality. In this article, we argue that names are like social cards: people play them to serve their ideological needs, as shown by the evolution of naming strategies through different historical periods. The implication is that historical changes can influence the way in which a name can communicate ideological views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the lifetime anthology of Robert Frost's poetry, one poem consistently stands out as the most beloved and recognizable of his works. To the average reader, for over a hundred years "The Road Not Taken" has engendered images of individuality and the need to avoid following the crowd; this despite clear evidence within the verse that contradicts that reading. Most Frost scholars would agree the poem is the most misunderstood poem in Frost's collection, and the academy has presented several intelligent and deeply introspective alternatives. However, none of these have garnered enough of a consensus to displace the initial misunderstanding. Through an interdisciplinary approach that makes use of the added epistemic approaches of historical research and the psychology of regret, this paper will uncover a hidden creation story for "The Road Not Taken", and through a fulsome review of the poem's origination, reveal a more basic axiom as to the purpose behind Frost's two roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Pain resilience (PR) may be associated with different coping skills, resulting in differences in pain outcomes. This study aimed to understand the role of PR in dictating the choice of coping methods. Methods: This study completed a preliminary validation of the Mandarin Chinese version of the Pain Resilience Scale (PRS-C) with online survey data (n = 46). Further, we conducted interviews with individuals with chronic low back pain (n = 24). Results: The PRS-C psychometric properties were assessed using a confirmatory factor analysis. The interviews explored pain history, treatment experiences, and coping strategies and were analyzed thematically. The validated PRS-C (10 items) demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties. The interview results showed that participants who scored lower were more likely to adopt disengagement rather than engagement coping strategies. Qualitative data revealed three themes explaining why and how participants in this collectivist social framework chose their coping methods. Conclusions: The findings suggest that while participants tried to understand their pain and treatment experiences, the cognitive appraisal construct in PR influenced some of the coping experiences. However, deeply influenced by Confucianism and Buddhism, participants also expressed factors beyond the scope of individual fortitudes, such as the relationship with a higher power that significantly influenced their coping behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complexity is inherent in most biological phenomena, yet there is little effort to teach biological complexity per se in the classroom. Levels of organization and hierarchical complexity are familiar features of living systems and taken for granted in most instructional materials including the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) of the United States. However, the evolution of the hierarchical organization of life is not being taught because there has been no instructional framework for doing so until now. We seek to address this gap in instruction by translating recent research on evolutionary transitions in individuality (ETI theory) into an integrative, instructional framework for teaching the hierarchy of life that aligns with the three dimensions of the NGSS. ETI theory presents an evolutionary framework for teaching hierarchical complexity using the social principles of cooperation and conflict. These principles are intuitive for students because they are analogous to many of the social situations in their lives. By making use of the ETI framework, instructors can explicitly teach the evolution of the hierarchical organization of life, the organizing framework for all of biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of individuality and harem‐holding status on the acoustic parameters of rutting calls (bugles) of 14 stags of Siberian wapiti Cervus canadensis sibiricus. The stags competed for mating with hinds in a large herd, free ranging inside a fenced area with complex landscape. We considered as harem‐holders the stags, which kept a harem of 5 or more hinds for at least 2 days. Of the 15 days of observations enveloping the most active rutting period, during 3 days there was only one harem in the enclosure, during 9 days two harems, during 2 days three harems and during 1 day four harems. Stag bugles displayed both individual and status‐related variation. Harem‐holders compared with peripheral stags had shorter bugles with higher minimum fundamental frequency. After winning a harem and changing status from harem‐candidate to harem‐holder, stags shortened the duration of their bugles, lowered the beginning and maximum fundamental frequency and increased the minimum fundamental frequency. Significantly higher than the levels expected by chance, discriminant analysis classified 78.9% of bugles by the correct stag status and 53.2% of bugles by the correct individual callers. Different acoustic parameters encoded the status and individuality of the bugles. Status was encoded by the duration of the start and end parts and by the beginning and end fundamental frequencies. Individuality was encoded by the maximum fundamental frequency. We discuss that rutting calls of Siberian wapiti, although individualized, do not represent vocal signatures. However, these calls reliably mark stag harem‐holding status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To release medical images that can be freely used in downstream processes while maintaining their utility, it is necessary to remove personal features from the images while preserving the lesion structures. Unlike previous studies that focused on removing lesion structures while preserving the individuality of medical images, this study proposes and validates a new framework that maintains the lesion structures while diffusing individual characteristics. In this framework, we apply local differential privacy techniques to provide theoretical guarantees of privacy protection. Additionally, to enhance the utility of protected medical images, we perform denoising using a diffusion model on the noise-contaminated medical images. Numerous chest X-rays generated by the proposed method were evaluated by physicians, revealing a trade-off between the level of privacy protection and utility. In other words, it was confirmed that increasing the level of personal information protection tends to result in relatively lower utility. This study potentially enables the release of certain types of medical images that were previously difficult to share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lacanian Beauty in his ethics is encapsulated as making decisions and "act[ing] in conformity with one's desires". This idea is thought while reading Munro's short stories to argue humans reconfigure their life through decision, transgression, act and love. Munro's characters are confined in the condition that contextualizes them through one limited interpretation, detaching them from their individuality. To get out of this condition they detach from the Other via acting on their Real desire. So the Real opens the space for the decision that postulates the possibility for transgression. Thus, it is claimed making decisions leads to transgression that necessitates act whereby love is experienced. This study through analyzing decision, transgression, act, love and their relation introduces neutrality as a novel idea about a stance in which Beauty in Lacanian ethics is founded. It demonstrates neutrality is a pure communication area not polluted by Symbolic Order, a singularity, a power stance, a varietal stance in which love is the law. In this neutral singularity, humans succeed in living a life in its full. Lacanian ethics and sociology are interconnected to demonstrate the new context of life human can live so as to bring forth new outlooks on ethics including Beauty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine distinguished scholars contributed to the review symposium on Sociology in a New Key, offering critiques, approval, and suggestions for further refinements: James J. Chriss, Alberto Luis Cordeiro de Farias, Jayme Gomes, Victor Lidz, Isaac Arial Reed, Jeremy Tanner, Frédéric Vandenberghe, Raf Vanderstraeten, and Daniel Wehinger. My rejoinder focuses on five issues: (1) Aesthetic experiences and metaphors for sociology; (2) Meaning, the senses, and the body; (3) The aesthetic and culture-theoretical common denominator of Adorno, Parsons, and Simmel; (4) Aesthetics and individuality; and (5) Comparisons and prospects for a sociology in a new key. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On digital media, algorithms that process data and recommend content have become ubiquitous. Their fast and barely regulated adoption has raised concerns about their role in well-being both at the individual and collective levels. Algorithmic mechanisms on digital media are powered by social drivers, creating a feedback loop that complicates research to disentangle the role of algorithms and already existing social phenomena. Our brief overview of the current evidence on how algorithms affect well-being, misinformation, and polarization suggests that the role of algorithms in these phenomena is far from straightforward and that substantial further empirical research is needed. Existing evidence suggests that algorithms mostly reinforce existing social drivers, a finding that stresses the importance of reflecting on algorithms in the larger societal context that encompasses individualism, populist politics, and climate change. We present concrete ideas and research questions to improve algorithms on digital platforms and to investigate their role in current problems and potential solutions. Finally, we discuss how the current shift from social media to more algorithmically curated media brings both risks and opportunities if algorithms are designed for individual and societal flourishing rather than short-term profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of haecceity property in things is one of the solutions provided to solve the problem of differentiation and the problem of individuality in things. The belief in the existence of such a property dates back to Dance Scotts. His thought is often considered to be influenced by Avicenna. In the present text, first, some preliminary material such as the difference of opinion on the equality of Haecceity and individual essence has been stated in order to clarify the point of view of these believers. Then, Avicenna's view on this issue is described and after that, Avicenna's influence on Scotts as the author of the term of Haecceity is discussed. In the end, Avicenna's thoughts were evaluated based on the opinions of contemporary believers. The general conclusion is that although Avicenna had a prominent role in creating the question of identification and individuality in the mind of the first believer, Scotts, to Haecceity in the history of philosophyit should be noted that in contemporary analytical philosophy, Avicenna's opinions are neither compatible with individual nature nor with haecceitism. As a result, not only Avicenna cannot be considered as a believer in haecceitism, but also it seems that he can be considered to believe in anti-haecceitism . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the legal status of nonhuman animals used in biomedical research. While acknowledging that, presently, nonhuman animals in research settings hold no personal legal rights, this article explores what a legal person is and proposes that it is possible for nonhuman animals to become legal persons and receive better protections under the federal Animal Welfare Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution prohibits states from depriving any person "equal protection of the laws," and the Constitution's Fifth Amendment has been interpreted as applying this prohibition to the federal government. This article considers whether constitutional equal protection should apply to some nonhuman animals in light of corporations having gained such protection and concludes that expanding equal protection personhood to nonhuman animals is improbable in the present legal landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies reported mixed findings on autistic individuals' pitch perception relative to neurotypical (NT) individuals. We investigated whether this may be partly due to individual differences in cognitive abilities by comparing their performance on various pitch perception tasks on a large sample (n = 164) of autistic and NT children and adults. Our findings revealed that: (i) autistic individuals either showed similar or worse performance than NT individuals on the pitch tasks; (ii) cognitive abilities were associated with some pitch task performance; and (iii) cognitive abilities modulated the relationship between autism diagnosis and pitch perception on some tasks. Our findings highlight the importance of taking an individual differences approach to understand the strengths and weaknesses of pitch processing in autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism is heterogeneous, which complicates providing tailored support and future prospects. We aim to identify subgroups in autistic adults with average to high intelligence, to clarify if certain subgroups might need support. We included 14 questionnaire variables related to aging and/or autism (e.g., demographic, psychological, and lifestyle). Community detection analysis was used for subgroup identification in an original sample of 114 autistic adults with an adulthood diagnosis (autism) and 58 non-autistic adults as comparison group (COMP), and a replication sample (NAutism = 261; NCOMP = 287), both aged 30–89 years. Next, we identified subgroups and assessed external validity (for cognitive and psychological difficulties, and quality of life [QoL]) in the autism samples. To test specificity, we repeated the analysis after adding 123 adults with ADHD, aged 30–80 years. As expected, the autism and COMP groups formed distinct subgroups. Among autistic adults, we identified three subgroups of which two were replicated. One of these subgroups seemed most vulnerable on the cluster variables; this subgroup also reported the most cognitive and psychological difficulties, and lowest QoL. Adding the ADHD group did not alter results. Within autistic adults, one subgroup could especially benefit from support and specialized care, although this must be tested in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lack of studies addressing the psychological mechanisms underlying the association between individual differences in greed and well-being. This study tested the relationship between dispositional greed, and satisfaction with life, as well as the moderating effect of social comparison orientation on this association (N = 373). As expected for hypothesis 1, we found that greed correlated negatively with satisfaction with life, and positively with social comparison orientation, even after controlling for individuals' mental health index (anxiety and depression), supporting the hypothesis 2. Further, the moderating effect of social comparison strengthened the relationship between high levels of dispositional greed and dissatisfaction with life, failing to support hypothesis 3. As such, individuals high on dispositional greed were less satisfied with life if they also showed lower (vs. medium level) levels of social comparison orientation. These findings add to the psychological literature on greed by showing that social comparison is not only positively related to it but can also be a vital mechanism for boosting psychological well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent theoretical perspectives have advanced that autobiographical memory processes are supported by interoception, the perception of internal bodily sensations. Yet, this relationship remains largely underexplored. The present study addressed this critical gap in the literature by systematically investigating the association between self-reported Interoceptive Sensibility and various individual differences measures of autobiographical memory. In Study 1, using a correlational approach in a large sample of participants (N = 247), we identified significant correlations between standardised measures of interoception and the general experience of autobiographical memory and the frequency of involuntary mental time travel. These associations remained significant even after controlling for potential confounding factors in terms of age, gender, and trait affectivity, underscoring their robustness. Study 2 replicated and extended the associations identified in Study 1 in another large participant sample (N = 257), further validating them by accounting for the potential confounding effect of well-being. Our findings demonstrate that individuals' ability to perceive and understand bodily signals robustly relates to how they experience autobiographical memories. By adopting an exploratory approach based on individual differences, our results provide novel and concrete insights into the association between interoception and autobiographical memory, providing a strong foundation for future investigations into the causal mechanisms connecting these two constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kocatepe Veterinary Journal / Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Orientation Scolaire et Professionnelle (OSP) is the property of Institut National d'Etude du Travail et d'Orientation Professionnelle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)