Search

Feminism has had a sometimes strained relationship with individual freedom: although it has typically been animated by a willingness to liberate women from masculine domination, from the moment it has sought to extend this liberation across cultures or national borders, it has been accused of perpetuating another kind of domination, namely, an imperialist domination. What are we to think of this tension? Is it impossible for a feminist to be a cosmopolitan without being an imperialist? This paper argues that the main protagonists in this debate cannot but implicitly acknowledge the universal value of individual freedom. Drawing on the Kantian duty of “rightful honor”, it also argues that this value places limits on what women are morally authorised to consent to, and derivatively, on the socio-relational environment in which they may legitimately find themselves. Correlatively, it suggests that by insisting on the preservation of one’s juridical personality, this duty also allows us to envisage a feminism that is cosmopolitan without being imperialist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author analyzes Woody Allen's film Vicky Cristina Barcelona through an existential lens, drawing parallels with the philosophies of Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. The characters Vicky, Cristina, Juan Antonio, and María Elena embody existential dilemmas, exploring themes of individual freedom, choice, and the search for meaning in an indifferent world. The analysis delves into Sartrean concepts of bad faith and radical freedom, contrasting Vicky's societal conformity with Cristina's Camusian pursuit of meaning through experiences. The characters' interactions reflect the unpredictable and absurd nature of human relationships, echoing Camus's exploration of the absurdity of emotions. The non-linear narrative structure aligns with existential themes, emphasizing life's unpredictability, and Barcelona serves as a metaphor for the complexities of existence. Woody Allen's narrative and artistic choices invite viewers to reflect on the intricate interplay of love, desire, and chance encounters in the context of existentialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial (JMPIS) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the author analyzes Woody Allen's film Vicky Cristina Barcelona through an existential lens, drawing parallels with the philosophies of Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. The characters Vicky, Cristina, Juan Antonio, and María Elena embody existential dilemmas, exploring themes of individual freedom, choice, and the search for meaning in an indifferent world. The analysis delves into Sartrean concepts of bad faith and radical freedom, contrasting Vicky's societal conformity with Cristina's Camusian pursuit of meaning through experiences. The characters' interactions reflect the unpredictable and absurd nature of human relationships, echoing Camus's exploration of the absurdity of emotions. The non-linear narrative structure aligns with existential themes, emphasizing life's unpredictability, and Barcelona serves as a metaphor for the complexities of existence. Woody Allen's narrative and artistic choices invite viewers to reflect on the intricate interplay of love, desire, and chance encounters in the context of existentialism.

This study aims at analyzing how fundamental rights and individual freedom interfere with privacy issues for transgender people. The main purpose is to identify the legal and social challenges faced by this community in the process of legal recognition of gender identity. To achieve these objectives, the research uses a mixed methodology, which combines comparative legal analysis of legislation from different jurisdictions with relevant jurisprudence and public policy, highlighting exemplary practices and legislative gaps. The results of the study indicate the existence of a gap between the principles of human rights agreed at the international level and their implementation at the national level. Despite significant progress in some countries, many transgender individuals still face bureaucratic obstacles and discrimination when claiming their rights.Therefore, is obvious the need for legislative reform to facilitate the recognition of gender identity in a way that respects personal autonomy and privacy. The study recommends the development of policies and practices that promote social integration and respect for human rights for transgender people, emphasizing the crucial role of a rights-based approach in achieving equality and non-discrimination.

Copyright of Filosofija, Sociologija is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims at analyzing how fundamental rights and individual freedom interfere with privacy issues for transgender people. The main purpose is to identify the legal and social challenges faced by this community in the process of legal recognition of gender identity. To achieve these objectives, the research uses a mixed methodology, which combines comparative legal analysis of legislation from different jurisdictions with relevant jurisprudence and public policy, highlighting exemplary practices and legislative gaps. The results of the study indicate the existence of a gap between the principles of human rights agreed at the international level and their implementation at the national level. Despite significant progress in some countries, many transgender individuals still face bureaucratic obstacles and discrimination when claiming their rights. Therefore, is obvious the need for legislative reform to facilitate the recognition of gender identity in a way that respects personal autonomy and privacy. The study recommends the development of policies and practices that promote social integration and respect for human rights for transgender people, emphasizing the crucial role of a rights-based approach in achieving equality and non-discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online privacy is a topic that directly impacts individual freedom, and its protection is crucial to ensure security and individual liberties. It affects the safeguarding of personal information, freedom of expression, access to information, protection against surveillance, and protection against online manipulation. This work aims to address issues of online privacy and the balance between security and individual liberties. To achieve this, the neutrosophic COPRAS method was employed to evaluate strategies that involve the creation of specific regulations and policies to protect the online privacy of citizens. The study concluded that public-private collaboration and ongoing dialogue are essential for developing fair and effective solutions that benefit society as a whole.

Context and purpose: Rural production cooperatives play an important role in sustainable rural development and are one of the advanced stages of cooperation. Rural production cooperatives play a very important role in reducing rural poverty by increasing production efficiency and can provide services that governments are unable to provide for poor people. The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of rural production cooperatives in improving the status of the 12 components of Legatum welfare in rural areas.Methodology/approach. The present research was conducted using a survey and descriptive-correlational methodology. The statistical population of the present study consisted of 17,493 rural household members and non-members in rural production cooperatives of Miandoab city and 377 households were randomly selected. Data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using SPSS27 and LISREL software 8.8. Findings and conclusions. The results showed that rural production cooperatives play an effective role in improving the 12 structures of Legatum welfare (including safety and security; personal freedom; governance; social capital; investment environment; entrepreneurial conditions; market access and infrastructure; economic conditions; living conditions; health; education and natural environment). Meanwhile, rural production cooperatives played the biggest role in improving the education component. In the end, practical suggestions were presented. Originality. Previous studies have investigated the role of one or two components of welfare, and none of the previous studies have addressed the role of all components of welfare simultaneously, which is considered among the innovations of the current research.

Copyright of Yıldırım Beyazıt Law Review (YBLR) is the property of Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Law School and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The claims of those who are compelled to migrate are, in general, taken to be more urgent and pressing than the claims of those who were not forced to do so. This article does not defend the moral relevance of voluntarism to the morality of migration, but instead seeks to demonstrate two complexities that must be included in any plausible account of that moral relevance. The first is that the decision to start the migration journey is distinct from the decision to stop that journey, through resettlement; the latter may involve voluntary choice, without that voluntarism impugning the involuntary nature of the former. The second is that the migration decision of the individual might be voluntary, even while that individual's family or social network might be compelled to insist upon some particular individual member's migration. That is, the fact that any particular person might be free to refuse migration does not contradict the fact that the group in question does not have the effective freedom to avoid the migration of some group members. Once these two complexities are understood, I argue, the moral relevance of voluntarism in the ethics of migration becomes more complex and nuanced than is generally understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online privacy is a topic that directly impacts individual freedom, and its protection is crucial to ensure security and individual liberties. It affects the safeguarding of personal information, freedom of expression, access to information, protection against surveillance, and protection against online manipulation. This work aims to address issues of online privacy and the balance between security and individual liberties. To achieve this, the neutrosophic COPRAS method was employed to evaluate strategies that involve the creation of specific regulations and policies to protect the online privacy of citizens. The study concluded that public-private collaboration and ongoing dialogue are essential for developing fair and effective solutions that benefit society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annelien De Dijn's book Freedom: An Unruly History presents a bold and innovative thesis about the history of freedom. According to De Dijn, our modern belief that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own goals without undue interference from the state was born much later than is usually assumed. It is conservative liberals in the nineteenth century who championed this new, negative understanding of freedom at the expense of an older, more political and collectivist use of the term. My article raises three critical questions about this thesis. i) De Dijn suggests that the triumph of individual freedom can be attributed to a single factor, to be found in nineteenth century politics. Does this not overlook the many other cultural factors involved? ii) Is there indeed a sharp conceptual and chronological opposition between collective and individual freedom, as De Dijn claims, or might individual freedom have evolved in a more gradual manner from collective freedom? iii) De Dijn's book appears to champion the classical ideal of freedom as collective self-government. Is it wise to favour collective self-government over individual liberty, or should we admit that these two ideals complement and maybe even need each other? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of natural origin, individual freedom is part of the category of inviolability, an essential component of first-generation civil rights, currently guaranteed by art. 23 of the Romanian Constitution and international legal acts in the field of human rights, as art. 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 5 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 6 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The actual importance of the constitutional and legal protection mechanisms for ensuring the necessary guarantees for the observance of individual freedom also results from the cases in which the Constitutional Court, in terms of domestic legal reality, or the supranational courts, in international terms, were called to rule on possible violations of this freedom. Hence, the freedom is protected from any possible violations. The present study proposes an analysis of the recent jurisprudential aspects, highlighted in the practice of the Romanian Constitutional Court, developed as a result of the referral made by the Romanian Ombudsman regarding the violation of the provisions of art. 23 of the Constitution that establishes the inviolability of individual freedom and personal safety. The main regulations in the matter will be presented in this way, including from a historical perspective, being highlighted the legal norms, by which the measure escorting to the police station is regulated in the current legal system. The study emphasizes the effectiveness of the functioning of the fundamental institutions of state governed by the rule of law, in which the rights and freedoms of citizens represent supreme values and are concretely and effectively guaranteed.

This paper examines the tragedy of freedom in "Into the Wild" by Jon Krakauer through an existentialist viewpoint. In the protagonist's pursuit of personal liberation, the study examines the concepts of autonomy, accountability, and the search for meaning through an understanding of existentialism. A qualitative case study method analyses the novel and investigates existentialist concepts. A summary of the literature work, close reading, theme analysis, and literary interpretation are all provided within the framework. This study aims to enhance our comprehension of the tragedy of freedom and its implications for human existence by casting light on the intricate interplay between individual liberty and societal norms. By exploring the existentialist perspective, the research contributes to the larger discourse on freedom, responsibility, and the pursuit of meaning in literature and human experience.

The recent enthusiasm for tattooing raises legal, ethical, sociological, and economic issues. This article questions how French law captures this phenomenon and what it reveals about the evolution of the conception of the human body in view to its transformation and exploitation as a creation. The possibilities of changing the body oscillate between two principles, that of protection and that of personal autonomy. The body, medium of an artistic work, hinders the prerogatives assigned to the author of the creation. Also, it is in the perspective of the person tattooed and under the prism of the living body through two different moments, before and after the realization of the tattoo, that this article addresses this use of the law in tension.

The objective of this research is to explore the effects of sexual repression in Pakistan and its potential connection to sexual crimes, such as rape, child molestation, and incest. Sexuality is a fundamental human inclination, but in many cultures, including Pakistan, societal, religious, and cultural constraints have historically limited open discussions about this topic. These constraints often result in sexual repression and may have unintended consequences on individuals and society as a whole. Repressed desires may contribute to sexual crimes, posing a significant threat to public safety. For comprehensive understanding about the issues of adultery, in depth interviews were conducted and data was collected from different stakes of allied areas such as advocates, religious scholars, parents, media persons etc. For the collection of facts purposive sampling was carried out by the researcher. Current study explored a comprehensive approach to address the issue of zina within an Islamic framework, emphasizing the importance of compassion, justice, and adherence to Quranic principles. It is suggested that instead of punitive measures, addressing the root causes and dissatisfactions that lead to zina is essential. It is recommended that teachings of Islam should be added in secondary school level curriculum for the awareness of the youth. Further research is recommended to better understand and eliminate these underlying causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The world we live in is always changing, and it is essential to identify the mechanisms of these changes. Neoliberalism, not only as a school of thought, but also as the new intellectual logic of the capitalist system, has affected and transformed the lived areas of human life. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the social and political consequences of the dominance of neoliberalism on human life, relying on the opinions of thinkers such as David Harvey, Byungchul Han, Michael Sandel, Zygmont Baumann, Jean Baudrillard, etc. Methods and Data: Utilizing an analytical and documentary methodology, this study conducts a comprehensive review of diverse sources to trace the historical ascent of neoliberalism, examine the perspectives of its contemporary proponents, and analyze its multifaceted outcomes. Findings: The study is organized into four sections that examined the neoliberal thought and its mechanisms within the field of technology and mass media, ethics, human relations and consumerism. The findings show that neoliberalism has reproduced class domination in the form of new classes such as celebrities and marginalized morality. Moreover, the media, serving as instruments of neoliberal power, subtly exploit individuals, resulting in the fragility of human relationships under the guise of consumerism. Conclusion: Relying on the market system, neoliberalism has consumed many social and fundamental values such as love and caused the leveling of human relations and reproduced class domination for the benefit of the economic elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family is a well-framed structure with ethics and values. Family includes everyone’s desire bounded to be one and individual’s freedom is barred. At the same time freedom gives the rights to lead life with an individual’s own desire and welfare. Every person has freedom to think and act. Individual’s freedom should be for the betterment of his/her development. Though freedom is common for all, people find it difficult to get theirs especially when they come from an orthodox family. Their freedom is restricted to a limit and they have to accommodate themselves within that circle. In certain circumstances they break those restrictions and come out to prove who they are through their inherent talents. In this attempt, they are affected mentally and their conflict mind diverts them. Mentality of people differs from one another and it affects others in one way or another. Manju Kapur in her novel Difficult Daughters projects how few members in the family break the restrictions and move forward by choosing the path of their own and withstand in their choice of crossing mental tortures. In this process of struggle, except few, for others the problems they face make them a stagnant pool thinking that is their world. This is dealt in the novel with the incidents showing both physical and mental challenges even after getting freedom from the family. It also enhances the importance of family as well as the solitary state in individual life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of individual freedom has complex and multifaceted dimensions that significantly affect the limits of permissible government interventions aimed at restricting such freedoms and maintaining public health. Therefore, the boundary between individual freedom and the social obligations of the government must be carefully clarified. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the need for such clarifications clearly increased. This study intended to investigate the concept of freedom according to major theories and to observe their application in analyzing the relations between individuals and the government in the health system, particularly during public health emergencies. The findings revealed that “justice-based”, “development-based” and “accountability-based” conceptions of freedom provide a more appropriate rationale for implementation of public health restrictive measures by health authorities during infectious disease outbreaks including pandemics such as COVID-19. Even in minimal governments that are built upon a free-market system and unrestricted conception of individuals’ freedom, such public health interventions are justifiable in the light of the ‘Catastrophic Moral Horror’ where there is an extreme risk to the health of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the experience of addressing the gender issue in countries formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the national and historical characteristics of all independent states are markedly different, the purpose of the paper is to study the challenges that women had to face, to identify the positive experience of the decision in each case as well as to identify the general trends of such decisions. On the basis of statistical data published by the competent authorities of both the independent states themselves and the Economic Commission for Europe, an analysis was made of such key parameters of equality as employment, average wages, level of access to information, the relative number of representatives in leadership positions in state institutions and representative offices in national parliaments, as well as the general trend of legislative initiatives designed to combat discrimination against women. As a result of the analysis of the dynamics of indicators, the leading states in solving the gender issue were identified, and an assessment was made of the development of this area in the future. This analysis led to the conclusion that the transition of women’s rights issues to the plane of public discourse, the absence of silence concerning the problem, as well as the observance of voting rights are a guarantee of a significant reduction in the level of discrimination in society. The practical significance of the research lies in identifying the leading countries where the gender issue has been resolved positively, as well as formulating recommendations based on their experience for countries where the gender balance is still not respected, which will lead to a general strengthening of the protection of women’s rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of individual freedom has complex and multifaceted dimensions that significantly affect the limits of permissible government interventions aimed at restricting such freedoms and maintaining public health. Therefore, the boundary between individual freedom and the social obligations of the government must be carefully clarified. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the need for such clarifications clearly increased. This study intended to investigate the concept of freedom according to major theories and to observe their application in analyzing the relations between individuals and the government in the health system, particularly during public health emergencies.The findings revealed that “justice-based”, “development-based” and “accountability-based” conceptions of freedom provide a more appropriate rationale for implementation of public health restrictive measures by health authorities during infectious disease outbreaks including pandemics such as COVID-19. Even in minimal governments that are built upon a free-market system and unrestricted conception of individuals’ freedom, such public health interventions are justifiable in the light of the ‘Catastrophic Moral Horror’ where there is an extreme risk to the health of citizens.

Copyright of Journal of Soochow University Law Edition is the property of Soochow University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research deals with the issue of the motives for detention required by the interest of the investigation, which was introduced by the Jordanian legislator under the 2017 amendment to the Code of Criminal Procedure and explicitly stipulated in Article 114 of it. Despite the importance of this amendment, as Jordanian law has become more compatible with international requirements, the formulation of this motive to justify the detention was inaccurate. The scope of the practical application, in a way that raises the suspicion of arbitrary arrest, and impedes achieving a balance between the freedom of the individual and the interest of investigation and justice. Therefore, the idea of this research was crystallized to fill those gaps, using the experience of French law and judiciary and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, which will contribute to supporting criminal justice in Jordan. Among the most important recommendations that the researcher reached is to amend the text of Article 114 and to compel the judge, when justifying the detention decision, to state the factual and legal elements based on the circumstances of the case and the indicators and criteria that reinforced his conviction that there is a danger of one of the motives required by the interest of the investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Meezan for Law & Islamic Studies is the property of World Islamic Sciences & Education University (WISE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is to analyze how the fundamental right to personal freedom, declared in the Political Constitution of 1991, is limited based on the constitutional and legal mechanisms provided for it, such as capture and apprehension, as well as the different types preventive detention. In this order of ideas, it is pertinent to carry out an analysis that seeks to address the normative basis of these mechanisms, in such a way that it is possible to identify how they affect the limitation of the aforementioned right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research deals with the subject of arrest motives and causes of detention required by the interest of the investigation, which the Jordanian law expressly stipulated in stated article 114 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which was introduced under the 2017 amendment and is competent to take the arrest decision. Despite the importance of this amendment, public opinion and the parties to the criminal case have confidence in the fairness of these decisions Jordanian law has become more compatible with international requirements. However, the formulation of these motives to justify the arrest was inaccurate, the law did not require a statement of the facts of the case and the indications and criteria that reinforced the judge's conviction in their existence, and this resulted in some sham gaps in the scope of the practical application. In a way that impedes achieving a balance between individual freedom and the interest of investigation and justice. Therefore, the idea of this research was crystallized to fill those gaps by analyzing the justifications for arrest, using the experience of French law and judiciary and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, which will contribute to supporting criminal justice in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amendments to the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure (JCCP) concerning the rationale for detention have narrowed its scope of application and provided for alternatives. However, although these amendments are important, their drafting has not achieved the stated objectives. To address this issue, the laws of Jordan and France are reviewed. The study's novelty lies in the justification for detention in the JCCP, which takes advantage of the long experience of French law and justice. It is recommended that the Public Prosecutor and the competent court justify an extension to a period of detention or a denial of release based on Article 114(1) of the JCCP. It is also suggested that a detention warrant is only issued or extended when grounded on the details of the specific case; that is, detention must only be effected when an alternative cannot achieve one or more of the goals of detention.

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de Caracas is the property of Academia Nacional de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay argues that Wallace’s non-fiction presents a sociology that constitutes the foundation of Wallace’s literary project. By tracing the influences of Wallace’s sociology and by contrasting Wallace’s non-fictional works with those of Zygmunt Bauman, Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens and Christopher Lasch, this essay provides a necessary contribution to an adequate critique of the foundation of Wallace’s literary ethics. Finally, the analysis proposes that an existentialist contradiction pervades Wallace’s work. This contradiction revolves around the problem of free will, and it characterizes a particularly strong wave of contemporary western ethics.

The article attempts to show that Hegel’s concept of “civil society” is characterized by a deep ambivalence about the value of the new market economy. On the one side, Hegel believed that the economic system represented by “civil society” succeeded like no other in simultaneously giving free reign to the desires of individual subjects and integrating them into a stable structural framework (I). On the other side, Hegel’s reflections are growingly overtaken by doubts as to whether, in light of its self-destructive tendencies, the market system can be as successful in guaranteeing individual freedom as he first envisaged it to be (II). In the course of this essay, it will ultimately become clear that Hegel’s attempt to redefine “civil society” reveals considerably more conceptual indecision and inner conflict than one might have suspected from the great system builder.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a phenomenal challenge to global health care and will continue to be so in the upcoming months. Beyond its medical toll, COVID-19 has also exacerbated pre-existing social issues and created new inequalities. This has generated a series of ethical problems that will need to be carefully analyzed to avoid repeating similar mistakes in the context of other crises. Among those, we discuss here the bioethical implications of preserving individual freedom in the context of the early response to a pandemic and propose a global approach to the issue that could be applied in future health challenges.

This article analyzes the features of the intellectual and cultural environment in which the ideas of late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century liberalism developed. Based on the assumption of liberalism as the "major ideology" created by the Enlightenment and, in that sense, a doctrine designed to "work" in any social and historical conditions, the author describes Russian liberalism as distinctive phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between the unique and the universal principles in Russian liberal philosophy and sociopolitical thought of this era. The article focuses on the influence that transformation of ideas and cultural life in turn-of-the-century Russia had on the representatives of liberalism: the then-urgent crisis of ideals at that time and the desire to identify new vectors for social development, radicalization of sentiments and reform projects, and so forth. The author also notes the reciprocal influence of ideas on the sociopolitical process. One of the key focuses of this article is the conceptual ideas of Orthodox renewal with the possibility of an ultimate synthesis of Christian and liberal ideas. This study should produce a fairly complete picture of the cultural and spiritual background of liberal thought in Russia at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the change in interpretation of the principles of freedom and equality in liberal thought in Russian in the early twentieth century. From the classical negative understanding of freedom as noninterference of the state in a person's private life, the new liberalism transitioned to a positive interpretation of freedom as the state's ensuring of conditions for citizens to enjoy equal freedom. The classical liberal interpretation of equality as the absence of various social privileges and restrictions was supplemented by the idea of equality of opportunity. Thus, formal-legal equality was balanced with social equality. With that in mind, this article devotes special attention to the new liberals' defense of the right to a decent living as a complex of personal social rights, as a rights claim that allows every citizen to demand a minimum of social benefits from the state. This article shows that early-twentieth-century liberals proposed a qualitatively new interpretation of the relationship between the state and the individual, one that affirmed the mutual rights and obligations of the individual and the state and entailed the expansion of the latter's social functions. The author concludes that early-twentieth-century liberalism substantiated the idea of a legal social state for which implementation has proven the most important task of the current stage of social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The individual freedom and government power have been among the concepts and issues discussed between the various political and religious currents during the constitutional period. Against the constitutional movement, one of the basic principles of which is the individual freedom and government power. Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri and Mirza Naeini, as representatives of the two important currents of thought, confronted each other and offered different views. It seems that most of the differences go back to the political foundations and ideas of individuals, but in fact, the differences between the scholars of the constitutional era are mainly in the analysis of political currents, comments on individuals and parties, motives. There were such cases, and it was natural that there would be disagreement in discussing such matters and commenting on these cases. In a comparative study using this method of comparative research, this article discusses the ideas and positions of the legitimate constitutional current and its main leader, Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri, against the constitutionalist scholars and its main leader, Allameh Naeini.

The idea is considered that T. Hobbs’s “Leviathan” is not only a particular example and a representation of classical Western European thinking, but turns out to be some “metatheoretical” place, in which the very potentiated field of the opportunity of clarification, and very production of a social order problem, and, ambivalently – all socio-theoretical discourse is formed. According to the author, after T. Hobbes problems which are “strategic” for all modern theoretical sociology and which, at the same time, are constitutive for her can be put. What “art” – which is in the middle of the life, in the middle of human reality – can collect particular human existence in the uniform and coordinated been, acting for the benefit of all? How does it turn out in such a way that creation which “master”, according to Hobbes, is the person gains universal dimension? How is transition owing to which individual free figures get the lives unified way which substantially is represented the general state is carried out? Whether such a transition is possible? How to think of it? By what force on what basis, according to what principles, by the action of what algorithm, due to what structure small figures keep in borders of a body of the Leviathan? The solution which is proposed by Thomas Hobbes for a problem of social order – that is the public contract on the utilitarian basement – has, on the belief of the author, secondary value in the face of opening by Hobbes the matrix of the social-theoretical thinking. Thus, contradictions and discrepancies which can be found in the text by Gobbes, the author seeks to consider as “a point of growth of a discourse” and as fixing and registrations of potential opportunities of the discourse of social order, as well as the phenomenon of society itself.

Copyright of Iustitia is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas, Bucaramanga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Filosofía UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Icelandic Review on Politics & Administration is the property of Institute of Public Administration & Politics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)