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Abstract Background Accurate estimation of resting energy expenditure (REE) in children and adolescents is important to establish estimated energy requirements. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of existing equations in literature and a newly developed equation in estimating REE in children and adolescents. Methods 275 participants (148 boys, 127 girls) aged 6–18 years included in the study were classified as normal-weighted, overweight, obese based on BMI z-scores for age according to WHO-2007 growth curves for 5–19 years of age. REEs were measured using an indirect calorimeter, with various equations, and a newly established equation [REE = 505.412+(24.383*FFM);Adjusted R2 = 0.649] were compared with REE measured using Bland-Altman and further validation parameters. Results When the predicted REEs were compared with the measured REEs, the highest prediction accuracy was achieved using the new Eq. (64.8%) and IOM (63.8%) for normal-weight participants, Müller FFM and new Eq. (59.6%) for overweight participants and Lazzer (44.9%) for obese participants. In normal and overweight participants, lowest root mean squared error (RMSE) values were acquired from Schmelzle’s equation (respectively 136.2;159.9 kcal/d), and the highest values were found in Kim’s Eq. (315.2; 295.2 kcal/d respectively). RMSE value of the new equation was 174.7 kcal/d for normal-weight children and adolescents, and 201.9 kcal/d for overweight ones. In obese participants, the lowest RMSE value was obtained from Schmelzle’s Eq. (305.4 kcal/d) and the new Eq. (317.4 kcal/d), while the highest value was obtained from IOM Eq. (439.9 kcal/d). RMSE was higher in obese groups compared to the other BMI groups. Conclusion Indirect-calorimeter is the most suitable method for REE measurement in especially obese children and adolescents. The new equation and Schmelzle’s equation appear to be most accurate equations for normal and overweight children and adolescents.

A novel treatment method for achalasia of the esophagus and related disorders is known as peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). This study aimed to calculate the resting energy expenditure (REE) and evaluated the degree of physical invasiveness based on metabolic changes during the perioperative period of POEM. Fifty-eight patients who underwent POEM were prospectively enrolled; REE, body weight (BW), and basal energy expenditure were measured on the day of POEM, postoperative day 1 (POD 1), and three days after POEM (POD 3). The median REE/BW increased from 19.6 kcal/kg on the day of POEM to 24.5 kcal/kg on POD 1. On POD 3, it remained elevated at 20.9 kcal/kg. The stress factor on POD 1 was 1.20. Among the factors, including the Eckardt score, operation time, and the length of myotomy, the length of myotomy was associated with changes in REE/BW. During the perioperative period of POEM, the level of variation in energy expenditure was lower than that of esophageal cancer surgeries performed under general anesthesia. However, because the length of myotomy is a factor affecting changes in energy expenditure, careful perioperative management is desirable for patients with longer myotomy lengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Accurate estimation of resting energy expenditure (REE) in children and adolescents is important to establish estimated energy requirements. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of existing equations in literature and a newly developed equation in estimating REE in children and adolescents. Methods: 275 participants (148 boys, 127 girls) aged 6–18 years included in the study were classified as normal-weighted, overweight, obese based on BMI z-scores for age according to WHO-2007 growth curves for 5–19 years of age. REEs were measured using an indirect calorimeter, with various equations, and a newly established equation [REE = 505.412+(24.383*FFM);Adjusted R2 = 0.649] were compared with REE measured using Bland-Altman and further validation parameters. Results: When the predicted REEs were compared with the measured REEs, the highest prediction accuracy was achieved using the new Eq. (64.8%) and IOM (63.8%) for normal-weight participants, Müller FFM and new Eq. (59.6%) for overweight participants and Lazzer (44.9%) for obese participants. In normal and overweight participants, lowest root mean squared error (RMSE) values were acquired from Schmelzle's equation (respectively 136.2;159.9 kcal/d), and the highest values were found in Kim's Eq. (315.2; 295.2 kcal/d respectively). RMSE value of the new equation was 174.7 kcal/d for normal-weight children and adolescents, and 201.9 kcal/d for overweight ones. In obese participants, the lowest RMSE value was obtained from Schmelzle's Eq. (305.4 kcal/d) and the new Eq. (317.4 kcal/d), while the highest value was obtained from IOM Eq. (439.9 kcal/d). RMSE was higher in obese groups compared to the other BMI groups. Conclusion: Indirect-calorimeter is the most suitable method for REE measurement in especially obese children and adolescents. The new equation and Schmelzle's equation appear to be most accurate equations for normal and overweight children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel treatment method for achalasia of the esophagus and related disorders is known as peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). This study aimed to calculate the resting energy expenditure (REE) and evaluated the degree of physical invasiveness based on metabolic changes during the perioperative period of POEM. Fifty-eight patients who underwent POEM were prospectively enrolled; REE, body weight (BW), and basal energy expenditure were measured on the day of POEM, postoperative day 1 (POD 1), and three days after POEM (POD 3). The median REE/BW increased from 19.6 kcal/kg on the day of POEM to 24.5 kcal/kg on POD 1. On POD 3, it remained elevated at 20.9 kcal/kg. The stress factor on POD 1 was 1.20. Among the factors, including the Eckardt score, operation time, and the length of myotomy, the length of myotomy was associated with changes in REE/BW. During the perioperative period of POEM, the level of variation in energy expenditure was lower than that of esophageal cancer surgeries performed under general anesthesia. However, because the length of myotomy is a factor affecting changes in energy expenditure, careful perioperative management is desirable for patients with longer myotomy lengths.

Simple Summary: This study aimed to measure resting energy expenditure (REE) and assess the physical invasiveness of esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) during perioperative periods. In addition, the factors affecting changes in REE were investigated. Subjects were examined using an indirect calorimeter and the stress factor was calculated based on basal energy expenditure and body weight. REE/body weight on the day following ESD was significantly higher than that of the same day. The stress factor on the day after ESD was 1.11. The increase in WBC, neutrophil, and CRP levels was associated with the change in REE ratio. Among the factors affecting changes in energy metabolism, only the total resection area was associated with changes in REE. It is suggested that patients who undergo esophageal ESD require more attention in perioperative management when the resection area of the lesions is larger. Esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is considered to be more complex than gastric ESD. This study aimed to assess the physical invasiveness of esophageal ESD during perioperative periods by measuring resting energy expenditure (REE). The factors affecting REE that could be used to identify patients requiring perioperative management were also investigated. Overall, 75 patients who had undergone esophageal ESD were prospectively enrolled. REE, body weight, and basal energy expenditure were measured on the day of and the day following ESD. The mean REE/body weight was 20.2 kcal/kg/day on the day of ESD and significantly increased to 23.0 kcal/kg/day one day after ESD. The stress factor on the day after ESD was 1.11. White blood cell, neutrophil, and C-reactive protein levels increased on the day after ESD and correlated with the changes in REE. Among the factors including age, body mass index, total resection area, operation time, and sarcopenia, only the total resection area was associated with changes in REE. In conclusion, energy metabolism increases during the perioperative period for esophageal ESD. The increase in the stress factor for esophageal ESD was higher than that in gastric and colorectal ESD. Furthermore, patients with large resection areas require greater attention in perioperative management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The ICALIC project was initiated for developing an accurate, reliable and user friendly indirect calorimeter (IC) and aimed at evaluating its ease of use and the feasibility of the EE measurements in intensive care unit (ICU). This was a prospective unblinded, observational, multi-center study. Simultaneous IC measurements in mechanically ventilated ICU patients were performed using the new IC (Q-NRG®) and currently used devices. Time required to obtain EE was recorded to evaluate the ease of use of Q-NRG® versus currently used ICs and EE measurements were compared. Conventional descriptive statistics were used: data as mean ± SD. Six centers out of nine completed the required number of patients for the primary analysis. Mean differences in the time needed by Q-NRG® against currently used ICs were −32.3 ± 2.5 min in Geneva (vs. Deltatrac®; p < 0.01), −32.3 ± 3.1 in Lausanne (vs. Quark RMR®; p < 0.05), −33.7 ± 1.4 in Brussels (vs. V-Max Encore®; p < 0.05), −26.4 ± 7.8 in Tel Aviv (vs. Deltatrac®; p < 0.05), −28.5 ± 3.5 in Vienna (vs. Deltatrac®; p < 0.05), and 0.3 ± 1.2 in Chiba (vs. E-COVX®; p = 0.17). EE (kcal/day) measurements by the Q-NRG® were similar to the Deltatrac® in Geneva and Vienna (mean differences ± SD: −63.1 ± 157.8 (p = 0.462) and −22.9 ± 328.2 (=0.650)), but significantly different in Tel Aviv (307.4 ± 324.5, p < 0.001). Significant differences were observed in Lausanne (Quark RMR®: −224.4 ± 514.9, p = 0.038) and in Brussels (V-max®: −449.6 ± 667.4, p < 0.001), but none was found in Chiba (E-COVX®; 55.0 ± 204.1, p = 0.165). The Q-NRG® required a much shorter time than most other ICs to determine EE in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. The Q-NRG® is the only commercially available IC tested against mass spectrometry to ensure gas accuracy, while being very easy-to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of a structured activity protocol in a room calorimeter among young children. Methods: Five healthy children (age 5.2 ± 0.4 y) performed an activity protocol in a room calorimeter, ranging from sedentary to vigorous-intensity activities. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated from continuous measurements of O2-consumption and CO2-production using Weir's formula. Resting EE was defined as EE during the first 30 min of the study where participants were seated while watching television. The children wore an ActiGraph accelerometer on the right and left hip. Results: The protocol was well tolerated by all children, and lasted 150 to 175 min. Further, differences were seen in both EE and accelerometer counts across 3 of the 4 activity intensities. Conclusions: It is feasible for young children to perform a structured activity protocol in a room calorimeter enhancing the possibility of conducting future studies to cross-validate existing accelerometer prediction equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and increased sedentary behavior (SB) are common following stroke, which can limit stroke recovery and contribute to greater cognitive decline. Hence, the MVPA and SB of adults with stroke should be measured concurrently using objective methods. One currently available method for objectively measuring MVPA and SB is the MotionWatch8© (MW8). However, adults with stroke can have significant mobility restrictions (depending on stroke severity) and thus it is important to determine separate MVPA and SB cut-points for adults with stroke, as well as validate separate cut-points: (1) when the MW8 is worn on the stroke affected side compared to the non-affected side; and (2) for adults with mild stroke versus adults with moderate-to-severe stroke. In the current study, we concurrently measured MW8 actigraphy (worn on both the stroke affected side and the non-affected side) and indirect calorimetry during 10 different activities of daily living for 43 adults with stroke (aged 55–87 years). Using intra-class correlations (ICC), we first investigated the agreement of the MW8 when placed on the affected side as compared to the non-affected side for: (1) all participants irrespective of stroke severity; (2) participants with mild stroke, classified as a Fugl Meyer motor score of ≥79/100; and (3) participants with moderate-to-severe stroke (i.e., Fugl Meyer < 79/100). We then determined cut-points for all participants—as well as separate cut-points based on stroke severity—on both the stroke affected side and non-affected side for SB and MVPA using receiver operating characteristic curves. The results of our analyses indicate that the agreement in MW8 output between the stroke affected and non-affected sides was moderate across all participants (ICC = 0.67), as well as for each sub-group (mild stroke: ICC = 0.64; moderate-to-severe stroke: ICC = 0.77). Additionally, the results of our cut-point analyses support using different cut-points for different levels of stroke severity and also for the stroke affected side. We determined the following cut-points: (1) for the affected side, adults with mild stroke have cut-points of SB ≤134 counts per minute (CPM) and MVPA ≥704 CPM, while adults with moderate-to-severe stroke have cut-points of SB ≤281 CPM and MVPA ≥468 CPM; and (2) the non-affected side, adults with mild stroke have cut-points of SB ≤162 CPM and MVPA ≥661 CPM, while adults with moderate-to-severe stroke have cut-points of SB ≤281 CPM and MVPA ≥738 CPM. Hence, these data provide a new measure for concurrently examining the dynamic relationships between MVPA and SB among adults with stroke.

Reduced moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and increased sedentary behavior (SB) are common following stroke, which can limit stroke recovery and contribute to greater cognitive decline. Hence, the MVPA and SB of adults with stroke should be measured concurrently using objective methods. One currently available method for objectively measuring MVPA and SB is the MotionWatch8© (MW8). However, adults with stroke can have significant mobility restrictions (depending on stroke severity) and thus it is important to determine separate MVPA and SB cut-points for adults with stroke, as well as validate separate cut-points: (1) when the MW8 is worn on the stroke affected side compared to the non-affected side; and (2) for adults with mild stroke versus adults with moderate-to-severe stroke. In the current study, we concurrently measured MW8 actigraphy (worn on both the stroke affected side and the non-affected side) and indirect calorimetry during 10 different activities of daily living for 43 adults with stroke (aged 55–87 years). Using intra-class correlations (ICC), we first investigated the agreement of the MW8 when placed on the affected side as compared to the non-affected side for: (1) all participants irrespective of stroke severity; (2) participants with mild stroke, classified as a Fugl Meyer motor score of ≥79/100; and (3) participants with moderate-to-severe stroke (i.e., Fugl Meyer < 79/100). We then determined cut-points for all participants—as well as separate cut-points based on stroke severity—on both the stroke affected side and non-affected side for SB and MVPA using receiver operating characteristic curves. The results of our analyses indicate that the agreement in MW8 output between the stroke affected and non-affected sides was moderate across all participants (ICC = 0.67), as well as for each sub-group (mild stroke: ICC = 0.64; moderate-to-severe stroke: ICC = 0.77). Additionally, the results of our cut-point analyses support using different cut-points for different levels of stroke severity and also for the stroke affected side. We determined the following cut-points: (1) for the affected side, adults with mild stroke have cut-points of SB ≤134 counts per minute (CPM) and MVPA ≥704 CPM, while adults with moderate-to-severe stroke have cut-points of SB ≤281 CPM and MVPA ≥468 CPM; and (2) the non-affected side, adults with mild stroke have cut-points of SB ≤162 CPM and MVPA ≥661 CPM, while adults with moderate-to-severe stroke have cut-points of SB ≤281 CPM and MVPA ≥738 CPM. Hence, these data provide a new measure for concurrently examining the dynamic relationships between MVPA and SB among adults with stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance exercises are commonly used by sportsmen and trainers to increase strength, muscle mass, and fatfree mass. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of moderate-intensity circuit resistance training on resting metabolic rate and body composition. Moderately active male subjects (n=16) were voluntarily participated in this study and the subjects were randomly assigned into either training (n=8, 25.1±1.3 years) or control (n=8, 24.8±1.4 years) group. The moderate-intensity circuit resistance training group followed a 12-week exercise program while the control group had no resistance training. The subjects' resting metabolic rates and body composition assessments were performed at the beginning of the study and at the end of the 12-week training period as pre- and post-tests. Statistical analyses conducted by using paired samples t-test showed that there were no significant differences (p>.05) in the resting metabolic rates, heart rates and respiratory exchange ratios between the training and control groups. At the end of the 12-week training period there was a significant increase (p<.05) in fat-free mass (2.5%) and a significant decrease (p<.05) in fat mass (-8.5%) and body fat percentage (-8.9%) of the training group. No significant differences were observed in the control group. Bone mineral density and body weight values were not statistically different in any group, either. The results showed that the 12-week moderate-intensity circuit strength training had no significant effect on resting metabolic rate but body composition values of the training group were improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Accurate estimation of resting energy expenditure (REE) in childrenand adolescents is important to establish estimated energy requirements. The aim of the present study was to measure REE in obese children and adolescents by indirect calorimetry method, compare these values with REE values estimated by equations, and develop the most appropriate equation for this group.Methods: One hundred and three obese children and adolescents (57 males, 46 females) between 7 and 17 years (10.6 ± 2.19 years) were recruited for the study. REE measurements of subjects were made with indirect calorimetry (COSMED, FitMatePro, Rome, Italy) and body compositions were analyzed.Results: In females, the percentage of accurate prediction varied from 32.6 (World Health Organization [WHO]) to 43.5 (Molnar and Lazzer). The bias for equations was -0.2% (Kim), 3.7% (Molnar), and 22.6% (Derumeaux-Burel). Kim's (266 kcal/d), Schmelzle's (267 kcal/d), and Henry's equations (268 kcal/d) had the lowest root mean square error (RMSE; respectively 266, 267, 268 kcal/d). The equation that has the highest RMSE values among female subjects was the Derumeaux-Burel equation (394 kcal/d). In males, when the Institute of Medicine (IOM) had the lowest accurate prediction value (12.3%), the highest values were found using Schmelzle's (42.1%), Henry's (43.9%), and Müller's equations (fat-free mass, FFM; 45.6%). When Kim and Müller had the smallest bias (-0.6%, 9.9%), Schmelzle's equation had the smallest RMSE (331 kcal/d). The new specific equation based on FFM was generated as follows: REE = 451.722 + (23.202 * FFM). According to Bland-Altman plots, it has been found out that the new equations are distributed randomly in both males and females.Conclusion: Previously developed predictive equations mostly provided unaccurate and biased estimates of REE. However, the new predictive equations allow clinicians to estimate REE in an obese children and adolescents with sufficient and acceptable accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of a new motion sensor wristband (ViM sports memory: ViM), consisting of an accelerometer and a gyro-sensor, by comparing the accuracy with those of indirect calorimeter (IC) and a commonly used accelerometer (Lifecorder: LC). Twenty-five participants (13 males; 12 females) walked at 3.6, 4.8, and 6.0km·h -1 and ran at 7.2 and 9.6km·h -1 on a treadmill for 5 min. Then, another 10 males performed static stretching and hopscotch for 5 min each. Measured energy expenditure (EE) by the IC and estimations of the LC and ViM were compared by repeated measures ANOVA. During walking, differences between the IC and ViM (24 to 74%) were lager than those between the IC and LC (- 16 to 0%). During running, differences between the IC and LC (-35 to -21%) were larger than those between the IC and ViM (-17 to 14%). During static stretch and hopscotch, differences between the IC and ViM (stretching, -21%; hopscotch-40%) were smaller than those between the IC and LC (stretching, -40%; hopscotch, -66%). The ViM is more suitable than the LC for the estimation of EE during running or static stretching; however, the accuracy of the ViM was far inferior to that of the LC during walking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which attempts to measure the energy expenditures (EE) in Physical Activity across the Curriculum (PAAC) intervention. Accordingly, the study conducted an evaluation of the EE in male and female subjects using the indirect calorimeter (IC) and accelerometer (ActiGraph). In conclusion, the article notes the absence of valuable gender differences for age and that the PAAC elicited a level of EE that has the possibility to prevent excessive weight gain or obesity in children.

Accelerometers are a promising tool for characterizing physical activity patterns in free living. The major limitation in their widespread use to date has been a lack of precision in estimating energy expenditure (EE), which may be attributed to the oversimplified time-integrated acceleration signals and subsequent use of linear regression models for EE estimation. In this study, we collected biaxial raw (32 Hz) acceleration signals at the hip to develop a relationship between acceleration and minute-to-minute EE in 102 healthy adults using EE data collected for nearly 24 h in a room calorimeter as the reference standard. From each 1 min of acceleration data, we extracted 10 signal characteristics (features) that we felt had the potential to characterize EE intensity. Using these data, we developed a feed-forward/back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) model with one hidden layer (12 X 20 X 1 nodes). Results of the ANN were compared with estimations using the ActiGraph monitor, a uniaxial accelerometer, and the IDEEA monitor, an array of five accelerometers. After training and validation (leave-one-subject out) were completed, the ANN showed significantly reduced mean absolute errors (0.29 ± 0.10 kcal/min), mean squared errors (0.23 ± 0.14 kcal²/min²), and difference in total EE (21 ± 115 kcal/day), compared with both the IDEEA (P < 0.01) and a regression model for the ActiGraph accelerometer (P < 0.001). Thus ANN combined with raw acceleration signals is a promising approach to link body accelerations to EE. Further validation is needed to understand the performance of the model for different physical activity types under free-living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) accounts for about two thirds of total energy expenditure. The widely used Harris-Benedict equations systematically overestimate RMR. This study assessed overall reliability and validity of a handheld indirect calorimeter, BodyGem, on a sample of women. Thirty healthy nurses participated in this study with an age of 41.9 ± 9.0 years old and a body mass index of 24.0 ± 2.8 kg/m². The Deltatrac Metabolic Monitor was used as the criterion method to validate BodyGem. Reliability was estimated by repeated measures of BodyGem to test internal consistency and stability. Analysis indicated that measurements of Deltatrac and BodyGem are well correlated (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). The correlation coefficients of two BodyGem RMR measurements were of large statistical significance (r = 0.96, P <0.001, mean difference = 15.8±55.8 Kcal/d). A significant difference (F = 3.81, P = 0.04) in repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc revealed a difference between BodyGem and Deltatrac. There was a systematic difference between both methods (mean difference between BodyGem and Deltatrac = 36.4∼52.2 Kcal/d). After adjustment of additional energy demand by holding BodyGem in position, the difference became non-significant (F = 1.62, P = 0.22). Bland-Altman plots revealed that there was no significant trend in both methods, and repeated measurements of Bodygem. In conclusion, RMR obtained using the BodyGem has a high degree of reproducibility and an acceptable validity compared to the Deltatrac. Further validity research is needed in Taiwanese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the indirect calorimeter is a useful tool, its size and expense mean that it is seldom used in hospitals. Furthermore, its flow-through measurement technique dilutes respiratory variations, so they can only be detected with some form of high-precision instrumentation. This study employs MEMS techniques to develop an oxygen sensor as one part of a microscopic energy consumption measurement system, which measures respiration dynamics in a real time manner. The oxygen sensor comprises a polysilicon resistor and a Li-doped (2 wt%) tin-oxide sensing film attached to a thermally isolated silicon-nitride membrane. The power consumption of the sensor is less than 25 mW at an operating temperature of 150°C. Furthermore, it measures oxygen concentrations between 25 and 85% with a linear output response. These characteristics render the proposed sensor suitable for use within a microscopic energy consumption measurement system in either hospital or homecare environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantage of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is that it is less invasive than surgery. ESD is one of the best treatments for older patients as surgery in this age group of patients is difficult. However, it is unclear how much lower the physical stress of ESD is compared with that of surgery. Thus, objective methods are required to assess physical stress in patients who have undergone ESD. The current review of ESD aimed to summarize the recent advancements in the assessment of physical stress during the perioperative period, focusing on changes in energy metabolism and serum opsonic activity (SOA). Based on metabolic changes, resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured using an indirect calorimeter. The stress factor calculated from the REE and the basal energy expenditure computed using the Harris-Benedict equation can be used to assess physical stress. SOA was assessed using the chemiluminescence method, wherein the use of chemiluminescent probes ( i.e. , lucigenin and luminol) allowed quantification of reactive oxygen species generated by neutrophils. Using an auto luminescence analyzer, the results were evaluated based on the maximum light emission and area under the emission curve. These quantifiable results revealed the minimal invasiveness of ESD., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: There are no conflicts of interest to report., (©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study was conducted to quantify heat and moisture production (HMP) of W-36 laying hens in their prime laying phase (27 to 33 weeks of age) using four large-scale indirect animal calorimeters. Two experiments were conducted involving two groups of hens. The hens were exposed to conditions of 24°C to 27°C and concomitant relative humidity (RH) of 45% to 65% for six weeks. In each experiment, a total of 216 laying hens were used, with 54 hens housed in each of the four calorimeters at the cage stocking density of 435 cm² hew-1 (67 in.² hen that was typical of industry practice. Total heat production (THP), room-level latent heat production (LHP), and room-level sensible heat production (SHP) were expressed as daily time-weighted average (TWA), with an average of 16 h light and 8 h dark. The results showed that HMP was similar for the 24°C to 27°C temperature range. THP, LHP, and SHP, in W kg-1 (mean ±SE) were, respectively, 6.1 ±0.3, 2.3 ±0.2, and 3.8 ±0.1 for the daily TWA; 6.5 ±0.3, 2.4 ±0.2, and 4.1 ±0.1 for the light period; and 5.4 ±0.3, 2.2 ±0.2, and 3.2 ±0.1 for the dark period. The HMP data contribute to the design and operation of ventilation systems in modern laying hen housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Accurate evaluation of the energy needs is required to optimize nutrition support of critically ill patients. Recent evaluations of indirect calorimeters revealed significant differences among the devices available on the market. A new indirect calorimeter (Q-NRG ® , Cosmed, Roma, Italy) has been developed by a group of investigators supporting the international calorimetry study initiative (ICALIC) to achieve ultimate accuracy for measuring energy expenditure while being easy to use, and affordable. This study aims to validate the precision and the accuracy of the Q-NRG ® in the in-vitro setting, within the clinically relevant range for adults on mechanical ventilation in the ICU. Mass spectrometry is the reference method for the gas composition analysis to evaluate the analytic performances of the Q-NRG ® ., Methods: The accuracy and precision of the O 2 and CO 2 measurements by the Q-NRG were evaluated by comparing the measurements of known O 2 and CO 2 gas mixtures with the measurements by the mass spectrometer (Extrel, USA). The accuracy and precision of the Q-NRG ® for measurements of VO 2 (oxygen consumption) and VCO 2 (CO 2 production) at clinically relevant ranges (150, 250 and 400 ml/min STPD) were evaluated by measuring simulated gas exchange under mechanically ventilated setting at different FiO 2 settings (21-80%), in comparison to the reference measurements by the mass spectrometer-based mixing chamber system., Results: The measurements of gas mixtures of predefined O 2 and CO 2 concentrations by the Q-NRG ® were within 2% accuracy versus the mass spectrometer measurements in Passing Bablok regression analysis. In a mechanically ventilated setting of FiO 2 from 21 up to 70%, the Q-NRG ® measurements of simulated VO 2 and VCO 2 were within 5% difference of the reference mass spectrometer measurements., Conclusion: In vitro evaluation confirms that the accuracy of the Q-NRG ® indirect calorimeter is within 5% at oxygen enrichment to 70%; i.e. maximum expected for clinical use. Further recommendations for the clinical use of the Q-NRG ® by will be released once the ongoing multi-center study is completed., (Copyright © 2019 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the change in the energy metabolism and invasiveness in the perioperative period of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer. Fifty-two consecutive patients were enrolled into the study between July 2013 and May 2014 and examined resting energy expenditure using an indirect calorimeter, body weight and basal energy expenditure using the Harris-Benedict equation before and after endoscopic submucosal dissection. Resting energy expenditure/body weight and resting energy expenditure/basal energy expenditure were 20.2 ± 3.0 kcal/kg/day and 0.96 ± 0.11 on the day of endoscopic submucosal dissection, whereas one day after the endoscopic submucosal dissection they were 21.7 ± 3.2 kcal/kg/day and 1.03 ± 0.14, showing significant increases ( p <0.001, respectively). The stress factor on the postoperative day 1 was computed as 1.07. This increase was low in comparison to that experienced for surgery, suggesting that the degree of perioperative invasiveness in patients receiving endoscopic submucosal dissection is lower in comparison to that during surgery (The study of the resting energy metabolism and stress factor using an indirect calorimeter in the perioperative period of endoscopic operation: UMIN000027135)., Competing Interests: No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Summary: Objective: To examine the accuracy of present resting energy expenditure (REE) predictive equations among obese adult Taiwanese, and obtain new predictive equations for this population. Method: A total of 80 participants (men=42, women=38) aged 18–64 years (mean 41.5±13.1 years) with body mass index (BMI) ≥30kg/m2 were recruited from obesity clinic of a tertiary hospital. Anthropometric data including weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HipC) were collected. Body fat and fat free mass (FFM) were measured using bioelectric impedance analysis. Indirect calorimeter (Vmax 29n) was used for measurement of REE. The commonly used predictive equations (Harris–Benedict equation, Bernstein equation, Mifflin equation, Owen equation, Schofield equation, Cunningham equation, Wang equation, and Liu equation) were tested for group means and individual prediction accuracy for our target population. New predictive equations were formulated using multiple linear regression analyses. Result: The mean BMI was 34.3±4.6kg/m2. All of the commonly used predictive equations showed statistically significant differences with the measured REE values. As for individual prediction accuracy, these predictive equations showed poor performance and only Mifflin equation provided an individual accuracy over 40%. The new predictive equation recommended for obese adult Taiwanese is below: REE (kcal/d)=11.6×weight (kg)−204.84×gender−4.8×height (cm)+1594.6 (gender: men=1; women=2). Conclusion: The previous commonly used predictive equations were less accurate in obese Taiwanese. For this specific population, the newly developed equation should be applied for better prediction of REE. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recommends the use of indirect calorimetry for calculating caloric targets for weight loss in obese youth. Practitioners typically use predictive equations since indirect calorimetry is often not available. The objective of this study was to compare measured resting energy expenditure (MREE) with that estimated using published predictive equations in obese pediatric patients., Material and Methods: Youth aged 7 to 18 years (n = 80) who were referred to a university-based healthy weight clinic and who were greater than the 95th percentile BMI for age and gender participated. MREE was measured via a portable indirect calorimeter. Predicted energy expenditure (pEE) was estimated using published equations including those commonly used in children. pEE was compared to the MREE for each subject. Absolute mean difference between MREE and pEE, mean percentage accuracy, and mean error were determined., Results: Mean percentage accuracy of pEE compared with MREE varied widely, with the Harris-Benedict, Lazzer, and Molnar equations providing the greatest accuracy (65%, 61%, and 60%, respectively). Mean differences between MREE and equation-estimated caloric targets varied from 197.9 kcal/day to 307.7 kcal/day., Conclusions: The potential to either overestimate or underestimate calorie needs in the clinical setting is significant when comparing EE derived from predictive equations with that measured using portable indirect calorimetry. While our findings suggest that the Harris-Benedict equation has improved accuracy relative to other equations in severely obese youth, the potential for error remains sufficiently great to suggest that indirect calorimetry is preferred.