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Background The initiation of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is frequently asymptomatic and gradual. One reason newly diagnosed type-2 diabetes mellitus patients have a higher risk of microvascular problems is untreated long-standing hyperglycemia. The objective of our study was to evaluate the frequency of microvascular problems in recently diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at a tertiary care hospital in India. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in the medicine department of a tertiary care hospital. The study included a cohort of 100 patients who were recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Microvascular complications were diagnosed after a thorough study of the patient's medical history, clinical assessment, and pertinent diagnostic tests. Results: Subjects who had an IDRS score of 60 or higher showed a higher occurrence of peripheral neuropathy (86.5% vs 13.5%, p=0.371), retinopathy (91.7% vs 8.3%, p=0.157), and nephropathy (77.8% vs 22.2%, p=0.410) compared to subjects with an IDRS score below 60. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of microvascular problems between the two IDRS subgroups. Those diagnosed with nephropathy exhibit a statistically significant higher average IDRS score compared to those without nephropathy (65.00±17.32 vs 62.66±12.50, p-value = 0.037). However, no statistically significant difference was detected in the mean values of the IDRS scores of the other two microvascular complications. Conclusion: IDRS is a valuable tool for predicting newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, further large, multi-centric studies will be required to detect its usefulness in microvascular complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: India faces a burgeoning burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus, projected to reach 87 million by 2030, with alarmingly high undiagnosed cases. Early identification remains crucial for targeted health interventions. This study employed a validated risk assessment tool to identify high-risk individuals and explore associations with diabetes risk factors. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months among nondiabetic consenting adults (above 18 years) attending a limited-resource urban primary health center in the field practice area of a teaching hospital in Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal. A predesigned, pretested schedule containing domains on sociodemographics, dietary, medical history, and validated risk assessment tool - the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) was used to collect data from an estimated sample of 112 adults. RESULTS: Of all the participants who underwent diabetes risk assessment, the majority (67.9%) were females and residents (71.4%) of adjacent rural areas. Findings showed that the majority of participants were in the moderate-high risk category of developing diabetes, of which 16.07% had high, 57.14% had moderate, and 26.78% had low risk with an overall mean (standard deviation) risk score of 39.11 (18.63). Bivariate analysis showed a statistically significant relationship (P < 0.05) between diabetes risk score with age, education, hypertension, physical activity, dietary salt intake, and family history of diabetes. CONCLUSION: Simple, noninvasive diabetes risk assessment tools like IDRS provide cost-effective solutions in identifying at-risk individuals in primary care settings; therefore, it should be implemented in limited resource settings for early risk identification and management of diabetes, consequently decreasing the disease burden.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the non-communicable diseases which have become a major global health problem whose prevalence is increasing worldwide and will reach to 12.2% (783 million) by 2045. The risk of diabetes escalates with increase in the number of risk factors and their duration as well. The Indian Diabetic Risk Score (IDRS) is a simple, low cost, feasible tool for mass screening programme for diabetes at the community level. The present study was carried out to assess the level of risk of developing type 2 diabetes using IDRS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst 380 participants aged 20 years and above during the period of July 2018 to June 2019 in the field practice area of Rural Health Training Centre of IIMSR Medical College in Jalna, Maharashtra. A semi-structured interview schedule consisting of socio-demographic characteristics, risk factor profile and Indian Diabetes Risk Score was used. Data was analysed by using appropriate statistical test. Results: In our study, 52% are moderately at risk and 2% are at high risk for developing diabetes mellitus. About 62.1% participants belonged to nuclear family, 42.6% had family history of diabetes mellitus, 76.3% carried out moderate physical activity and 50.3% were overweight / obese. Family history of diabetes, lack of physical activity and overweight / obesity were found to be potential risk factors for developing diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: More than half i.e. 52% of the study subjects were at risk of having diabetes, hence screening is of utmost importance so that interventions can be initiated at an early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic non-communicable disease that imposes a significant burden on affected individuals and the community. Considerable attention has been given to industrial accidents and ergonomics, however, lifestyle-related diseases among industrial workers have often been neglected. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim to assess the prevalence of obesity/overweight and ascertain the risk of diabetes mellitus among male employees of an industrial unit in South Mumbai. The cross-sectional study was conducted among male employees of an industrial unit in South Mumbai. Family history, exercise patterns, anthropometric measurements and physical vital parameters were recorded. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) was employed to evaluate the risk of diabetes mellitus. In total, 3791 industrial workers participated in the study and 44.5% of participants were above 40 years. Mean height, weight, body mass index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were 1.67 m, 71.33 kg, 25.99, 90.81 cm and 0.91 respectively. 56.1% individuals had WC more than 90 cm and 79.1% had WHR more than 0.90. 1846 (53%) and 927 (26.6%) participants had moderate and high diabetes risk respectively. The relationship between age, weight, BMI, WC, WHR, body fat mass and fat percentage, and IDRS was statistically significant. A substantial proportion of industrial workers were identified as overweight and at high risk of diabetes mellitus. Consequently, it becomes imperative to offer health education and implement interventions to encourage regular exercise, adopt an active lifestyle, and promote healthy dietary habits among industrial workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: It is crucial to identify diabetes risk factors and screen young people for the disease to stop diabetes from developing. An effective and validated approach to assessing population diabetes risk is the Indian diabetes risk score (IDRS). Diabetic women are more vulnerable to many unfavorable outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among females aged 30 years and more using IDRS. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 626 self-declared non-diabetic females from July 2022 to January 2023 using a semi-structured interview schedule. IDRS was used to assess diabetes risk. Results: IDRS categorization revealed 15.8%, 44.6%, and 39.6% participants in low-, moderate-, and high-risk categories, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were 67.5 (60.6-74.4) and 41.6 (34.3-48.9), respectively, compared to the gold standard test (Fasting blood sugar). At a 95% confidence interval, the area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic was found to be 0.6 (0.47-0.68). Conclusion: Nearly two-fifths (39.6%) of the participants had a high risk of getting T2DM. Increments in age, family history of diabetes, lack of physical activity, and abdominal obesity were the most frequent factors associated with a high risk of developing T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: Screening of individuals for early detection and identification of undiagnosed diabetes can help in reducing the burden of diabetic complications. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF)-Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) to screen for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in a large representative population in India. Methods: Data were acquired from the Indian Council of Medical Research–INdia DIABetes (ICMR–INDIAB) study, a large national survey that included both urban and rural populations from 30 states/union territories in India. Stratified multistage design was followed to obtain a sample of 113,043 individuals (94.2% response rate). MDRF-IDRS used four simple parameters, viz. age, waist circumference, family history of diabetes and physical activity to detect undiagnosed diabetes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) with area under the curve (AUC) was used to assess the performance of MDRF-IDRS. Results: We identified that 32.4, 52.7 and 14.9 per cent of the general population were under high-, moderate- and low-risk category of diabetes. Among the newly diagnosed individuals with diabetes [diagnosed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)], 60.2, 35.9 and 3.9 per cent were identified under high-, moderate- and low-risk categories of IDRS. The ROC-AUC for the identification of diabetes was 0.697 (95% confidence interval: 0.684-0.709) for urban population and 0.694 (0.684-0.704) for rural, as well as 0.693 (0.682-0.705) for males and 0.707 (0.697-0.718) for females. MDRF-IDRS performed well when the population were sub-categorized by state or by regions. Interpretation & conclusions: Performance of MDRF-IDRS is evaluated across the nation and is found to be suitable for easy and effective screening of diabetes in Asian Indians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – India has over half a million diabetics, with many others at risk. The Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a simple and validated tool used for mass screening of diabetes mellitus type 2 at the community level. This study assessed the vulnerability of developing diabetes in adults of a rural community of West Bengal using the IDRS and finds out the relationship of the risk of developing diabetes with socioclinical variables. Design/methodology/approach – Multi-stage sampling was employed to select one eligible nondiabetic adult from selected families residing in the rural field practice area of a medical college in West Bengal. They were interviewed with a predesigned and pretested data collection schedule and examined. Findings – Among 197 participants, 83.8% were female, 51.8% were illiterate and 57.4% came from Class IV of Prasad's socioeconomic scale. Of participants, 22.8% had existing known morbidities, and 23.9% had some form of substance addiction. In total, 46.8% of the participants on whom the IDRS could be applied (n = 175) were at high risk of developing diabetes (Score = 60). Gender and existing comorbidities significantly predicted a high risk of diabetes. Originality/value – A large proportion of the Indian population yet to be diagnosed with diabetes are at a high risk of having the disease. Early detection of the disease can help curtail its complications and reduce its clinical, social and economic burden. Mass screening tools like the IDRS thus become a very important tool in India's attempts to fight diabetes.

Background: India is home to 69.2 million diabetics. For opportunistic screening of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), random capillary blood sugar (RBS) testing is used. Another method is Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS), which is a simple and cost effective method for opportunistic screening of type 2 DM patients. The aim is to evaluate the screening test parameters of RBS testing and IDRS for opportunistic screening of undiagnosed type 2 DM patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done during February 2017 to August 2017 at a district hospital of Western Gujarat. A sample size of 317 patients was calculated using Buderer's formula. Systematic random sampling was used and every third patient was selected from the general Outpatient Department(OPD) attendees of 30 years or more. MS Excel and Epi Info v7.2 was used for statistical analysis. Screening parameters and accuracy of IDRS and RBS were calculated taking result of the oral glucose tolerance test as clinical reference. Results: The mean age of study participants was 50.9 (SD 12.17) years with 44.2% males and 55.8% females. Sensitivity and specificity of RBS was 72.4% and 69.1%. Sensitivity and specificity of IDRS was 93.1% and 29.0%. On simultaneous (parallel) screening by IDRS and RBS, sensitivity was 98.3% and specificity was 23.2%. In sequential screening, where IDRS was used followed by RBS, sensitivity was 67.2% and specificity was 74.9%. Conclusions: This study has found that sequential screening using a simple diabetes risk score like IDRS followed by RBS is having higher accuracy and reduced cost of opportunistic screening of type 2 diabetes. Adopting sequential screening using IDRS as first step of screening followed by RBS in those found as high risk by IDRS is recommended.

Introduction: Adiponectin (APN) is an adipose-derived protein. It has shown a variety of functions such as anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, antidiabetic, and insulin-sensitizing and lipid-oxidation-enhancing activities. The APN levels have shown a significant relationship with the risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). As per the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation-Indian Diabetes Risk Score (MDRF-IDRS), Asian Indians have high risk factors for T2DM and its complications. APN levels influence the risk factors for T2DM and its complications. Its circulatory level also varied with the age, family history of T2DM, waist circumference, and level of physical activity. Aim: The purpose of this narrative review is to find the association of circulatory APN with the parameters of MDRS-IDRS. Materials and Methods: Articles were searched by various databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Abstract, free full-text, and full-text articles were searched from the year 2003 to 2022. For this review, observational study, original articles, narrative review, systematic review, and meta-analysis articles published in the English language were included. It is needed to establish the association between the APN levels and the parameters of MDRF-IDRS. The modifiable risk factors of MDRF-IDRS may play a significant role to regulate the level of APN. The non-modifiable risk factors of MDRF-IDRS may help in the better management of APN levels and reduce the prevalence of T2DM. It is needed to clear that the APN levels influence the disease severities or not. It is also needed to improve the physical activity to regulate the APN level and to reduce the systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in Asian Indian population. Conclusion: Improvement in modifiable risk factors of MDRF-IDRS and level of APN may play a significant role in the therapeutic approach to prevent and/or delay the development of T2DM and its complications.

Background: Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes is 53.1% in India as reported by the International Diabetes Federation in 10th Diabetes Atlas 2021. Diabetes is affecting people of all ages and gender. Very high prevalence of abdominal obesity and large percentage of women in Haryana with elevated body mass index (BMI) make it crucial to screen them for type 2 diabetes. Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a proven tool to identify the people at risk of becoming diabetic in future. Early detection and primary prevention are the most effective ways to prevent the rising numbers among women. Objective: This study was conceived to estimate the risk of type 2 diabetes in young working women (25–40 years) using the IDRS tool. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional observational study was followed through with 504 working females in the age bracket 25–40 years. Data were taken down using a structured questionnaire administered through personal interview procedure. Demographics and parameters listed in IDRS such as age, waist circumference, family history of diabetes, and physical activity were itemized in the questionnaire. A purposive random sampling procedure was utilized for getting the numbers. Known cases of diabetes and subjects who refused to sign informed consent were excluded from the survey. Results: About 504 working women completed the survey questionnaire. IDRS scores revealed 18%, 53%, and 29% of the subjects in high-, moderate-, and low-risk brackets, respectively. Waist circumference, sedentary lifestyle, family history, and age were found to be significantly associated with the risk level. Conclusion: The research study brings forward the need for early detection though screening of young women at risk of becoming diabetic in future and necessary steps for primary prevention for the same. It remains imperative to device a comprehensive communication strategy for responsive transitional progression from high risk to absolute healthiness among the young working women.

Background: Throught the world, More than 75% of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) live in low and middle-income countries. Amongst which 69.2 million of these adults live in India. Its been shown that, as level of physical activity increases, risk of developing T2DM decreases by 15-60%. Many studies are conducted to find the risk of development of T2DM in the coastal areas of Karnataka. However, the screening of people living in Udupi was not carried out.Aim: To find out the risk for the development of T2DM using IDRS and physical activity levels in Udupi population.Material and Methods: In the current study, we included participants who were asymptomatic and undiagnosed to be having T2DM. The participants age ranged between 30–65 yrs. Participants with the history of any neurological conditions and women who were pregnant at the time of screening were excluded. We recorded random blood glucose levels of the participants following which the risk score was obtained using the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) and the participants were classified as high risk (score ≥60), moderate risk score (30–50) and low risk (score

Abstract Purpose To study the effectiveness of diabetic yoga protocol (DYP) against management of cardiovascular risk profile in a high-risk community for diabetes, from Chandigarh, India. Methods The study was a randomized controlled trial, conducted as a sub study of the Pan India trial Niyantrita Madhumeha Bharath (NMB). The cohort was identified through the Indian Diabetes Risk Scoring (IDRS) (≥ 60) and a total of 184 individuals were randomized into intervention (n = 91) and control groups (n = 93). The DYP group underwent the specific DYP training whereas the control group followed their daily regimen. The study outcomes included changes in glycemic and lipid profile. Analysis was done under intent-to-treat principle. Results The 3 months DYP practice showed diverse results showing glycemic and lipid profile of the high risk individuals. Three months of DYP intervention was found to significantly reduce the levels of post-prandial glucose levels (p = 0.035) and LDL-c levels (p = 0.014) and waist circumference (P = 0.001). Conclusion The findings indicate that the DYP intervention could improve the metabolic status of the high-diabetes-risk individuals with respect to their glucose tolerance and lipid levels, partially explained by the reduction in abdominal obesity. The study highlights the potential role of yoga intervention in real time improvement of cardiovascular profile in a high diabetes risk cohort. Trial registration: CTRI, CTRI/2018/03/012804. Registered 01 March 2018—Retrospectively registered, http://www.ctri.nic.in/ CTRI/2018/03/012804.

Background: India is home to 69.2 million diabetics. For opportunistic screening of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), random capillary blood sugar (RBS) testing is used. Another method is Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS), which is a simple and cost effective method for opportunistic screening of type 2 DM patients. The aim is to evaluate the screening test parameters of RBS testing and IDRS for opportunistic screening of undiagnosed type 2 DM patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done during February 2017 to August 2017 at a district hospital of Western Gujarat. A sample size of 317 patients was calculated using Buderer's formula. Systematic random sampling was used and every third patient was selected from the general Outpatient Department(OPD) attendees of 30 years or more. MS Excel and Epi Info v7.2 was used for statistical analysis. Screening parameters and accuracy of IDRS and RBS were calculated taking result of the oral glucose tolerance test as clinical reference. Results: The mean age of study participants was 50.9 (SD 12.17) years with 44.2% males and 55.8% females. Sensitivity and specificity of RBS was 72.4% and 69.1%. Sensitivity and specificity of IDRS was 93.1% and 29.0%. On simultaneous (parallel) screening by IDRS and RBS, sensitivity was 98.3% and specificity was 23.2%. In sequential screening, where IDRS was used followed by RBS, sensitivity was 67.2% and specificity was 74.9%. Conclusions: This study has found that sequential screening using a simple diabetes risk score like IDRS followed by RBS is having higher accuracy and reduced cost of opportunistic screening of type 2 diabetes. Adopting sequential screening using IDRS as first step of screening followed by RBS in those found as high risk by IDRS is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes is 53.1% in India as reported by the International Diabetes Federation in 10th Diabetes Atlas 2021. Diabetes is affecting people of all ages and gender. Very high prevalence of abdominal obesity and large percentage of women in Haryana with elevated body mass index (BMI) make it crucial to screen them for type 2 diabetes. Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a proven tool to identify the people at risk of becoming diabetic in future. Early detection and primary prevention are the most effective ways to prevent the rising numbers among women. Objective: This study was conceived to estimate the risk of type 2 diabetes in young working women (25–40 years) using the IDRS tool. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional observational study was followed through with 504 working females in the age bracket 25–40 years. Data were taken down using a structured questionnaire administered through personal interview procedure. Demographics and parameters listed in IDRS such as age, waist circumference, family history of diabetes, and physical activity were itemized in the questionnaire. A purposive random sampling procedure was utilized for getting the numbers. Known cases of diabetes and subjects who refused to sign informed consent were excluded from the survey. Results: About 504 working women completed the survey questionnaire. IDRS scores revealed 18%, 53%, and 29% of the subjects in high-, moderate-, and low-risk brackets, respectively. Waist circumference, sedentary lifestyle, family history, and age were found to be significantly associated with the risk level. Conclusion: The research study brings forward the need for early detection though screening of young women at risk of becoming diabetic in future and necessary steps for primary prevention for the same. It remains imperative to device a comprehensive communication strategy for responsive transitional progression from high risk to absolute healthiness among the young working women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adiponectin (APN) is an adipose-derived protein. It has shown a variety of functions such as anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic, and insulin-sensitizing and lipid-oxidation-enhancing activities. The APN levels have shown a significant relationship with the risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). As per the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation-Indian Diabetes Risk Score (MDRF-IDRS), Asian Indians have high risk factors for T2DM and its complications. APN levels influence the risk factors for T2DM and its complications. Its circulatory level also varied with the age, family history of T2DM, waist circumference, and level of physical activity. Aim: The purpose of this narrative review is to find the association of circulatory APN with the parameters of MDRS-IDRS. Materials and Methods: Articles were searched by various databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Abstract, free full-text, and full-text articles were searched from the year 2003 to 2022. For this review, observational study, original articles, narrative review, systematic review, and meta-analysis articles published in the English language were included. It is needed to establish the association between the APN levels and the parameters of MDRFIDRS. The modifiable risk factors of MDRF-IDRS may play a significant role to regulate the level of APN. The non-modifiable risk factors of MDRF-IDRS may help in the better management of APN levels and reduce the prevalence of T2DM. It is needed to clear that the APN levels influence the disease severities or not. It is also needed to improve the physical activity to regulate the APN level and to reduce the systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in Asian Indian population. Conclusion: Improvement in modifiable risk factors of MDRF-IDRS and level of APN may play a significant role in the therapeutic approach to prevent and/or delay the development of T2DM and its complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a simple tool to assess the probability of an individual having type 2 diabetes (T2DM) but its applicability in community-dwelling older adults is lacking. This study aimed to estimate the risk of T2DM and its determinants among older adults without prior diabetes (DM) using the IDRS, while also assessing its sensitivity and specificity in individuals with a history of diabetes. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave-1 (2017-18). IDRS was calculated amongst individuals aged ≥45 years considering waist circumference, physical activity, age and family history of DM. Risk was categorized as high (≥60), moderate (30–50), and low (<30). Among 64541 individuals, 7.27 % (95 % CI: 6.78, 7.80) were at low risk, 61.80 % (95 % CI: 60.99, 62.61) at moderate risk, and 30.93 % (95 % CI: 30.19, 31.67) at high risk for T2DM. Adjusted analysis showed higher risk of T2DM among men, widowed/divorced, urban residents, minority religions, overweight, obese, and individuals with hypertension. ROC curve yielded an AUC of 0.67 (95 % CI: 0.66, 0.67, P < 0.001). The IDRS cutoff ≥50 had 73.69 % sensitivity and 51.40 % specificity for T2DM detection. More than 9 in 10 older adults in India without history of DM have high-moderate risk of T2DM when assessed with the IDRS risk-prediction tool. However, the low specificity and moderate sensitivity of IDRS in existing DM cases constraints its practical utility as a decision tool for screening. • Indian Diabetes Risk Score estimated high-risk of diabetes (DM) in 30.93 % and moderate-risk in 61.8 % older adults. • IDRS's low specificity (51.4 %) and moderate sensitivity (73.69 %) limit its practical screening utility for DM. • High risk of DM observed among men, widowed, urban residents, obese, and those with hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Steroid-induced diabetes (SID) can be defined as the occurrence of hyperglycemic state in non-diabetic individuals following steroid therapy. The traditional risk factors for type 2 DM, such as age, abdominal obesity, family history, and physical activity, have been incorporated in the Indian diabetes risk score (IDRS). We conducted this study to determine the use of IDRS in the prediction of SID. Materials and methods: A prospective observational, cohort study on non-diabetic subjects, aged between 18 and 70 years, on oral or parenteral steroid therapy for different diseases was conducted. Anthropometric records were collected. Baseline biochemical parameters in the blood (FPG, PPG, and HbA1c) were measured before initiating steroid therapy. The biochemical parameters, except HbA1c, were measured again on day 3 after steroid therapy initiation. Based on FPG and PPG of day 3, participants were categorized as normal, pre-diabetic, and diabetic. Based on IDRS, patients with SID were categorized as low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk IDRS groups for further analysis. Results: Out of 317 subjects, SID was found in 132(42%) subjects. We observed significantly higher age (p value = 0.04) and BMI (p value = 0.03) in diabetes group compared to normal and pre-diabetes groups. There was no significant difference (p = 0.6) in mean waist circumference across steroid-induced diabetic groups. A sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.359) and family history (p value = 0.388) have no association with SID. The incidence of SID was significantly high among high-risk IDRS (58%) when compared to that of low-risk (34.8%) and medium-risk (36%) IDRS (p < 0.001). IDRS more than 60 showed odds ratio of 1.69 (95% C.I, 1.24–2.16, p < 0.001) for steroid-induced diabetes. IDRS of more than 30 had 71.4% sensitivity and 44.6% specificity for SID (p value = 0.001). Conclusions: The cumulative scores of IDRS were higher in patients with SID. This score may be used as an initial screening test to select patients for blood sugar monitoring in those treated with steroids on OPD basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Viswanathan Mohan and his team have developed “Indian Diabetes Risk Score” (IDRS) for identifying the Indians at risk for developing diabetes and prediabetes. Due to heterogeneity of Indian population, this risk score needs further validation in different parts across the country. Objectives: The objective is to estimate the sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values of IDRS for screening prediabetes in West Tripura District. Methodology: It was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in West Tripura district during January 1, 2018–December 31, 2019 among 325 self-declared nondiabetic individuals, selected by multistage sampling. Fasting blood sugar value was used as the gold standard to validate IDRS. Data were collected using a validated and pretested interview schedule. Data entry and analysis were performed in computer using SPSS-24. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to validate IDRS. Results: Among the study individuals, 19% and 6.5% were identified as prediabetic and diabetics, respectively. Optimum sensitivity of 83.13% and specificity of 82.64%, with positive and negative predictive values 62.16% and 93.45%, respectively, were observed at an IDRS score of ≥60 for identifying prediabetes and diabetes in this study population. IDRS showed good accuracy with an area under ROC curve of 0.832 (95% confidence interval: 0.77–0.88). Conclusion: IDRS is found to be a valid tool for screening prediabetes at community level in West Tripura district of India.

Background: Diabetes is an insidious public health problem. India has the second largest number of adults living with diabetes worldwide (77 million). Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a simple, cost-effective and feasible tool for mass screening programme at community level. Aim & Objective: To assess diabetes risk in adults aged 30 years and above and to identify high risk subjects for screening undiagnosed diabetes in an urban population of Meerut. Settings and Design: Community based cross-sectional study. Methods and Material: All adults who were ≥30 years of age and non-diabetic were interviewed using pre-designed, pre-tested questionnaire for their socio-demographic profile and lifestyle. Fasting Blood glucose of all study subjects were done to screen undiagnosed diabetics. Statistical analysis used: Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Epi Info TM 7.2.3.1 was used. Pearson's Chi Square were applied. Results: 33.4% were found to have high diabetes risk. Risk of diabetes increases with age. 7.6% of the study subjects were found to be diabetic and were unaware of their diabetic status. Physical inactivity and increasing waist circumference were found to be significantly associated with risk of diabetes. Diabetes risk was also significantly associated with positive family history. Conclusions: Screening and early identification of high risk individuals would help in early diagnosis and treatment to prevent or to delay the onset of diabetes mellitus and its complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the effectiveness of diabetic yoga protocol (DYP) against management of cardiovascular risk profile in a high-risk community for diabetes, from Chandigarh, India. Methods: The study was a randomized controlled trial, conducted as a sub study of the Pan India trial Niyantrita Madhumeha Bharath (NMB). The cohort was identified through the Indian Diabetes Risk Scoring (IDRS) (≥ 60) and a total of 184 individuals were randomized into intervention (n = 91) and control groups (n = 93). The DYP group underwent the specific DYP training whereas the control group followed their daily regimen. The study outcomes included changes in glycemic and lipid profile. Analysis was done under intent-to-treat principle. Results: The 3 months DYP practice showed diverse results showing glycemic and lipid profile of the high risk individuals. Three months of DYP intervention was found to significantly reduce the levels of post-prandial glucose levels (p = 0.035) and LDL-c levels (p = 0.014) and waist circumference (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The findings indicate that the DYP intervention could improve the metabolic status of the high-diabetes-risk individuals with respect to their glucose tolerance and lipid levels, partially explained by the reduction in abdominal obesity. The study highlights the potential role of yoga intervention in real time improvement of cardiovascular profile in a high diabetes risk cohort. Trial registration: CTRI, CTRI/2018/03/012804. Registered 01 March 2018—Retrospectively registered, http://www.ctri.nic.in/CTRI/2018/03/012804. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been escalating worldwide, including low- and middle-income countries such as Nepal. Early detection of individuals at risk is of the utmost importance to prevent the escalating condition. This study used a simple, cost-effective screening tool known as the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) in order to assess the proportion of risk groups and factors associated with it among the residents of Banepa municipality, a semi-urban area of central Nepal. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 245 adults of Banepa municipality. Face to face interviews were conducted to collect the information through a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. IDRS was used to identify the risk group for developing type 2 diabetes. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2010 and exported to SPSS v.11.5 for further analysis. Results: The proportion of people with high risk, moderate risk and low risk was 31%, 51.4% and 17.6%, respectively for developing type 2 diabetes. The analysis showed age (P < 0.01), education (P = 0.05), marital status (P = 0.01), body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.01), waist circumference (P < 0.01), physical activities (P < 0.01) and family history of diabetes (P < 0.04) were significantly associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Nearly one-third of the study participants were in high-risk group and half of them were at moderate risk. This increasing trend of risk requires an urgent application of preventive measures through lifestyle modification.

Background: Sleep restores physiology and neurochemical components of our body and is essential for physical and mental health. Sleep disorders (SDs) are associated with insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. The association between SDs and diabetes needs to be understood in the Indian population. Purpose: The purpose was to investigate the association between SD and diabetes in the Indian population. Methods: As a part of nationwide Niyantrita Madhumeha Bharata Abhiyaan-2017 (NMB-2017), a cross-sectional study was conducted and data was collected from seven zones of India, after screening through the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS). The sleep quality was assessed on a scale of 1 to 4 (very good = 1, very bad = 4). The time taken to fall asleep (sleep latency) was assessed on a scale of 0 to 5 ("0" = nil and "5" = >1.5 h). Stress was assessed by the perceived stress scale. Results: Bad sleep quality was positively (odds ratio 1.055, CI [1.001, 1.113], and P <.01) associated with self-reported known diabetes. Increased time taken to fall in sleep (sleep latency) was associated significantly with IDRS high risk (odds ratio 1.085, CI [1.008, 1.168], and P =.01), with an average sleep latency /time takes to fall in sleep (maximum range 5 [>1.5 h], mode 2 [10 to 30 min]) minutes. Moderate stress was significantly associated with bad sleep quality (odds ratio 1.659). Conclusion: A positive association of bad sleep quality and stress with diabetes, and an increased sleep latency in the IDRS high-risk population point to the role of modifiable risk factors. Behavioral modification and stress reduction by using yoga may be beneficial in the better management of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Identification of risk factors of diabetes is required among youth as diabetes in young persons is now spreading in epidemic proportions. Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a validated and cost- effective tool to identify risk of diabetes among population. Aims: Present study was conducted among young medical students to assess risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using the IDRS and to study association of risk of diabetes with other factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 290 first grade medical students from July 2017 to December 2017. A semi-structured interview schedule was developed for data collection. Written informed consent was taken. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. 'P' < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: A total of 290 medical students were included in the study. IDRS categorization revealed 77%, 22% and 1% students in low-, moderate- and high-risk category, respectively. Statistically significant association of moderate-high diabetes risk with male gender, positive family history of diabetes, no/mild physical activity and body mass index (BMI) ≥23 kg/m2 was seen. Conclusion: Present study findings has brought forth that large number (23%) of young medical students were in moderate-high risk category of developing T2DM and health professionals should be more vigilant in young obese males with minimal physical activity and positive family history of disease. Hence, there is a pressing need for bringing out behaviour change communication among young medical students so that risk reduction strategies and lifestyle changes can be implemented in early years of their lives.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is increasing its share of burden to the health-related problems in developing countries such as India. Urban slum residents constitute the “vulnerable population” who lack the basic health amenities. Lack of effective screening for primary prevention has been one of the reasons for the rising burden. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 adults aged between 30 and 60 years residing in a settled slum of Rukmini Nagar area of Belagavi city, Karnataka. Data were collected after taking written informed consent from each participant using a pretested questionnaire that included demographic information and details of the risk factors. Risk of developing diabetes was assessed by using Indian Diabetes Risk Score. Results are expressed as proportions, and analysis was done using Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean age of participants was 44.3 ± 8.7 years. The proportion of low, moderate, and high risk of developing diabetes mellitus was 7%, 63%, and 30%, respectively. The prevalence of newly diagnosed cases was 10.25%. Moreover, 57.1% of them with positive family history were in the high risk category; 76.9% of the sedentary workers were at higher risk; overweight and obese individuals had higher proportion of the high and moderate risk (P < 0.0001). Correlation coefficient (R) was 0.782, and coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.61. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that advancing age, low physical activity, family history, overweight, and obesity were the prominent factors that predicted the risk of diabetes in the near future. Hence, focused interventions for urban slum dwellers are imperative and draw special attention.

Abstract There is a rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes in India. We wanted to review the status of prediabetes and diabetes in the combined population of Chandigarh and Panchkula region based on both Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) and Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c). A total of 1215 subjects were recruited during the screening process, out of which 444 i subjects have been analysed for the current study on the basis of high risk for IDRS (≥60) and their known diabetes status. This study included 431 subjects having high risk for IDRS (≥60) and 13 known subjects with diabetes (IDRS

Background: Viswanathan Mohan and his team have developed "Indian Diabetes Risk Score" (IDRS) for identifying the Indians at risk for developing diabetes and prediabetes. Due to heterogeneity of Indian population, this risk score needs further validation in different parts across the country. Objectives: The objective is to estimate the sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values of IDRS for screening prediabetes in West Tripura District. Methodology: It was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in West Tripura district during January 1, 2018--December 31, 2019 among 325 self-declared nondiabetic individuals, selected by multistage sampling. Fasting blood sugar value was used as the gold standard to validate IDRS. Data were collected using a validated and pretested interview schedule. Data entry and analysis were performed in computer using SPSS-24. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to validate IDRS. Results: Among the study individuals, 19% and 6.5% were identified as prediabetic and diabetics, respectively. Optimum sensitivity of 83.13% and specificity of 82.64%, with positive and negative predictive values 62.16% and 93.45%, respectively, were observed at an IDRS score of ≥60 for identifying prediabetes and diabetes in this study population. IDRS showed good accuracy with an area under ROC curve of 0.832 (95% confidence interval: 0.77-0.88). Conclusion: IDRS is found to be a valid tool for screening prediabetes at community level in West Tripura district of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes in India. We wanted to review the status of prediabetes and diabetes in the combined population of Chandigarh and Panchkula region based on both Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) and Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c). A total of 1215 subjects were recruited during the screening process, out of which 444 i subjects have been analysed for the current study on the basis of high risk for IDRS (≥60) and their known diabetes status. This study included 431 subjects having high risk for IDRS (≥60) and 13 known subjects with diabetes (IDRS < 60) which were further analysed for biochemical and anthropometric parameters. The prevalence of diabetes was found to be 12.67% and prediabetes 11.69% in the combined population of Chandigarh and Panchkula. There was an increased level of fasting blood glucose (183.12 ± 68.61), postprandial blood glucose (262.57 ± 96.92), triglyceride (193.84 ± 119.88), very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) (34.87 ± 15.42) and High Density Lipoprotein(HDL) (4.61 ± 1.39) in the said diabetes population. Mean HDL was found to be decreased in subjects having diabetes. Glucose‐induced lipid intolerance study revealed significant alteration in triglyceride, HDL and VLDL. The study has revealed that high prevalence of diabetes in the sampled population when compared with the national average of 8.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep restores physiology and neurochemical components of our body and is essential for physical and mental health. Sleep disorders (SDs) are associated with insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. The association between SDs and diabetes needs to be understood in the Indian population. Purpose: The purpose was to investigate the association between SD and diabetes in the Indian population. Methods: As a part of nationwide Niyantrita Madhumeha Bharata Abhiyaan-2017 (NMB-2017), a cross-sectional study was conducted and data was collected from seven zones of India, after screening through the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS). The sleep quality was assessed on a scale of 1 to 4 (very good = 1, very bad = 4). The time taken to fall asleep (sleep latency) was assessed on a scale of 0 to 5 ("0" = nil and "5" = >1.5 h). Stress was assessed by the perceived stress scale. Results: Bad sleep quality was positively (odds ratio 1.055, CI [1.001, 1.113], and P < .01) associated with self-reported known diabetes. Increased sleep time (sleep latency) was associated significantly with IDRS high risk (odds ratio 1.085, CI [1.008, 1.168], and P = .01), with an average sleep latency (maximum range 5 [>1.5 h], mode 2 [10 to 30 min]) minutes. Moderate stress was significantly associated with bad sleep quality (odds ratio 1.659). Conclusion: A positive association of bad sleep quality and stress with diabetes, and an increased sleep latency in the IDRS high-risk population point to the role of modifiable risk factors. Behavioral modification and stress reduction by using yoga may be beneficial in the better management of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the performance of Madras Diabetes Research Foundation-Indian Diabetes Risk Score (MDRF-IDRS) in different ethnic groups, including Indians, Hispanic, non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and other American. Methods: The MDRF-IDRS is calculated based on a risk equation that includes age, waist circumference, family history of diabetes, and physical activity. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data on American and Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study data on Indians were used in this study. Study participants aged ≥20 years with and without type 2 diabetes were included. Performance of the MDRF-IDRS was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) measures within each ethnic group. IDRSs' performance was then compared with existing noninvasive American diabetes risk scores. Results: Total number of participants included was 11,035 (2292 Indians and 8743 Americans). MDRF-IDRS (cutoff ≥60) performed well in Indians with an AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.73, 80.2%, and 57.3%, respectively. MDRF-IDRS cutoff ≥70 had the highest discriminative performance among Hispanic, non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic blacks with sensitivity and specificity of between 70.1%-86.9% and 61.2%-72.2%, respectively. The AUC for American was between 0.77 and 0.81 with the highest and lowest AUC in non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white, respectively. With a smaller number of variables, IDRS showed almost the same performance in predicting diabetes among American compared with the existing noninvasive American diabetes risk score. Conclusion: The MDRF-IDRS performs well among Indians and Americans, including Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and other American. It can be used as a screening tool to help in early diagnosis, management, and optimal control of diabetes mainly in mass screening programs in India and America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background- The burden of diabetes in India is expected to worsen in the coming years. Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a validated and cost-effective tool to identify risk of developing diabetes among population. Objectives- To assess the risk of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus using the IDRS in adults aged 30 years and above and to study the association of risk of diabetes with other factors. Material & Methods- A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kalyanpuri area of East Delhi. Data collection was done from August to December, 2018. 494 residents aged 30 years and above were included in the study. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. Results- 43.7 % of the study subjects were aged 50 years or above and majority (65.38%) were females. More than half (59.31%) of the subjects were found to have high risk of diabetes. Age and central obesity were found to be significantly associated with risk of diabetes (p<0.05). Risk of developing diabetes was not associated with gender. Conclusion- Early detection of risk of diabetes by periodic screening and appropriate behavioral change communication would be effective in controlling the diabetes crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes is the chronic metabolic disease with rising prevalence in low and middle income countries. According to WHO diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in 2016 and is major cause for complications like cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Hence, early identification of people at risk of diabetes is required to reduce the disease burden. Objectives: To assess the diabetes risk among the adult population using Indian Diabetes Risk Score. To identify the factors associated with the diabetes risk score. Materials and Method: A community based cross sectional study was done in an urban resettlement colony to identify the people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes .Indian Diabetes Risk Score was used to identify at risk individuals. The study subjects were categorized into low, medium, high risk groups based on IDRS scores .Random blood sugar levels of subjects were obtained at time of data collection after taking informed consent. The data was entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. Chisquare test was used to find any significant association between socio-demographic profile, RBS values and risk categories. Results: In the study among 129 subjects,64.3 % were males, 35.7% were females. IDRS scores indicate 12(9.3%) were in the low risk, 53(41%) were in medium risk and 64 (49.7%) were in high risk category. About 21.7% had Random blood sugar values ≥200mg/dl at the time of study. There was significant association between RBS values and IDRS. Conclusion: The present study showed that majority of subjects were in medium and high risk categories. Hence, the study recommended life style modification and further monitoring of blood glucose levels to prevent the risk of development of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been escalating worldwide, including low- and middle-income countries such as Nepal. Early detection of individuals at risk is of the utmost importance to prevent the escalating condition. This study used a simple, cost-effective screening tool known as the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) in order to assess the proportion of risk groups and factors associated with it among the residents of Banepa municipality, a semi-urban area of central Nepal. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 245 adults of Banepa municipality. Face to face interviews were conducted to collect the information through a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. IDRS was used to identify the risk group for developing type 2 diabetes. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2010 and exported to SPSS v.11.5 for further analysis. Results: The proportion of people with high risk, moderate risk and low risk was 31%, 51.4% and 17.6%, respectively for developing type 2 diabetes. The analysis showed age (P < 0.01), education (P = 0.05), marital status (P = 0.01), body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.01), waist circumference (P < 0.01), physical activities (P < 0.01) and family history of diabetes (P < 0.04) were significantly associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Nearly one-third of the study participants were in high-risk group and half of them were at moderate risk. This increasing trend of risk requires an urgent application of preventive measures through lifestyle modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The World Health Organization report suggests that over 19% of the world's diabetic population currently resides in India. Unfortunately, >50% of the diabetics in India are unaware about their diabetic status. In the poor income country like India, it is essential to use cost-effective methods for screening for diabetes, and traditionally using three classical symptoms and Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) tool is helpful but, data regarding their diagnostic accuracy is very less. Objective: (1) To assess the diagnostic accuracy of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and IDRS for detecting diabetes. Settings and Design: Six hundred and seventy-seven adult individuals> 20 years of age were screened for diabetes and assessed polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and IDRS score. All were subjected for postprandial blood glucose level. Subjects and Methods: For diagnostic accuracy sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, likelihood ratios (LRs, for positive and negative tests), and accuracy was calculated for each symptom. Similarly, by receiver operative curve (ROC) curve analysis, we carried out sensitivity and specificity of IDRS. Results: There was statistically significant association between these three classical symptoms and diabetes status of individuals. When present, all these three symptoms carried 7.34% sensitivity and 98.42% specificity with positive predictive value 47.06% and NPV 84.70%, LR+4.36, LR−0.94 with accuracy of 85%. The optimum cutoff value of IDRS score was> 50, which carried sensitivity 73%, specificity 58.7%, and area under curve for ROC was 68% (P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study has shown highest specificity for these three classical symptoms in diagnosing diabetes, but these symptoms were insensitive to detect all diabetic subjects.

Context: India is currently becoming capital for diabetes mellitus. This significantly increasing incidence of diabetes putting an additional burden on health care in India. Unfortunately, half of diabetic individuals are unknown about their diabetic status. Hence, there is an emergent need of effective screening instrument to identify “diabetes risk” individuals. Aims: The aim is to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) and Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC). Settings and Design: This is retrospective, record-based study of diabetes detection camp organized by a teaching hospital. Out of 780 people attended this camp voluntarily only 763 fulfilled inclusion criteria of the study. Subjects and Methods: In this camp, pro forma included the World Health Organization STEP guidelines for surveillance of noncommunicable diseases. Included primary sociodemographic characters, physical measurements, and clinical examination. After that followed the random blood glucose estimation of each individual. Statistical Analysis Used: Diagnostic accuracy of IDRS and FINDRISC compared by using receiver operative characteristic curve (ROC). Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, positive predictive and negative predictive values were compared. Clinical utility index (CUI) of each score also compared. SPSS version 22, Stata 13, R3.2.9 used. Results: Out of 763 individuals, 38 were new diabetics. By IDRS 347 and by FINDRISC 96 people were included in high-risk category for diabetes. Odds ratio for high-risk people in FINDRISC for getting affected by diabetes was 10.70. Similarly, it was 4.79 for IDRS. Area under curves of ROCs of both scores were indifferent (P = 0.98). Sensitivity and specificity of IDRS was 78.95% and 56.14%; whereas for FINDRISC it was 55.26% and 89.66%, respectively. CUI was excellent (0.86) for FINDRISC while IDRS it was “satisfactory” (0.54). Bland-Altman plot and Cohen's Kappa suggested fair agreement between these score in measuring diabetes risk. Conclusions: Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of FINDRISC is fairly good than IDRS.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is increasing its share of burden to the health-related problems in developing countries such as India. Urban slum residents constitute the "vulnerable population" who lack the basic health amenities. Lack of effective screening for primary prevention has been one of the reasons for the rising burden. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 adults aged between 30 and 60 years residing in a settled slum of Rukmini Nagar area of Belagavi city, Karnataka. Data were collected after taking written informed consent from each participant using a pretested questionnaire that included demographic information and details of the risk factors. Risk of developing diabetes was assessed by using Indian Diabetes Risk Score. Results are expressed as proportions, and analysis was done using Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean age of participants was 44.3 ± 8.7 years. The proportion of low, moderate, and high risk of developing diabetes mellitus was 7%, 63%, and 30%, respectively. The prevalence of newly diagnosed cases was 10.25%. Moreover, 57.1% of them with positive family history were in the high risk category; 76.9% of the sedentary workers were at higher risk; overweight and obese individuals had higher proportion of the high and moderate risk (P < 0.0001). Correlation coefficient (R) was 0.782, and coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.61. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that advancing age, low physical activity, family history, overweight, and obesity were the prominent factors that predicted the risk of diabetes in the near future. Hence, focused interventions for urban slum dwellers are imperative and draw special attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Identification of risk factors of diabetes is required among youth as diabetes in young persons is now spreading in epidemic proportions. Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a validated and cost- effective tool to identify risk of diabetes among population. Aims: Present study was conducted among young medical students to assess risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using the IDRS and to study association of risk of diabetes with other factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 290 first grade medical students from July 2017 to December 2017. A semi-structured interview schedule was developed for data collection. Written informed consent was taken. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. 'P' < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: A total of 290 medical students were included in the study. IDRS categorization revealed 77%, 22% and 1% students in low-, moderate- and high-risk category, respectively. Statistically significant association of moderate-high diabetes risk with male gender, positive family history of diabetes, no/mild physical activity and body mass index (BMI) ≥23 kg/m2 was seen. Conclusion: Present study findings has brought forth that large number (23%) of young medical students were in moderate-high risk category of developing T2DM and health professionals should be more vigilant in young obese males with minimal physical activity and positive family history of disease. Hence, there is a pressing need for bringing out behaviour change communication among young medical students so that risk reduction strategies and lifestyle changes can be implemented in early years of their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: For decades, the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was based on blood glucose criteria, either the fasting blood glucose (FBG) or a 2-h value in the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. In 2009, an International Expert Committee that included representatives of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), International Diabetes Federation and European Association for the Study of Diabetes recommended the use of the HbA1c test to diagnose diabetes with a threshold of ≥6.5% and this criterion was finally adopted by ADA in 2010. Hence, the study was undertaken to evaluate the predictive efficacy of glycated hemoglobin as a diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus and to identify individuals at risk of developing diabetes mellitus using Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the staff members of the Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Science and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. Out of the total 800 staff members, 200 staff members were included in the study (88 faculty members, 37 staff nurses, 12 laboratory technicians, 25 clerical staff, 38 class IV) selected by systemic random sampling. Every fifth member on the list was included in the sample. After obtaining the data, it was coded and analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis was used to predict the sensitivity, specificity, positivity, negativity and overall accuracy of a diagnostic test. A two-tailed test P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20 (IBM, Chicago, USA). Results: Out of 200 subjects, 19.5% were labeled diabetic using FBG, 23% by postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) and 38.5% by using glycated hemoglobin according to ADA guidelines. A total of 62% had high-risk score out of which majority belonged to group-I (faculty) followed by group-II (nursing staff) and group-IV (clerical staff). With the advancement of age in each gender, IDRS also increased significantly. FBG, PPBG and glycated hemoglobin had sensitivity of 51.1%, 50%, 82.2%; specificity of 89.6%, 89.7%, 74.8%; positive predictive value of 58.9%, 48.8%, 48.6%; and negative predictive value of 86.3%, 85.8%, 93.5%, respectively. FBG and PPBG were better correlated with glycated hemoglobin in males when compared to females. Correlation coefficient between FBG and glycated hemoglobin was stronger than PPBG and glycated hemoglobin. IDRS value ≥60 had optimum sensitivity of 65% and specificity 62.5% for determining diabetes. Conclusion: Combination of FBG and glycated hemoglobin as biochemical parameters for diagnosing diabetes mellitus was better when compared to FBG and PPBG so both can be taken as screening/diagnosing parameters. Glycated hemoglobin may be a useful measure for diagnosing diabetes and supports a possible cut-off point ≥6.5% that is in line with current recommendations.

Background: India is fast becoming the diabetic capital in the world according to a recent report. Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of mortality due to diabetic complications, which has enormous implications for the health budget. Objectives: The main objective of this review is to provide an overview of the work carried out in the world, including modern and traditional approaches for the prevention and management of diabetes and reducing the chances of onset of further complications via cost-effective lifestyle interventions and integrative medicine. Material and Methods: We performed a literature search from various databases like PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar, etc., using the keywords diabetes, prediabetes, MCI and prediabetes, diabetes and yoga, diabetes. Results: Upon reviewing the published articles, it was noticed that one of the most neglected complications of diabetes, namely cognitive dysfunction, which is characterized by a pattern of vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD), has been largely ignored, and there has been no large study investigating the role of yoga intervention in diabetes and/or associated cognitive impairment. Conclusion: The review article opens new paradigms for researchers to evaluate the connection between diabetes and AD through a yoga-based national campaign on diabetes. This paves the way towards the goal of integrative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The World Health Organization report suggests that over 19% of the world's diabetic population currently resides in India. Unfortunately, >50% of the diabetics in India are unaware about their diabetic status. In the poor income country like India, it is essential to use cost-effective methods for screening for diabetes, and traditionally using three classical symptoms and Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) tool is helpful but, data regarding their diagnostic accuracy is very less. Objective: (1) To assess the diagnostic accuracy of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and IDRS for detecting diabetes. Settings and Design: Six hundred and seventy-seven adult individuals >20 years of age were screened for diabetes and assessed polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and IDRS score. All were subjected for postprandial blood glucose level. Subjects and Methods : For diagnostic accuracy sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, likelihood ratios (LRs, for positive and negative tests), and accuracy was calculated for each symptom. Similarly, by receiver operative curve (ROC) curve analysis, we carried out sensitivity and specificity of IDRS. Results: There was statistically significant association between these three classical symptoms and diabetes status of individuals. When present, all these three symptoms carried 7.34% sensitivity and 98.42% specificity with positive predictive value 47.06% and NPV 84.70%, LR+4.36, LR-0.94 with accuracy of 85%. The optimum cutoff value of IDRS score was >50, which carried sensitivity 73%, specificity 58.7%, and area under curve for ROC was 68% (P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study has shown highest specificity for these three classical symptoms in diagnosing diabetes, but these symptoms were insensitive to detect all diabetic subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: India is currently becoming capital for diabetes mellitus. This significantly increasing incidence of diabetes putting an additional burden on health care in India. Unfortunately, half of diabetic individuals are unknown about their diabetic status. Hence, there is an emergent need of effective screening instrument to identify "diabetes risk" individuals. Aims: The aim is to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) and Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC). Settings and Design: This is retrospective, record-based study of diabetes detection camp organized by a teaching hospital. Out of 780 people attended this camp voluntarily only 763 fulfilled inclusion criteria of the study. Subjects and Methods: In this camp, pro forma included the World Health Organization STEP guidelines for surveillance of noncommunicable diseases. Included primary sociodemographic characters, physical measurements, and clinical examination. After that followed the random blood glucose estimation of each individual. Statistical Analysis Used: Diagnostic accuracy of IDRS and FINDRISC compared by using receiver operative characteristic curve (ROC). Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, positive predictive and negative predictive values were compared. Clinical utility index (CUI) of each score also compared. SPSS version 22, Stata 13, R3.2.9 used. Results: Out of 763 individuals, 38 were new diabetics. By IDRS 347 and by FINDRISC 96 people were included in high-risk category for diabetes. Odds ratio for high-risk people in FINDRISC for getting affected by diabetes was 10.70. Similarly, it was 4.79 for IDRS. Area under curves of ROCs of both scores were indifferent (P = 0.98). Sensitivity and specificity of IDRS was 78.95% and 56.14%; whereas for FINDRISC it was 55.26% and 89.66%, respectively. CUI was excellent (0.86) for FINDRISC while IDRS it was "satisfactory" (0.54). Bland-Altman plot and Cohen's Kappa suggested fair agreement between these score in measuring diabetes risk. Conclusions: Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of FINDRISC is fairly good than IDRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To estimate the usefulness of the Indian diabetes risk score for detecting undiagnosed diabetes in the rural area of Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in the field practice area of rural health centers (Chunampett and Annechikuppam, Tamil Nadu), covering a population of 35000 from February to March 2008 by using a predesigned and pretested protocol to find out the prevalence and the risk of diabetes mellitus in general population by using Indian diabetes risk score. Results: 1936 respondents comprising 1167 (60.27%) females and 769 (39.73%) males were studied. Majority 1203 (62.50%) were Hindus. 1220 (63.%) had studied up to higher secondary. 1200 (62%) belonged to lower and lower-middle socio-economic class. A large number of the subjects 948 (50%) were below 35 years of age. Most of the respondents 1411 (73%) indulged in mild to moderate physical activity. 1715 (87.91%) had no family history of diabetes mellitus. 750 (39.64%) individuals were in the overweight category (>25 BMI). Out of these overweight persons, 64% had high diabetic risk score. It is observed that chances of high diabetic score increase with the increase in BMI. Prevalence of diabetes in studied population was 5.99%; out of these, 56% known cases of diabetes mellitus had high (>60) IDRS. Co-relation between BMI and IDRS shows that, if BMI increases from less than 18.50 to more than 30, chances of high risk for developing diabetes mellitus also significantly increase. Conclusion: This study estimates the usefulness of simplified Indian diabetes risk score for identifying undiagnosed high risk diabetic subjects in India. This simplified diabetes risk score has categorized the risk factors based on their severity. Use of the IDRS can make mass screening for undiagnosed diabetes in India more cost effective.

The prevalence of diabetes is rising globally. The International Diabetes Federation estimates around 40.9 million diabetics in India. Indian Diabetes Risk Score has a sensitivity and specificity of over 60 per cent and can be used to selectively screen Indians. Present study was a cross-sectional study conducted in rural Meerut. 150 participants were selected by systematic random sampling. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, testing fasting blood glucose and physical examination of participants. The prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) came out to be 11.3% and 12% respectively. 26.3% participants had very high IDRS. Significant association was seen between diabetic status with IDRS and BMI. More studies are needed in rural areas to get a full picture of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: For decades, the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was based on blood glucose criteria, either the fasting blood glucose (FBG) or a 2-h value in the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. In 2009, an International Expert Committee that included representatives of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), International Diabetes Federation and European Association for the Study of Diabetes recommended the use of the HbA1c test to diagnose diabetes with a threshold of =6.5% and this criterion was finally adopted by ADA in 2010. Hence, the study was undertaken to evaluate the predictive efficacy of glycated hemoglobin as a diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus and to identify individuals at risk of developing diabetes mellitus using Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the staff members of the Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Science and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. Out of the total 800 staff members, 200 staff members were included in the study (88 faculty members, 37 staff nurses, 12 laboratory technicians, 25 clerical staff, 38 class IV) selected by systemic random sampling. Every fifth member on the list was included in the sample. After obtaining the data, it was coded and analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis was used to predict the sensitivity, specificity, positivity, negativity and overall accuracy of a diagnostic test. A two-tailed test P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20 (IBM, Chicago, USA). Results: Out of 200 subjects, 19.5% were labeled diabetic using FBG, 23% by postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) and 38.5% by using glycated hemoglobin according to ADA guidelines. A total of 62% had high-risk score out of which majority belonged to group-I (faculty) followed by group-II (nursing staff) and group-IV (clerical staff). With the advancement of age in each gender, IDRS also increased significantly. FBG, PPBG and glycated hemoglobin had sensitivity of 51.1%, 50%, 82.2%; specificity of 89.6%, 89.7%, 74.8%; positive predictive value of 58.9%, 48.8%, 48.6%; and negative predictive value of 86.3%, 85.8%, 93.5%, respectively. FBG and PPBG were better correlated with glycated hemoglobin in males when compared to females. Correlation coefficient between FBG and glycated hemoglobin was stronger than PPBG and glycated hemoglobin. IDRS value =60 had optimum sensitivity of 65% and specificity 62.5% for determining diabetes. Conclusion: Combination of FBG and glycated hemoglobin as biochemical parameters for diagnosing diabetes mellitus was better when compared to FBG and PPBG so both can be taken as screening/diagnosing parameters. Glycated hemoglobin may be a useful measure for diagnosing diabetes and supports a possible cut-off point =6.5% that is in line with current recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]