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本稿は、民主政と独立した行政機関をめぐる議論について理解するため、ピエール・ロザンヴァロン（Pierre Rosanvallon）の『民主的正統性（La Légitimité démocratique）』（2008）の記述を紹介・検討するものである。結論として、ロザンヴァロンの理論は、特定の独立した行政機関の合憲性を明確に判断するための指標として用いるには難があるが、その理論のうち、特に中央銀行の独立性を当該行政分野に必要な「長期的視点の確保」から説明する点は、⼗分に注目に値するとする。 This study introduces and examines the description of Pierre Rosanvallon’s “Democratic Legitimacy” (2008) to understand the debate in France over democracy and independent agency. In conclusion, Rosanvallon’s theory does not lend itself readily, nor is it amenable, as an index toward clearly judging the constitutionality of a particular independent agency. However, it is noteworthy that in his theory, the explanation regarding the independence of the central bank in particular emanates from the “securing of a long-term perspective” necessary for the relevant administrative field.

U.S. government administrative agencies that are subject to political polarization may find it difficult to fulfill their long-term missions while addressing short-term political needs, lacking sufficient autonomy to do their jobs. This thesis asks what U.S. government agencies can do to foster autonomy from political influences to be neutral arbiters or administrators. This thesis reviews the history of U.S. government agencies and analyzes the viability of their seeking wholesale autonomy. It also examines the impact of formal agency structure on agency autonomy for the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)—an independent agency—and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)—executive agencies. It further outlines three informal factors that may contribute to some level of autonomy in all three agencies. This thesis finds that wholesale autonomy of agencies is not a viable option at this time, and a formal structure of independence does not guarantee autonomy. It recognizes, however, that focusing on a clear mission, hiring qualified candidates, and decentralizing authorities provide a certain level of autonomy, as experienced by the EPA, FTC, and FDA. Civilian, Department of Homeland Security Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

This article aims to explain the patterns of corruption in the environmental sector (environmental corruption) and the possibility for Independent agencies to address them. Also, to initiate a better policy and supervision against environmental corruption in Indonesia. The research was carried out based on the normative legal method (library research) towards secondary data using a statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach. The results show that the main pattern of environmental corruption involves corrupt actors in bureaucratic institutions that cause weak environmental policies and supervision. The benefit of Independent Agencies with structural and personnel independence is expected to fill the gap in the old bureaucratic management and reduce corruption. The regulatory power of such agencies can also set more stringent environmental policy and supervision. Thus, there needs to be institutional reform in the environmental authorities for future policies by establishing an independent agency. The new agency must also have the power to formulate and enact policies in environmental management and give them authority to investigate and impose sanctions. We also recommend compiling a national strategic program in the form of work synergy between independent agencies in the environmental and anti-corruption sector.

Any form of professional or occupational practice that requires independent agency has to rely heavily on the judgement of its practitioners. Yet the nature of professional judgement, like the natu...

[EN] The major objective of this study was analyzing the Ethiopian Higher Education quality assessment model in line with another world. The total 46 key informants were purposively selected from the data sources of this study (Ethiopian public HEIs and the Ministry of Education) and interviewed. Document analysis was another instrument. Using descriptive qualitative research design, data were analyzed in themes qualitatively. Literatures describing the higher education quality assessment models were reviewed. The literature on the models of higher education quality assessment generally tends to converge to the general model of higher education quality assessment and tends to diverge from it while it adds many approaches to the dimensions. It is recommended that the Ethiopian system better to be governed by an independent agency that has strong international linkage, and the system should emphasize the need of stakeholders in quality assurance and assessment. Use of diversified methodologies and existence of explicit standards for resource utilization were recommended. Rigorous interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary peer reviews are strongly recommended in this study.

espanolContexto: Hoy en dia, las ciudades requieren la implementacion de nuevas experiencias de transformacion urbana, debido a que la urbanizacion es responsable del 70 % de emisiones globales de CO2. El reto que confronta en materia urbana es hacer frente al CCG a nivel ciudad, mediante infraestructura multifuncional. Metodo: El presente estudio se llevo a cabo bajo la perspectiva del diseno y desarrollo urbano de bajo impacto (LIUDD, por su sigla en ingles) contextualizando el marco frances de planeacion urbana, en el cual, el manejo de agua es prioritario. La ciudad de Colima presenta un crecimiento horizontal desordenado y, en consecuencia, la extension de areas impermeables ha provocado escorrentias, inundaciones y congestionamiento vial. Resultados: La zona norte-poniente presenta un area de oportunidad para tratar dichas problematicas, como se analizo en esta investigacion. La zona de estudio presenta un alto nivel de ocupacion del suelo (COS=0,76-1,00) obteniendo un coeficiente de escorrentia CE=0,96. Ademas, presenta una baja densidad poblacional (51-100 hab/ha), con un 92 % de motorizacion. La vialidad ocupa el 91 % de la superficie de espacio publico, por lo que representa un area de oportunidad para la infraestructura multifuncional. Se propone que mediante tecnicas de drenaje urbano sostenible implementadas en vialidades principales, se reduzca el CE a 0,90, y el volumen de inundaciones en un 203 %, priorizando los modos activos de transporte. Conclusiones: Desarrollar e implementar una gestion integral del agua, sustentada en un cuadro reglamentario que priorice el LIUDD, puede paliar el estres hidrico en esta y otras ciudades con problematicas comunes, mediante la creacion de una coordinacion integrada por representantes de diversos sectores. Lo anterior, con el objetivo de poder gestionar el espacio publico, y de impulsar proyectos multifuncionales para manejo de aguas pluviales, movilidad y desarrollo urbano que puedan ser utiles en la aplicacion de nuevas maneras de planificar nuestras ciudades y mitigar los riesgos climaticos. EnglishContext: Cities around the world share similar experiences of urban transformation, due to the urbanization development model that is responsible for around 70% of the global CO2 emissions. The challenge in urban matters is to work more at a city level, in order to mitigate the GCC and the effects that this produces. Method: This study case, of a very small city in Mexico, represents the perspective of Low Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD), contextualizing the French urban planning framework, where the water resources management is a priority as an adaptation strategy. Colima city presents a disorderly horizontal growth; therefore, the extension of impervious areas has caused run-off and road congestion, affecting the population and urban infrastructure. Results: The North-West zone represents an area of opportunity to deal with these problems. Our results show that the study area presents an important level of soil occupancy (COS = 0.76-1.00) obtaining a runoff coefficient, CE = 0.96. In addition, it has a low population density (51-100 inhabitants / ha), with 92% of motorization. In this way, the road infrastructure occupies 91% of the surface of public space, so it presents an area of opportunity for multifunctional infrastructure. The proposal, through Sustainable Urban Drainage Techniques implemented in main roads, reduces the CE to 0.90, and the volume of floods by 203%, prioritizing the active modes of transport. It is recommended a comprehensive management of water supported by a regulatory framework, which prioritizes the LIUDD. Conclusions: It is also recommended to create a coordinated agency composed by different representatives of the sectors involved, with the aim of generating multifunctional projects for the management of stormwater and mobility in public space. Also, this independent agency can be useful in managing new ways of planning the urban development, in order to mitigate and adapt the city to the climate risks that are happening.

If aesthetic and teleological judgments are equally reflective, then it can be argued that such judgments can be applied concurrently to digital objects, specifically those that are products of the rapidly developing sophisticated forms of artificial intelligence (AI). Evidence of the aesthetic effects of technological development are observable in more than just experienceable objects; rooted in inscrutable machine learning, AI’s complexity is a problem when it is presented as an aesthetic authority, particularly when it comes to automated curatorial practice or as a progressively determinative aesthetic force originating in an independent agency that is internally self-consistent. Rooted in theories of the post-digital and the New Aesthetic, this paper examines emerging new forms of art and aesthetic experiences that appear to reveal these capabilities of AI. While the most advanced forms of AI barely qualify for a ‘soft’ description at this point, it appears inevitable that a ‘hard’ form of AI is in the future. Increased forms of technological automation obscure the increasingly real possibility of genuine products of the imagination and the creativity of autonomous digital agencies as independent algorithmic entities, but such obfuscation is likely to fade away under the evolutionary pressures of technological development. It’s impossible to predict the aesthetic products of AI at this stage but, if the development of AI is teleological, then it might be possible to predict some of the foreseeable associated aesthetic problems. Article received: April 10, 2019; Article accepted: July 6, 2019; Published online: October 15, 2019; Original scholarly paper How to cite this article: Contreras-Koterbay, Scott. "The Teleological Nature of Digital Aesthetics – the New Aesthetic in Advance of Artificial Intelligence." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies 20 (2019): 105-112. doi: 10.25038/am.v0i20.326.

Producción Científica, El estudio de la mención del uso de recursos propios en la epigrafía de las promotoras de arquitectura cívica en Hispania y en las provincias romanas del norte de África permite valorar esta expresión en el contexto de la capacidad de agencia autónoma de estas benefactoras, poniéndola en relación con la situación jurídica, civil y familiar de estas mujeres; igualmente, el análisis de las heterogéneas características económicas y sociales de las mismas ayuda a una más completa definición de las élites municipales de estas provincias romanas., This researching work studies the epigraphic mention of the use of own capital sources in the inscriptions of the women who promote civic architecture in Hispania and in the roman provinces of the north of Africa. It evaluates the capacity of independent agency of these women and also it analyzes their heterogeneous legal, economic and social features with the aim of contributing to a better definition of the municipal élite in these roman provinces., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (FEM2014- 53423-P)

In insurance business, product sales can be realized over a variety of channels such as independent agencies, or bank branches. In 2017, 55% of premium production was generated over insurance agencies in Turkey making independent agency evaluation prominent in the domain. Unfortunately lacking attention from the scientific community, agency evaluation problem is usually tackled in the industry by utilizing internal business dynamics data. To incorporate the external facts to the agency evaluation process, we propose a computational approach to model behavior traits reflecting insurance agency channel dynamics based on not only premium sales big data but also external facts. We demonstrate how we translate these behavior traits into useful features, namely, utilization, response, and governance, so that each agency can be positioned in a space whose dimensions are determined by these features allowing easy visual detection of segments. Utilization model suggests that each agency has a potential based on its location, determined by several local socioeconomic factors, and it explains the capability of converting potential to profit. To compute utilization scores, we adapt point-of-interest data as a parameter to the segmentation model, a novel approach not only in the insurance business but also in the literature. The response model suggests that a responsive agency must follow overall profit trends of the company. Finally, the governance model explains agency/company cooperation in terms of premium production. All together, we propose a segmentation-based agency evaluation model providing understanding of insurance agency behavior that could be explained and formulated along these three dimensions. Based on the findings from a year-long case study and a proceeding implementation period of our models on an actual analytic system of the insurance company donating the data, we reflect on the performance and usability of our behavioral models that were fit on premium sales big data comprising 127 million transactions. Our results suggest that (1) our approach is quite efficient in extracting features from production logs, (2) behavioral models are quite intuitive resulting in straightforward application steps, and (3) the adoption of behavior models in agency segmentation and evaluation processes is an improvement over commonplace approaches in which premium production is used as the sole metric.

The chapter examines the changing attitude of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) towards the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the governance of anti-doping. Initially, the IOC was responsible for coordinating anti-doping efforts. However, in 1999, WADA was established as an independent agency responsible for bringing global consistency to regulations and anti-doping policies. Since WADA’s establishment, WADA and the IOC have exhibited a tense relationship. Although the IOC is a primary stakeholder in the anti-doping regime, it has sometimes been highly critical of WADA and equivocal in its support for WADA activities. Unlike the IOC, the IPC is relatively new to the issue of doping and, in recent years, has adopted a different response to the IOC. For example, the IPC banned Russia from the Rio 2016 Summer Paralympics. The chapter argues there is an unresolved tension between the IOC and WADA as a key factor that is arguably undermining the effectiveness of anti-doping efforts. Consequently, a key governing challenge for WADA is to achieve stronger global buy-in than is reflected in WADA’s governing structures.

This essay explores the evolution of my thinking on risky emergency lending to banks and non-banks. The Fed is now, in the Pandemic, engaging in lending with significant credit risk. While it appears these are Fed programs, in fact this lending is controlled by, and may be largely determined, by the Treasury. This is proper but should be clear. Lending with significant credit risk is a fiscal decision and should be made by the elected government not by an independent agency, whether made to banks or non-banks. And it should be the Treasury’s role, as advised by the Fed, to determine when there is significant credit risk. When there is no significant credit risk, the Fed should make the lending decision, without control or approval of the Treasury, again whether to banks or non-banks, as part of their role as liquidity supplier and lender of last resort. If there is disagreement as to whether there is significant credit risk the Treasury’s view should prevail.

The paper reviews the Italian experience in the evaluation of research in the 2000–2020 period. The initial exercise (VTR 2000–2003) did not involve all researchers and had no impact on funding. After a long political and cultural debate there was a decision to create an independent Agency in charge of a periodic research assessment, involving all researchers, and having impact on performance-based funding. The legislation was approved in 2006 and the Agency was created in 2010–2011. In parallel, a major reform of academic promotion was approved in 2010. The Agency (ANVUR) launched three exercises, two of which have been completed and published ('Valutazione della Qualità della Ricerca', or Assessment of Research Quality, VQR 2004–2010 and VQR 2011–2014). It also developed a complete array of quantitative indicators to be used as a threshold for candidates to the academic promotion (Habilitation). The paper offers detailed evidence of the evaluative framework, the main methodological and practical problems and the changes and adaptations introduced over time. It concludes with several policy implications.

We argue that the independent agency of EU institutions can serve not only to tie the member states to previous policy commitments, as argued in the extant literature, but also to untie member states from commitments that have become outdated and harmful. The European Central Bank saved the Euro in 2012 not by enforcing the monetary financing prohibition or the no-bail-out clause of the Treaty more strictly but by flouting them. We develop our de-commitment account of supranational agency theoretically, show its workings empirically by a case study of the Eurozone crisis, and discuss its scope conditions. We surmise that supranational de-commitment is a common feature of EU politics.

Antidumping (AD) is the most widely used non-tariff barrier. To deflect political pressure, in the United States, final decisions on AD are delegated to the International Trade Commission (ITC), an independent agency composed of six non-elected commissioners. Using a newly collected dataset, I study the determinants of all final ITC votes on AD during the 1989–2010 period. I find that ITC commissioners decisions on AD crucially depend on which party has appointed them and on the trade policy interests of key senators in that party: whether commissioners vote in favor of AD depends heavily on whether the petitioning industry is key (in terms of employment) in the states represented by leading senators of the Republican and Democratic parties, indicating that commissioners are reactive to party-specific political pressure. Interestingly, pressure seems to be more effective when the case for voting in favor or against AD is less clear-cut, suggesting that ITC commissioners are more likely to vote in line with political parties’ interests when it matters more.

The changes that occur in the community with the presence of the waste bank program will undoubtedly pass through a process that takes place gradually and involves the role of the independent agency that is very unusual. Therefore, the research objectives here is to analyze the stages of changes going on in society as a result of the existence of the Waste Bank and parse variables agent role in those changes. This research used the qualitative method with descriptive, i.e., design studies that give a picture carefully regarding certain individuals or groups about the circumstances and symptoms occur and then be matched with the prevailing theory. Data collection is done by observation and FGD. Persistence and effort drive the large and structured society that eventually led to the results shown by the number of benefits obtained with the existence of waste bank. The strategy that carried Gemah Ripah waste Bank to remain active up to now serve with the emphasis on children's education, do innovations, using such modern bank management, expand networks and provide socialization and accompaniment to the new waste banks. Keyword: Social change, Agent of change, Waste Bank

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the similarities and differences in the concept of zakat and tax, opinions of the scholars concerning zakat and taxes, as well as explaining about the effective management of zakat based on the application of the concept of tax. The findings in this paper indicate that the similarities between the concepts of zakat and the concept of the tax, namely that both have the elements of force and manager. Meanwhile the differences are that two concepts are located on the side of the name, the legal basic, object, the nature of its obligations, the percentage of the amountpaid, and utilization. The concept of tax which can be applied in order to obtain effective management of zakat is to impose sanctions on manager of zakat and negligent muzzaki not pay their zakat as on tax management. This sanction will improve the system of zakat administration and establishmentof an independent agency that acts as the auditor.Keywords: Zakat, Tax, Similarities, Differences

Modern scholars and bioethicists continue to learn from the Holocaust. Scholarship and history show that the authoritarian Nazi state limited and steered the development and power of professions and professional ethics during the Holocaust. Eliminationist anti-Semitism drove German professions and many professionals to join in policies and programs of mass deportation and ultimately genocidal mass murder, while also excluding many professionals (including most Jewish professionals) from paid work. For many physicians and other medical professionals, humane and truly ethical practices were limited by constrained professional autonomy and coercive state laws. Education and research in natural sciences were distorted by applications of racist eugenic policies and practices. In law schools and legal professions, professionals were rewarded as judgmental enforcers of state policies, often working with limited independent agency and in the public sphere. Mass harm and mass crimes were therefore perpetrated in accordance with Nazi laws and policies, incorporating professions and professionals into destructive practices, along with other occupational groups.

We are still struggling with the inability of courts to assess the efficacy of forensic evidence. When a forensic expert testifies about a method that has not been found to be valid and reliable, the expert does not know what he does not know and cannot explain the limits of the evidence. This is unacceptable. Judges and juries must understand the levels of uncertainty that are associated with forensic evidence so that they can determine whether the prosecution has met its burden of proving that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. We still need a national, independent agency to oversee forensic research and practices. This was the most important recommendation of the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Science Community. We also need more top scientists engaged in serious research to determine the validity and reliability of forensic methods. And we need these individuals to appear in court to explain the limits of the evidence.

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent agency charged with determining the probable cause of transportation accidents and promoting transportation safety. We collect a large volume of highly complex and diverse data, which is often integrated into digital illustrations to help explain the accident events, probable cause, and relevant safety issues. One major accident investigation in which digital illustrations were key was our investigation into the sinking of the cargo ship SS El Faro in 2015. (Fig. 1)

Using the model developed by Battese and Coelli (1995), we compare the technical efficiency of urban water utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa countries. We examine how private-sector participation, economic regulation, and their combination affects technical efficiency. We find that regulating water utility operations via performance contracts leads to higher technical efficiency compared to control by an independent regulatory agency. Private-sector participation in management has a positive effect on technical efficiency. However, there is no evidence of a statistically significant difference between the technical efficiency of publicly and privately owned utilities, respectively, when they are regulated by either an independent agency or a performance contract.