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The Test of Practical Judgment (TOP-J) has not been thoroughly investigated in terms of its incremental validity. In the current study, we explored whether the TOP-J adds unique and meaningful information to the neuropsychological assessment beyond other executive functioning tests that are often used as proxies for practical judgment. Ninety-seven older adults who were classified as cognitively unimpaired, with subjective cognitive decline, or with mild cognitive impairment completed a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Incremental validity was assessed through hierarchical ordinal regression analysis by modeling the TOP-J (Forms A and B, 15-item and 9-item versions), in addition to widely used tests of executive function, with participant classification/diagnosis as the outcome. The addition of the TOP-J (both 15-item versions) added incremental validity beyond traditional executive functioning measures to predict diagnosis. Including the TOP-J within neuropsychological evaluations of older adults may enhance differentiation of preclinical dementia diagnoses and provide clinically valuable information to the exam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family‐supportive supervisor behaviours (FSSB) and their association with employees' work, family, and health outcomes have been widely investigated in workplace contexts. We aimed to acquire a comprehensive understanding of whether FSSB have valuable associations with work, family, and health outcomes and to investigate how FSSB are related to these outcomes using 126 independent samples retrieved from 122 articles (N = 59,068). Our findings revealed several outcomes. First, the bivariate results demonstrated that FSSB were significantly associated with essential work, family, and health outcomes. Second, FSSB exerted beneficial incremental effects on task performance, burnout, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction beyond coworker support, flexible work arrangements, and family‐supportive organizational perceptions, providing further support for its discriminant validity. Third, we built an integrative model that uses ability‐motivation‐opportunity as our organizational framework. Our findings demonstrate that FSSB are significantly associated with employees' work and health outcomes through self‐efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and autonomy. Intrinsic motivation exerts the largest mean indirect effect, followed by self‐efficacy and autonomy. Based on these findings, we discuss theoretical and practical implications as well as directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on measuring the intensity of disgust has required the development of instruments to measure this construct. Given that, a more culturally appropriate scale is needed to ensure a valid and reliable measurement of disgust. The concept of "disgust" does not have an appropriate literature in Romanian pathology, and Disgust Scale-Revised (DS-R) is quite rarely used in the public health context. Therefore, this study focuses on the psychometric properties of the Romanian adaptation of the DS-R, one of the preferred instruments for measuring disgust. More specifically, the research investigated different forms of reliability and validity of the DS-R, using both Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis approaches. In general, the results showed good fidelity, fit of the single-factor model of the DS-R, good convergent and divergent validity with respect to the relationships of this scale with other variables. The study also highlights the important role of disgust and anxiety in predicting obsessive-compulsive symptoms. In conclusion, further refinement of the scale could be useful for a more comprehensive development of this instrument in the clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difficulties in emotion regulation (DER) is a defining feature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and arguments are being made for it to be considered as a defining feature of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). However, the consensus is that it is better viewed as an important correlate distinct from ADHD. This study examined the incremental validity of DER over and above trait impulsivity (TI) in the predictions of ADHD and ODD symptoms. It also examined the incremental validity of affect lability (AL) over and above TI and (DER) in these predictions. Five hundred and twenty-five adults from the general community completed a series of questionnaires. A model-based SEM approach for evaluating incremental validity indicated that TI predicted ADHD and ODD symptoms over age; DER predicted ADHD and ODD symptoms over age and TI; and AL did not predict ADHD and ODD symptoms over and above age, IT, or DER. In addition, AL predicted ADHD and ODD symptoms over age and TI, and DER also predicted ADHD and ODD symptoms over and above age, TI, and AL. In conclusion, TI is core to ADHD, and although DER is important, it is unlikely to be relevant as a diagnostic indicator for ADHD or ODD. These findings notwithstanding, there is need for caution when interpreting our findings, as the study did not control for potentially influencing factors on emotional regulation such as age, gender, culture, and existing psychopathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of Big Five personality traits in exposure to workplace bullying has been a focus of numerous studies. Yet less is known about the incremental validity of narrower personality constructs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the incremental effect of gelotophobia (the fear of being laughed at) in predicting exposure to workplace bullying beyond the Big Five personality domains. The sample comprised 328 employees (77% females) from different regions of the Czech Republic. Correlational analysis showed that negative emotionality and gelotophobia were related to workplace bullying in theoretically expected ways. Results from a multiple regression indicated that gelotophobia had an incremental effect in predicting exposure to workplace bullying over and above the personality domains. Overall, this study provides new insights and extends previous investigations concerning the role of gelotophobia in workplace bullying. We also discuss the limitations of our study and provide suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to translate and validate the Multidimensional Workaholism Scale (MWS) for the Japanese population in two divided studies. The MWS has four dimensions—motivational, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral—with a correlated four‐factor model. In Study 1, we translated the MWS into Japanese using the back‐translation method. Next, 200 participants recruited by a research company answered the Japanese version of the MWS. An exploratory factor analysis of the collected data indicated four factors that were in line with the original scale. In the second survey, 316 different participants were recruited using the same method as in Study 1, and they responded to the MWS, WorkBat, Dutch Work Addiction Scale, work engagement, perfectionism, work–family conflict, and negative affect measures. At first, we tested different factorial models of the MWS through the confirmatory factor analysis and correlated the four‐factor model that indicated the best model fit. Next, the discriminant, convergent, and incremental validity of the MWS were tested in Study 2. In general, the Japanese version of the MWS has good validity and reliability. Finally, some of the results, implications, and limitations of this study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notions of metacognition and ego-resiliency seem to commonly represent an ability to adaptively adjust self-control to fit the requirements of environments. The latter presents a general mechanism of adaptive adjustment while the former presents a specific example of learning activity. As ego-resiliency was almost fully indicated by the General Factor of Personality (GFP) as the literature suggested, the present study tested the relationship between the GFP and metacognition and then compared their influences on learning adaptation. As found, the GFP highly overlapped with overall metacognition (r = 0.69). Within the three dimensions of metacognition, metacognitive skills correlated with the GFP much higher than metacognitive knowledge and experience, suggesting that the GFP is more linked with the application of metacognition in learning. By comparison, the GFP displayed much higher correlations with metacognitive skills and experience as well as learning adaptation than any Big Five traits, showing its incremental power in correlation with those variables. More importantly, in the mediation model, the GFP was found to be the root reason for the outcomes of learning adaptation and accounted for most of the impact of metacognition on learning adaptation. With these findings, the limitations of the present study and suggestions for future studies were discussed.

Correlation does not imply causation and psychologists' causal inference training often focuses on the conclusion that therefore experiments are needed—without much consideration for the causal inference frameworks used elsewhere. This leaves researchers ill‐equipped to solve inferential problems that they encounter in their work, leading to mistaken conclusions and incoherent statistical analyses. For a more systematic approach to causal inference, this article provides brief introductions to the potential outcomes framework—the "lingua franca" of causal inference—and to directed acyclic graphs, a graphical notation that makes it easier to systematically reason about complex causal situations. I then discuss two issues that may be of interest to researchers in social and personality psychology who think that formalized causal inference is of little relevance to their work. First, posttreatment bias: In various common scenarios (noncompliance, mediation analysis, missing data), researchers may analyze data from experimental studies in a manner that results in internally invalid conclusions, despite randomization. Second, tests of incremental validity: Routine practices in personality psychology suggest that they may be conducted for at least two different reasons (to demonstrate the non‐redundancy of new scales, to support causal conclusions) without being particularly suited for either purpose. Taking causal inference seriously is challenging; it reveals assumptions that may make many uncomfortable. However, ultimately it is a necessary step to ensure the validity of psychological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have summarized the literature relevant to the incremental validity of tools and procedures for the assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current project reviewed such studies published in the prior 18 years. Results from studies on the incremental validity of measures used in the assessment of ADHD were reviewed. Measures included symptom reports, clinical interviews, behavioral observation, continuous performance and other psychomotor tasks, intelligence tests, and measures of executive function. Twenty-nine published studies and two reviews were identified from 2004 to 2022. Incremental validity was determined using various statistics including R 2, classification metrics, odds ratios, and post-test probabilities. Findings suggest that symptom reports from a collateral source and continuous performance test measures have incremental validity over self-reports and clinical interviews. Measures of intellectual and executive functioning did not show incremental validity in the diagnosis of ADHD. Findings are relevant to the practitioner, as they bear on the optimization of both the cost-effectiveness and the diagnostic accuracy of combined procedures in the assessment of ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the incremental validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) and the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO PI-3) scores in predicting California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training dimension (i.e., the POST-10) ratings in public safety (n = 754) pre-employment psychological evaluations (PPEs). Although research has supported the use of the MMPI and NEO PI instruments separately, no study has evaluated the use of these abnormal- and normal-range tests in conjunction, consistent with the POST Manual requirement of use of clinical and normal-range personality measures. The MMPI-3 and NEO PI-3 were completed during PPE. Problem ratings in the POST-10 dimensions were rated using information from the assessing psychologist's report. MMPI-3 and NEO PI-3 scores incremented one another in nearly every hierarchical ordinal logit regression model conducted to predict the ratings for five dimensions. Clinical implications and limitations, including potential criterion contamination especially for NEO PI-3 scores, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of Big Five personality traits in exposure to workplace bullying has been a focus of numerous studies. Yet less is known about the incremental validity of narrower personality constructs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the incremental effect of gelotophobia (the fear of being laughed at) in predicting exposure to workplace bullying beyond the Big Five personality domains. The sample comprised 328 employees (77% females) from different regions of the Czech Republic. Correlational analysis showed that negative emotionality and gelotophobia were related to workplace bullying in theoretically expected ways. Results from a multiple regression indicated that gelotophobia had an incremental effect in predicting exposure to workplace bullying over and above the personality domains. Overall, this study provides new insights and extends previous investigations concerning the role of gelotophobia in workplace bullying. We also discuss the limitations of our study and provide suggestions for future research.

Difficulties in emotion regulation (DER) is a defining feature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and arguments are being made for it to be considered as a defining feature of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). However, the consensus is that it is better viewed as an important correlate distinct from ADHD. This study examined the incremental validity of DER over and above trait impulsivity (TI) in the predictions of ADHD and ODD symptoms. It also examined the incremental validity of affect lability (AL) over and above TI and (DER) in these predictions. Five hundred and twenty-five adults from the general community completed a series of questionnaires. A model-based SEM approach for evaluating incremental validity indicated that TI predicted ADHD and ODD symptoms over age; DER predicted ADHD and ODD symptoms over age and TI; and AL did not predict ADHD and ODD symptoms over and above age, IT, or DER. In addition, AL predicted ADHD and ODD symptoms over age and TI, and DER also predicted ADHD and ODD symptoms over and above age, TI, and AL. In conclusion, TI is core to ADHD, and although DER is important, it is unlikely to be relevant as a diagnostic indicator for ADHD or ODD. These findings notwithstanding, there is need for caution when interpreting our findings, as the study did not control for potentially influencing factors on emotional regulation such as age, gender, culture, and existing psychopathologies.

Depressogenic self‐referential processing (e.g., self‐schemas reflecting shallower processing of positive, and deeper processing of negative, self‐descriptive words) is an established cognitive vulnerability to depression. Alterations of event‐related potentials (ERPs) during self‐referential processing have been observed in adolescents with depression risk or clinical depression. However, no study has examined ERPs associated with self‐referential processing in typical‐risk youth with emerging depressive symptoms during late childhood, a high‐risk period for depression. It is also unclear to what extent ERPs provide incremental validity in predicting symptoms beyond performance on self‐referential processing tasks. Sixty‐five community‐dwelling children (38 girls; mean age/SD = 11.02/1.59 years) completed a self‐referent encoding task (SRET) with EEG recorded. Children showed a larger P2 and a larger late positive potential (LPP) in response to positive SRET stimuli versus negative stimuli. Hierarchical regression showed that in the positive condition only, including ERP correlates (P1, P2, LPP) and interactions between the ERPs and positive SRET score increased the explained variation in depressive symptoms beyond behavioral SRET performance. The LPP in response to positive words was associated with lower depressive symptoms. The P1 and P2 in response to positive words interacted with positive SRET score, such that the association between positive SRET score and symptoms was significant in children with greater P1 but smaller P2. We provide novel evidence supporting the incremental validity of ERPs beyond behavioral makers in predicting emerging depressive symptoms in children. Our findings also highlight the moderating role of ERP activity in strengthening the association between behavioral markers of self‐schemas and depressive outcomes. This study provides novel evidence on the incremental validity of ERP measures of self‐referential processing in predicting emerging depressive symptoms in late childhood, beyond the behavioral indices of self‐schemas. We also highlight the moderating role of ERP activity in strengthening the linkages between behavioral indices of self‐referential processing and depressive outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Interamericana de Psicología is the property of Sociedad Interamericana de Psicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigated how scores from the Rorschach task and self-reports of psychotic-like disturbance distinguish individuals attempting to appear insane (i.e., feigning) from patients with psychotic disturbances or nonpatient controls. We also evaluated whether Rorschach scores provide incremental validity over self-reported symptoms. The study used 50 nonpatients asked to feign (F; age M = 19.5, SD = 1.5), 88 incarcerated forensic inpatients deemed not guilty by reason of insanity or incompetent to stand trial (P; age M = 40.8, SD = 13.5), and 47 standard nonpatient controls (S; age M = 19.8, SD = 2.2). Participants responded to the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS), the Magical Ideation Scale (MIS), and the Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS). We compared each pair of groups (i.e., F vs. P, P vs. S, and F vs. S) with separate predetermined hypotheses addressing the multimethod assessment of feigning or psychosis and ran logistic regressions including Rorschach and self-reported scores to predict group membership (e.g., F vs. P). Primary analyses found validity for Critical Contents and a revised version of it, the Thought and Perception Composite (TP-Comp), a variable we call Breaking the Card Boundary (BCB), and self-reported symptoms. In supplementary analyses, we document validity for subcomponents of TP-Comp alone and in combination with BCB. We also found it was easier to feign self-reported symptoms than R-PAS assessed characteristics and that R-PAS variables had incremental validity over self-reports on the MIS-PAS. Finally, we note limitations and suggest future paths, such as evaluating the generalizability of the results when considering attempts to feign severe mental illness on the trauma spectrum and creating a feigning composite using cross-validated logistic regression equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have mostly focused on the negative elements of self-directed humor (SDH) in well-being and measured their individual differences. Tsukawaki and Imura Personality and Individual Differences, 157, (2020) developed the Dual Self-Directed Humor Scale (DSDHS), which is the first scale to measure individual differences in SDH across two dimensions, negative (Deleterious SDH) and positive (Benign SDH). Although the DSDHS has provided promising initial evidence of validity and reliability, its psychometric properties need further investigation. Our first objective was to investigate the relationship between the two dimensions of the DSDHS and the Big Five personality characteristics, and to establish construct validity. Our second objective was to verify the incremental validity of the DSDHS and in using the Big Five and four humor styles as comparison criteria, we tested whether the DSDHS could account for additional variance in well-being prediction, even when they were controlled for. The results show a discriminatory correlation between the two dimensions of the DSDHS and the Big Five, verifying the construct validity. Moreover, two dimensions of the DSDHS were found to explain further variations in well-being, even after controlling for the Big Five or four humor styles, showing incremental validity. Further evidence on validity of the DSDHS was provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although workplace social capital (WSC) is a relevant construct that contributes positively to employee and organizational wellness, there is lack of consensus regarding its definition and measurement. The aim of this paper was to synthesize a valid definition of WSC and develop an instrument measuring the construct. Based on a literature review of existing definitions (Phase 1), we conceptualized WSC as a workplace resource that concerns employees' perceptions regarding trust, reciprocity (cognitive WSC), and network interactions (structural WSC) that exist among peers (bonding WSC) and among individuals across hierarchical levels and organizations (bridging WSC). Next, we developed the WSC Inventory (WoSCi; Phase 2) and, we tested the psychometric properties of the new scale (Phase 3). The initial structure of the scale was explored in a sample of university employees (N = 376). Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis in a heterogeneous sample of 733 employees nested in 158 work groups supported the hypothesized factor structure of the WoSCi. Results also supported the internal consistency, as well as the convergent, criterion-related and incremental validity of the WoSCi in explaining work engagement, burnout, job performance over and above similar constructs, such as individual social capital and psychological capital. These results highlight the relevance of WSC as defined and measured with the WoSCi and underline its value for explaining work-related well-being and organizational behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades there have been significant changes in the conceptualization of reading as well as in the perception of how this activity should be assessed. Interest in the analysis of reading processes has led to the emergence of new explanatory models based primarily on the contributions of cognitive psychology. In parallel, there have been notable advances in measurement procedures, especially in models based on Item Response Theory (IRT), as well as in the capacity and performance of specific software programs that allow data to be managed and analyzed. These changes have contributed significantly to the rise of testing procedures such as computerized adaptive tests (CATs), whose fundamental characteristic is that the sequence of items presented in the tests is adapted to the level of competence that the subject manifests. Likewise, the incorporation of elements of dynamic assessment (DA) as the prompts are gradually offered allows for obtaining information about the type and degree of support required to optimize the subjects performance. In this sense, the confluence of contributions from DA and CATs offers a new possibility for approaching the assessment of learning processes. In this article, we present a longitudinal research developed in two phases, through which a computerized dynamic adaptive assessment battery of reading processes (EDPL-BAI) was configured. The research frame involved 1,831 students (46% girls) from 13 public schools in three regions of Chile. The purpose of this study was to analyze the differential contribution on reading competence of dynamic scores obtained in a subsample composed of 324 (47% girls) students from third to sixth grade after the implementation of a set of adaptive dynamic tests of morpho-syntactic processes. The results achieved in the structural equation modeling indicate a good global fit. Individual relationships show a significant contribution of calibrated score that reflects estimated knowledge level on reading competence, as well as dynamic scores based on the assigned value of graduated prompts required by the students. These results showed significant predictive values on reading competence and incremental validity in relation to predictions made by static criterion tests.

The Short Depression Happiness Scale (SDHS) was developed to simultaneously assess depression and happiness on the opposite ends of the emotional valence continuum. The present study aimed to investigate and further validate the factor structure of the SDHS in a convenience sample of a large Arabic-speaking community. As part of an online survey, participants (n = 656) completed the SDHS, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory. To independently perform exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the data were randomly split into two halves. The results of the EFA and CFA provided a one-factor solution as the satisfactory-fitting model for the scale (X2 = 43.39, df = 9, p <.001; CIMIN/DF = 4.82, CFI =.94, TLI =.91, RMSEA =.11, SRMR =.05). The convergent validity of the SDHS was confirmed via the relationships with life satisfaction, depression, anxiety, stress and personality traits (correlations ranged between.23 and −.72). The SDHS explained unique variance (Δr2 = ranged between.06 and.23%) in well-being indicators above and beyond the personality traits. The Arabic translation of the SDHS was consistent with the original solution that would facilitate the advancement of happiness research across cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The factor structure, reliability, and concurrent, convergent, and incremental validity were tested for a new theoretically informed measure of couple relationship mindfulness, the Mindfulness in Couple Relationships Scale (MCRS). Methods: The analytic (training) sample included 408 (independent) adult men and women, and the cross-validation (test) sample included 368 adults who responded to 52 survey items as part of a measurement development study conducted within the context of a relationship education evaluation. Both samples were racially, economically, and relationally diverse. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses of individual measurement models in the training sample informed the refinement of a 31-item, eight-factor measure. The full measurement model had good fit and reliability. Cross-validation in the test sample provided further evidence of validity and reliability. Support for concurrent validity was evidenced by significant associations between the MCRS and couple quality, relationship positivity, relationship negativity, and sexual satisfaction. Support for convergent validity was evidenced by significant associations between the MCRS and the abbreviated Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Finally, regression models indicated support for incremental validity over and above the influence of the abbreviated FFMQ (i.e., a measure of individual mindfulness) in predicting relationship well-being. Conclusions: This measure provides an efficient and multi-dimensional assessment of mindfulness in the context of couple relationships and may prove useful, whether using the total scale or subscales of the measure, in future research and in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meta-analyses show that the correlations of approaches to learning with academic achievement are low. However, only one study has controlled these correlations in the presence of intelligence. Our study investigates the incremental validity of the surface and deep approaches taking cognitive abilities as control and applied the multiple linear regression and CART regression tree method in a diversified sample of high school students from Minas Gerais, Brazil. We found a prediction of 20.37% and 35.20% of the outcome variance, through the linear regression and CART, respectively. Our results show that although cognitive abilities are more important than students' approaches, the approaches have incremental validity and important roles as predictors of academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meta-analyses show that the correlations of approaches to learning with academic achievement are low. However, only one study has controlled these correlations in the presence of intelligence. Our study investigates the incremental validity of the surface and deep approaches taking cognitive abilities as control and applied the multiple linear regression and CART regression tree method in a diversified sample of high school students from Minas Gerais, Brazil. We found a prediction of 20.37% and 35.20% of the outcome variance, through the linear regression and CART, respectively. Our results show that although cognitive abilities are more important than students’ approaches, the approaches have incremental validity and important roles as predictors of academic achievement.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) includes a new Impulsivity (IMP) scale designed to assess for poor impulse-control and non-planful behavior, which was added to broaden the utility of the instrument. The current study aimed to examine the criterion and incremental validity of the IMP scale. A university student sample (n = 1,440) and a community sample oversampled for externalizing tendencies (n = 231) were used for this purpose, and IMP scores were compared to scores on various well-validated criterion measures of impulsivity and externalizing psychopathology. To examine the scale’s incremental validity, hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine whether IMP adds to other MMPI-3 Specific Problem (SP) scales in the prediction of relevant criteria. The IMP scale primarily showed meaningful correlations with the Negative Urgency and Positive Urgency on the UPPS-P. Significant correlations were also observed with the cognitive, behavioral, disinhibition, and lifestyle domains of various psychopathy measures, as well as measures of antisocial personality disorder and substance use. The IMP scale scores accounted for incremental variance in most of the directly relevant criterion measures above and beyond scores of other MMPI-3 SP scales. Several important caveats, limitations, and future directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers are vigorously debating whether psychopathic personality includes seemingly adaptive traits, especially social and physical boldness. In a large sample (N = 1,565) of adult offenders, we examined the incremental validity of 2 operationalizations of boldness (Fearless Dominance traits in the Psychopathy Personality Inventory [Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996]; Boldness traits in the triarchic model of psychopathy [Patrick, Fowles, & Krueger, 2009]), above and beyond other characteristics of psychopathy, in statistically predicting scores on 4 psychopathy-related measures, including the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). The incremental validity added by boldness traits in predicting the PCL-R's representation of psychopathy was especially pronounced for interpersonal traits (e.g., superficial charm, deceitfulness). Our analyses, however, revealed unexpected sex differences in the relevance of these traits to psychopathy, with boldness traits exhibiting reduced importance for psychopathy in women. We discuss the implications of these findings for measurement models of psychopathy. (PsycINFO Database Record

Aim: The Discounting Inventory was developed to provide researchers and practitioners with a standardized tool to asses individual differences in delay, probabilistic, effort and social discounting, all related to behavioral impulsivity. Convergent and discriminant validity of the Discounting Inventory was evaluated by comparing its associations with external variables to those obtained using standardized discounting measures with the same external variables. Subjects and methods: A sample of 347 volunteers was examined. The first questionnaire completed by all participants was the Discounting Inventory. Individuals also completed the traditional discounting measure using pairs of hypothetical choices. The external measures included the Sensation Seeking Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Eysenck Impulsivity Venturesomeness Empathy Questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, and Temperament and Character Inventory. Results: The results revealed that although almost all correlations were significant for both the Discounting Inventory and the traditional discounting measures, most of the correlations between external variables and the Discounting Inventory were significantly higher than those between external variables and traditional discounting measures. However, both discounting measures were most strongly correlated with external measures of impulsivity, which is not surprising given the fact that discounting is seen as a behavioral impulsivity. Finally, most relationships between the Discounting Inventory and external variables were incrementally valid over the traditional discounting measures. Conclusion: The Discounting Inventory can help to diagnose problems with behavioral impulsivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychologia is the property of Universidad de San Buenaventura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The notions of metacognition and ego-resilienc seem to commonly represent an ability to adaptively adjust self-control to fit the requirements of environments. The latter presents a general mechanism of adaptive adjustment while the former presents a specific example of learning activity. As ego-resiliency was almost fully indicated by the General Factor of Personality (GFP) as the literature suggested, the present study tested the relationship between the GFP and metacognition and then compared their influences on learning adaptation. As found, the GFP highly overlapped with overall metacognition ( r  = 0.69). Within the three dimensions of metacognition, metacognitive skills correlated with the GFP much higher than metacognitive knowledge and experience, suggesting that the GFP is more linked with the application of metacognition in learning. By comparison, the GFP displayed much higher correlations with metacognitive skills and experience as well as learning adaptation than any Big Five traits, showing its incremental power in correlation with those variables. More importantly, in the mediation model, the GFP was found to be the root reason for the outcomes of learning adaptation and accounted for most of the impact of metacognition on learning adaptation. With these findings, the limitations of the present study and suggestions for future studies were discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author.)

Background: Meeting the needs of people bereaved by COVID-19 poses a substantial challenge to palliative care. The Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS) is a 5-item mental health screener to identify probable cases of dysfunctional grief during the pandemic. Objective: The PGS has strong psychometric and diagnostic features. The objective was to examine the incremental validity of the PGS in identifying mourners at risk of harmful outcomes. Design: A cross-sectional survey design involving sociodemographic questions and self-report measures of pandemic grief, generalized anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, separation distress, functional impairment, meaning-making difficulties, and substance use coping. Setting/Subjects: A sample of people bereaved through COVID-19 (N = 1065) in the United States. Results: Fully 56.6% of participants scored above the cut score of ≥7 on the PGS for clinically dysfunctional pandemic grief and 69.7% coped with their loss using drugs or alcohol for at least several days in past two weeks. PGS scores were not associated with time since loss. Hierarchical multiple regression models demonstrated that the PGS uniquely explained variance in functional impairment, meaning-making difficulties, and substance use coping, over relevant background factors, bereavement-related psychopathology, and separation distress. In the final model, the standardized regression coefficients for the PGS were 2–15 times larger than for the other competing measures in explaining each of the three outcomes. Conclusions: The findings underscore the clinical utility of this short and easy-to-use measure in identifying risk of deleterious outcomes across a range of functional and behavioral domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers frequently wish to make incremental validity claims, suggesting that a construct of interest significantly predicts a given outcome when controlling for other overlapping constructs and potential confounders. Once the significance of such an effect has been established, it is good practice to also assess and report its magnitude. In OLS regression, this is easily accomplished by calculating the change in R-squared, ΔR2, between one's full model and a reduced model that omits all but the target predictor(s) of interest. Because observed variable regression methods ignore measurement error, however, their estimates are prone to bias and inflated type I error rates. As a result, researchers are increasingly encouraged to switch from observed variable modeling conducted in the regression framework to latent variable modeling conducted in the structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. Standard SEM software packages provide overall R2 measures for each outcome, yet calculation of ΔR2 is not intuitive in models with latent variables. Omitting all indicators of a latent factor in a reduced model will alter the overidentifying constraints imposed on the model, affecting parameter estimation and fit. Furthermore, omitting variables in a reduced model may affect estimation under missing data, particularly when conditioning on those variables is essential to meeting the MAR assumption. In this article, I describe four approaches to calculating ΔR2 in SEMs with latent variables and missing data, compare their performance via simulation, describe a set of extensions to the methods, and provide a set of R functions for calculating ΔR2 in SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiential avoidance is conceptualized as a core psychopathological process in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Much of the empirical support for the theoretical conceptualization and efficacy of ACT interventions is based on operationally defining experiential avoidance as scores on the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II; Bond et al., 2011) and its predecessor, the AAQ (Hayes et al., 2004). However, both measures have been criticized for exhibiting poor discriminant validity from measures of related constructs. The present study sought to evaluate the incremental predictive validity of the AAQ-II for symptoms of panic, social anxiety, generalized anxiety, obsessive compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders after controlling for neuroticism, functional impairment, life satisfaction, anxiety sensitivity, quality of life, positive and negative affect, and distress tolerance in a large sample of adults (n = 552). A series of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that AAQ-II scores uniquely predicted anxiety symptoms over and above measures of related constructs for all outcomes except social anxiety. Relative weights analysis revealed that the AAQ-II accounted for 10.5–17.5% of the variance in outcome scores explained by regression models and emerged as one of the top three predictors by relative weight in all five models. The present findings support the empirical and clinical utility of the AAQ-II and indicate that its predictive power for anxiety disorder symptomology is not simply attributable to overlap with measures of related constructs. • AAQ-II scores incrementally predict panic symptoms. • AAQ-II scores incrementally predict anxiety disorder symptoms. • AAQ-II scores incrementally predict PTSD and OCD symptoms. • AAQ-II scores do not incrementally predict social anxiety symptoms. • AAQ-II incrementally predicts anxiety symptoms over neuroticism and impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One individual difference that emerged over the years is equity sensitivity. It was posited that this construct may be a central factor in predicting work outcomes in reactions to inequity. However, its conceptual overlap with already established dimensions of personality has been insufficiently taken into consideration so far. The present study examines the incremental validity of equity sensitivity in predicting counterproductive work behaviors and perception of organizational justice over the Big Five personality traits. The study sample consisted of 223 Romanian working adults. Results showed that, although equity sensitivity had a significant relationship with counterproductive work behaviors after controlling for the Big five personality traits, its incremental validity was small, with little practical utility. Moreover, the incremental validity of equity sensitivity in predicting justice dimension above the Big-Five personality dimensions was not supported. Theoretical and practical implications of equity sensitivity for personnel selection are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • It became popular to demonstrate that the specific variance can make a substantial contribution to accurate personality judgements. • All these claims were based on using the method or residuals, which is assumed being capable of separating the specific from the common variance. • This study demonstrates that the residual scores still contain a substantial amount of the common variance, which means that the method of multiple regression is required which demonstrates, however, that residual scores improve the percentage of explained variance only marginally. It has become popular to demonstrate that the specific variance can make a substantial contribution to accurate personality judgements. This study challenges the main assumption that transformation of manifest scores into residual scores is capable of separating the specific from the common variance. Based on two large samples (N = 11,086), in which participants and their well-acquainted observers completed either the NEO-PI-3 or the HEXACO-PI-R personality inventory, we demonstrated that the residual scores still contain a substantial amount of the common variance, which inflates correlations with criterion variables. An alternative method using multiple regression showed that different forms of residual scores have a modest incremental improvement of explained variance beyond the effects of the common variance contained in the manifest scores. On average, the specific variance improves the self-other agreement less than 4 % consequently having a marginal effect on accurate personality judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well‐established that selection decisions can be improved using multiple non‐redundant assessments. Two such assessments are cognitive ability and conscientiousness. Though meta‐analytic findings demonstrate little or no relationship between cognitive ability and conscientiousness, faking research suggests the two variables are related when test‐takers are motivated to fake. We extend this logic by showing that incremental validity for conscientiousness declines when respondents fake, due to enhanced collinearity between conscientiousness and cognitive ability. Three studies, employing within‐subjects designs and utilizing three different faking conditions, reveal a consistent increase in collinearity between conscientiousness and cognitive ability when respondents are motivated to fake, leading to reduced incremental validity of conscientiousness beyond cognitive ability in predicting the performance. Implications for selection systems are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decades, various predictors have proven relevant for job performance [e.g., general mental ability (GMA), broad personality traits, such as the Big Five]. However, prediction of job performance is far from perfect, and further potentially relevant predictors need to be investigated. Narrower personality traits, such as individuals' character strengths, have emerged as meaningfully related to different aspects of job performance. However, it is still unclear whether character strengths can explain additional variance in job performance over and above already known powerful predictors. Consequently, the present study aimed at (1) examining the incremental validity of character strengths as predictors of job performance beyond GMA and/or the Big Five traits and (2) identifying the most important predictors of job performance out of the 24 character strengths, GMA, and the Big Five. Job performance was operationalized with multidimensional measures of both productive and counterproductive work behavior. A sample of 169 employees from different occupations completed web-based self-assessments on character strengths, GMA, and the Big Five. Additionally, the employees' supervisors provided web-based ratings of their job performance. Results showed that character strengths incrementally predicted job performance beyond GMA, the Big Five, or GMA plus the Big Five; explained variance increased up to 54.8, 43.1, and 38.4%, respectively, depending on the dimension of job performance. Exploratory relative weight analyses revealed that for each of the dimensions of job performance, at least one character strength explained a numerically higher amount of variance than GMA and the Big Five, except for individual task proactivity, where GMA exhibited the numerically highest amount of explained variance. The present study shows that character strengths are relevant predictors of job performance in addition to GMA and other conceptualizations of personality (i.e., the Big Five). This also highlights the role of socio-emotional skills, such as character strengths, for the understanding of performance outcomes above and beyond cognitive ability.

Over the last decades, various predictors have proven relevant for job performance [e.g., general mental ability (GMA), broad personality traits, such as the Big Five]. However, prediction of job performance is far from perfect, and further potentially relevant predictors need to be investigated. Narrower personality traits, such as individuals' character strengths, have emerged as meaningfully related to different aspects of job performance. However, it is still unclear whether character strengths can explain additional variance in job performance over and above already known powerful predictors. Consequently, the present study aimed at (1) examining the incremental validity of character strengths as predictors of job performance beyond GMA and/or the Big Five traits and (2) identifying the most important predictors of job performance out of the 24 character strengths, GMA, and the Big Five. Job performance was operationalized with multidimensional measures of both productive and counterproductive work behavior. A sample of 169 employees from different occupations completed web-based self-assessments on character strengths, GMA, and the Big Five. Additionally, the employees' supervisors provided web-based ratings of their job performance. Results showed that character strengths incrementally predicted job performance beyond GMA, the Big Five, or GMA plus the Big Five; explained variance increased up to 54.8, 43.1, and 38.4%, respectively, depending on the dimension of job performance. Exploratory relative weight analyses revealed that for each of the dimensions of job performance, at least one character strength explained a numerically higher amount of variance than GMA and the Big Five, except for individual task proactivity, where GMA exhibited the numerically highest amount of explained variance. The present study shows that character strengths are relevant predictors of job performance in addition to GMA and other conceptualizations of personality (i.e., the Big Five). This also highlights the role of socio-emotional skills, such as character strengths, for the understanding of performance outcomes above and beyond cognitive ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decade has witnessed growing interests in empirically examining the effectiveness of servant leadership in management research. Our study reviews the literature on servant leadership and analyzes the relationship between servant leadership and its outcome variables. Drawing on social exchange theory, this study uses meta-analysis and find that servant leadership is positively related to followers' job-related outcomes (e.g., psychological empowerment, organizational commitment, service quality), leader-related outcomes (e.g., leader effectiveness), and group-related outcomes (e.g., group service performance). Further, we find that the relationships between servant leadership and its outcomes are moderated by cultural factors (i.e., traditionality, masculinity, individualism, and power distance). Finally, we examine the incremental validity of servant leadership by taking transformational leadership into account and comparing their effects on job performance and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) via leader-member exchange (LMX). Implications for theory and practice are discussed, and an agenda for future research is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This quantitative review systematically integrates the antecedents and outcomes of psychological ownership (PO) and examines its incremental validity and explanatory power compared with two other forms of workplace attachment (i.e., organizational commitment and organizational identification). Across 141 studies published over 20 years, our meta-analysis shows that apart from the factors related to the three traditional categories of PO antecedents (i.e., control, knowing, and investment), safety (e.g., organizational justice, trust, perceived organizational support, and relational closeness) is an emerging antecedent leading to PO. In addition, we find that PO is related not only to employees' attitudinal and performance outcomes but also to some dark-side outcomes (e.g., territorial behaviors). Furthermore, after applying two advanced methods, that is, two-stage meta-analytic structural equation modeling and dominance analysis, to the analysis of 294 studies (including 291 primary studies and three published meta-analyses), the results reveal that PO has an incremental validity above that of organizational commitment and organizational identification in predicting employees' in-role performance and organizational citizenship behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three separate studies demonstrate that socio-emotional skills add incremental validity beyond cognitive ability when predicting leadership and entrepreneurship intention, emergence as well as success. Study 1 uses a longitudinal approach and tests the cognitive ability and vocational interests of 231 students to predict their leadership and entrepreneurship intention. It demonstrates that cognitive ability predicts their intention to become a business leader or entrepreneur 2 years in the future. Importantly, the vocational interests “enterprising” and “social” increase this ability-driven prediction of leadership and entrepreneurship intention (ΔR2Lead.Intent. = 15%, ΔR2Entre.Intent. = 9%). Study 2 investigates 123 business leaders and shows that those with higher cognitive ability more likely emerge as top-level leaders, receive more income and get slightly better supervisor-ratings on their performance. The leaders’ Big Five traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability) added validity beyond cognitive ability when predicting these criteria (ΔR2Income = 9%, ΔR2Lead.Level = 8%, ΔR2Perform. = 15%). Finally, Study 3 includes 155 participants and demonstrates that cognitive ability predicts a person’s entrepreneurial status but not performance. Additionally, considering the Big Five traits improves the prediction of who becomes an entrepreneur and successfully performs as such (ΔR2Status = 7%, ΔR2Perform. = 18%). Importantly, selected Big Five traits and vocational interests boost the importance of cognitive ability in the field of leadership and entrepreneurship. Concluding, this series of studies suggests that it is the combination of personality traits or interests with cognitive ability which is most powerful when predicting leadership and entrepreneurship intention, emergence and success.

Abstract Background Women with comorbid substance use disorders are an extremely vulnerable group having an increased relative risk of negative outcomes such as incarceration, morbidity and mortality. In Sweden, women with comorbid substance use disorders may be placed in compulsory care for substance abuse treatment. Clinical intake assessment procedures are a distinct aspect of clinical practice and are a foundation upon which client motivation and continued treatment occurs. Method The current study is a naturalistic quasi-experiment and aims to assess the five-year costs and benefits of a standard intake interview versus an extended psychological and psychiatric assessment for a group of chronic substance abusing women placed in compulsory care in Sweden between 1997 and 2000. Official register data on criminal activity, healthcare use, compulsory care stays and other services was retrieved and all resources used by study participants from date of index care episode was valued. In addition, the cost of providing the intake assessment was estimated. Results Results show that the extended assessment resulted in higher net costs over five years of between 256,000 and 557,000 SEK per person for women placed in care via the Law on Compulsory Care for Substance Abusers (LVM). Higher assessment costs made up a portion of this cost. The majority of this cost (47–57%) falls on the local municipality (social welfare) and 11.6–13.7% falls on the individual patient. Conclusions Solid evidence supporting the clinical utility or incremental validity of assessment for improving treatment outcomes in this setting was not confirmed.

Interest in job crafting as a means to create more work meaning has led to the development of multi-perspective conceptualizations of job crafting. Although useful comprehensive portraits of complex job crafting activities have emerged, these synthetic conceptualizations tend to overlap, and even inconsistent with each other. This study aimed to clarify these blurred conceptualizations by examining the component and incremental validity of five distinct job crafting measures and their theoretical propositions in predicting work engagement and innovation behaviour. A cross-sectional sample of 162 health professionals and a two-wave longitudinal sample of 130 R&D employees were used. Results revealed that approach crafting is mainly composed of approach-promoting behaviour and active coping behaviour. In predicting work engagement and innovation behaviour, active coping behaviour was distinguished from withdrawal behaviour; role identities crafting was less strongly associated with these outcomes than job characteristics; cognitive crafting accounted for small increments in the variance beyond behaviour crafting. Apparently, crafting essentially comprises behaviour with a positive attitude. Withdrawal behaviour should be removed from crafting concept because its maladaptive perspective is negative. Job crafting measures which promote situational characteristics with personal meaningfulness, as well as precise descriptions of behaviour crafting and cognitive crafting, are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) measures habitual use of two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. The present study tested the psychometric properties and validity of a newly developed Croatian adaptation of the ERQ. In a sample of 347 participants, we first sought to confirm the ERQ's original factor structure. Next, we tested its convergent, divergent and incremental validity. In the first subsample (N = 140), we linked the ERQ with a measure of the Five‐Factor Model dimensions and their facets (Revised NEO Personality Inventory). In the second subsample (N = 207), we tested its ability to predict personality dimensions assessed by a different measure (Big Five Inventory) as well as the traits of positive and negative affect, including its incremental validity in predicting the latter. The results corroborated earlier findings, showing that the Croatian ERQ has equivalent psychometrics and predictive validity as ERQs in other languages. Crucially, the observed links between the ERQ and the facets of the Five‐Factor Model dimensions enrich our understanding of the personality mechanisms behind the employment of these emotion regulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the incremental validity of changes in ten stress-related acute dynamic risk factors, collected through automated telephony over 30 consecutive days following parole, for predicting time to recidivism during the following year. Before release, the participants completed self-report assessment of some stable risk factors – impulsiveness and history of problematic substance use – as well as an assessment of symptoms of anxiety experienced during the weeks prior to release. Analysis of the baseline assessments showed that impulsiveness and a history of problematic substance use, but not pre-release symptoms of anxiety, were associated with recidivism during the parole year. Growth modelling using a linear mixed model was used to assess whether inmates on parole showed changes in acute dynamic risk factors during the first month following release. Individual growth model slopes and intercept were then extracted and used as covariates in a series of Cox regression analyses to test whether changes in acute dynamic risk factors could provide incremental predictive validity beyond baseline stable risk factors. Changes in five dynamic risk factors were associated with an increased risk of recidivism, of which daily drug use and daily summary score showed incremental predictive improvement beyond impulsiveness and history of problematic drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the validity of the Shorter Psychotherapy and Counseling Evaluation (Halstead, Leach, & Rust, 2007). Results supported incremental predictive validity (up to 12%) over the Outcome Questionnaire–10.2 (OQ–10.2), predictive validity with the Outcome Questionnaire–45 and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems–32, and convergent validity with the OQ–10.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]