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Women are more likely than men to be targets of incivility in the workplace. Scholars have referred to this pattern as selective incivility and suggest that incivility directed toward women—that is, selective incivility—is a form of modern sexism in the workplace. However, it remains unclear whether women themselves make sense of incivility from men as a form of gender bias, and when such perceptions shape whether women engage in unique responses to incivility perceived as selective. Drawing on social identity theory, we develop a conceptual model to better understand these relationships. Across two studies with working women, we show that women perceive male‐instigated incivility as selective. Further, our findings show that women are more likely to engage in problem‐focused‐responses (i.e., direct confrontation and formal reporting), rather than emotion‐focused responses (i.e., avoidance) in response to incivility perceived as selective and that these coping responses are, at times, moderated by the frequency of incivility. Overall, our research advances the literature on incivility, selective incivility, and gender bias at work, offers practical implications for managers seeking to foster workplace inclusion, and suggests novel directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incivility, that is, the breaking of social norms of conversation, is evidently prevalent in online political communication. While a growing literature provides evidence on the prevalence of incivility in different online venues, it is still unclear where and to what extent Internet users are exposed to incivility. This paper takes a comparative approach to assess the levels of incivility across contexts, content and personal characteristics. The pre-registered analysis uses detailed web browsing histories, including public Facebook posts and tweets seen by study participants, in combination with surveys collected during the German federal election 2021 (N = 739). The level of incivility is predicted using Google's Perspective API and compared across contexts (platforms and campaign periods), content features, and individual-level variables. The findings show that incivility is particularly strong on Twitter and more prevalent in comments than original posts/tweets on Facebook and Twitter. Content featuring political content and actors is more uncivil, whereas personal characteristics are less relevant predictors. The finding that user-generated political content is the most likely source of individuals' exposure to incivility adds to the understanding of social media's impact on public discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace violence (WPV) has become a crisis for health care workers, with a significant increase in violent events taking place in health care settings across the nation. Health care organizations should develop a comprehensive WPV program that includes recognition, management, and reporting of all types of WPM A large health care system developed strategies and a program to address WPX The health care system believes that a safe and respectful work environment is foundational to the goal of zero preventable harm. The "Safety in the Workplace" initiative was designed to raise awareness of concerning behaviors and to offer tools and resources for identifying, responding to, and reporting incidents of violence, aggression, or disruptive behaviors of WPV During a 6-month pilot of a WPV bundle, there was a 44% reduction in physical violence reports and a 44% reduction in reported incidents of WPX From -Julie 2020 to June 2021, there was a 10% decrease in WPV overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News comments are a great space for citizen interaction, albeit they lack the rationale that would account for an online deliberative space. Through an experiment embedded into a population-based survey, this study seeks to explain how different levels of both incivility and disagreement affect readers on two key variables: negative emotions and user participation. Results show that the exposure to both incivility alone and uncivil disagreement increases negative emotions by the reader, such as anxiety and anger. However, contrary to what literature suggested, incivility by itself was the group with the biggest increase on negative emotions. In terms of online participation (e.g. putting an extra like in a comment), results showed no evidence to indicate a relationship between incivility, disagreement, and online participation. These results support previous findings suggesting that the exposure to online political incivility has mainly negative consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More aggressive campaigning styles focusing on criticizing opponents (negativity) or using inappropriate language to vilify opponents (incivility) tend to be disliked by voters, and remain thus risky for parties facing off in competitive elections. Backlashes against attackers often cancel out any dent the attacks may leave in the support for the targets. Yet, research on the conditions under which these backlashes are more likely to happen remains fragmentary. In this article, we argue that the nature of the electoral competition – specifically, the presence of viable alternative parties for voters to choose from – matters. Voters could be more likely to withdraw political support from the attacker when such alternatives exist. We test whether the availability and ideological attractiveness of alternatives intervene to explain the backlash effect associated with negativity and incivility, at the election, party, and voter levels. We do so comparatively in the context of the 2019 European Parliament elections in 27 EU countries, by linking a cross-sectional post-election survey (N = 18,790) with an expert survey covering the campaigning strategies of 175 parties that participated in the election across the continent. Estimating mixed effects multi-level models, we find support for the moderating effect of alternatives at the voter-level; voters who have at least equally attractive alternatives available to them are less likely to support parties that go negative than voters to whom the attacking party is the most viable option. Alternatives do not seem to play a major role, however, at the party and election levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to explore arguments about the moral (in)appropriateness of counter-contempt as a justified moral and pedagogical response to racist contempt. Drawing on debates for and against contempt in moral philosophy, the paper suggests a contextual approach to contempt that pays attention to both the specifics of the concrete situation that agents are in when they are experiencing racist contempt and the context of the agents themselves, understood as the conceptual and affective tools that are available to them in order to discern and challenge the meaning of racist contempt. The paper discusses the moral and pedagogical dilemmas entailed in efforts to cultivate in the classroom (and beyond) the right kind of contempt—both as a pedagogical stance and as a political message—which does not backfire but instead inspires a productive engagement with racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exposure to workplace violence (WPV) is common in health care, and little is known about nurse practitioner (NP) students' experiences during graduate nursing clinical education. Purpose: This study described experiences of WPV among NP students during their clinical education. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, quantitative survey of a random sample of NPs licensed in Texas examining graduate nursing education experiences. Results: A total of 334 NPs responded, a 12% response rate. More than a quarter (27%) experienced WPV during their graduate nursing clinical experience. Preceptors were the most reported perpetrators (44%). Most NPs remained in their clinical site after their WPV experience (55%); a majority felt they had no alternative clinical placement option. Conclusions: Nurse practitioner students experience WPV, and there may be implications for educational persistence and their careers. Future work should attempt to reduce the frequency of studentWPVexperiences and examine implications forNPcareers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on theories related to interpersonal and intergroup behavior, this study investigated effects of personality traits (i.e., empathy and identity insecurity) and attitudes (i.e., anti-migration attitudes and social dominance orientation) on the perceived severity of digital hate against immigrants in Austria. Findings of autoregressive path modeling using two-wave panel data revealed that empathic suffering and egalitarianism positively predicted perceived severity, while anti-migrant attitudes exhibited a negative prediction. In terms of interactions between personality and attitudes, we observed that the prediction of empathic suffering becomes less relevant for egalitarian individuals, which indicates an overwriting process that might be a promising way to counteract socially harmful digital hate perceptions. Implications for research on annotation tasks and hate interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare professionals experience negative behaviors such as incivility from various sources within the hospital environment. However, little is known regarding the experience of unlicensed assistive personnel with these behaviors. Using a cross-sectional survey design, the research team aimed to examine the presence, sources, and impact of negative behaviors among registered nurses and unlicensed assistive personnel within a US hospital. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative responses. A total of 309 participants completed the survey, and 135 participants responded to three qualitative questions. Most respondents identified inadequate staffing/resources to handle workload (87%) and job stress leading to loss of control over behavior as contributing factors to lateral/vertical aggression in the work environment (71%). Impacts of negative behavior on job performance were related to both personal well-being and the work environment. Demoralization was identified as a common consequence of negative behaviors for individuals and within the work environment. The results suggested that registered nurses, unlicensed assistive personnel, and nursing leadership may benefit from system-wide approaches addressing negative behaviors such as incivility within the clinical environment. Specifically, efforts and policies aimed at aiding clinicians in responding to negative behaviors could potentially improve the clinical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating a social identity approach with Cortina's (2008) theorizing about selective incivility as modern discrimination, we examine how identification—with an organization, with one's gender, and as a feminist—shapes bystanders' interpretations and responses to witnessed incivility (i.e., interpersonal acts of disrespect) and selective incivility (i.e., incivility motivated by targets' social group membership) toward women at work. We propose that bystanders with stronger organizational identification are less likely to perceive incivility toward female colleagues as discrimination and intervene, but female bystanders with stronger gender identification are more likely to do so. Results from two-wave field data in a cross-lagged panel design (Study 1, N = 336) showed that organizational identification negatively predicted observed selective incivility 1 year later but revealed no evidence of an effect of female bystanders' gender identification. We replicated and extended these results with a vignette experiment (Study 2, N = 410) and an experimental recall study (Study 3, N = 504). Findings revealed a "dark side" of organizational identification: strongly identified bystanders were less likely to perceive incivility as discrimination, but there were again no effects of women's gender identification. Study 3 also showed that bystander feminist identification increased intervention via perceived discrimination. These results raise doubts that female bystanders are more sensitive to recognizing other women's mistreatment as discrimination, but more strongly identified feminists (male or female) were more likely to intervene. Although strongly organizationally identified bystanders were more likely to overlook women's mistreatment, they were also more likely to intervene once discrimination was apparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Incivility in nursing education is a complex concept that is not exactly defined in nursing. The purpose of this study was to clarify the concept of incivility in nursing education in the Iranian cultural context. Materials and Methods: Concept analysis was performed based on hybrid model in three steps. In the theoretical phase, a review of studies was conducted from 2000 to 2020. During the fieldwork, 7 nursing faculty members and 9 nursing students were interviewed. The third phase included the comparison of the themes that were extracted from the two previous phases. Results: From the 1250 titles, 45 articles were analyzed. Review of literature showed that incivility has several attributes: unconventional communication, irresponsible and disrespectful behavior. The fieldwork phase added unmanaged behavior and being contrary to academic goal. Conclusions: Defining the concept of incivility in nursing education refers to an unconventional, disrespectful, unmanaged behavior that is contrary to the academic goal of nursing education and results from individual differences, stress, improper application of technology, and inappropriate role models which, by creating an unsafe learning condition leads to harming the individual, organization and profession. Here, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the incivility in nursing education that can be used in instrumentation, model building, and development of theory.

BACKGROUND: Vaccine hesitancy poses a substantial threat to efforts to mitigate the harmful effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. To combat vaccine hesitancy, officials in the United States issued vaccine mandates, which were met with strong antivaccine discourse on social media platforms such as Reddit. The politicized and polarized nature of COVID-19 on social media has fueled uncivil discourse related to vaccine mandates, which is known to decrease confidence in COVID-19 vaccines. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the moral foundations underlying uncivil COVID-19 vaccine discourse. Moral foundations theory poses that individuals make decisions to express approval or disapproval (ie, uncivil discourse) based on innate moral values. We examine whether moral foundations are associated with dimensions of incivility. Further, we explore whether there are any differences in the presence of incivility between the r/coronaviruscirclejerk and r/lockdownskepticism subreddits. METHODS: Natural language processing methodologies were leveraged to analyze the moral foundations underlying uncivil discourse in 2 prominent antivaccine subreddits, r/coronaviruscirclejerk and r/lockdownskepticism. All posts and comments from both of the subreddits were collected since their inception in March 2022. This was followed by filtering the data set for key terms associated with the COVID-19 vaccine (eg, vaccinate and Pfizer) and mandates (eg, forced and mandating). These key terms were selected based on a review of existing literature and because of their salience in both of the subreddits. A 10% sample of the filtered key terms was used for the final analysis. RESULTS: Findings suggested that moral foundations play a role in the psychological processes underlying uncivil vaccine mandate discourse. Specifically, we found substantial associations between all moral foundations (ie, care and harm, fairness and cheating, loyalty and betrayal, authority and subversion, and sanctity and degradation) and dimensions of incivility (ie, toxicity, insults, profanity, threat, and identity attack) except for the authority foundation. We also found statistically significant differences between r/coronaviruscirclejerk and r/lockdownskepticism for the presence of the dimensions of incivility. Specifically, the mean of identity attack, insult, toxicity, profanity, and threat in the r/lockdownskepticism subreddit was significantly lower than that in the r/coronaviruscirclejerk subreddit (P

Healthcare professionals experience negative behaviors such as incivility from various sources within the hospital environment. However, little is known regarding the experience of unlicensed assistive personnel with these behaviors. Using a cross-sectional survey design, the research team aimed to examine the presence, sources, and impact of negative behaviors among registered nurses and unlicensed assistive personnel within a US hospital. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative responses. A total of 309 participants completed the survey, and 135 participants responded to three qualitative questions. Most respondents identified inadequate staffing/resources to handle workload (87%) and job stress leading to loss of control over behavior as contributing factors to lateral/vertical aggression in the work environment (71%). Impacts of negative behavior on job performance were related to both personal well-being and the work environment. Demoralization was identified as a common consequence of negative behaviors for individuals and within the work environment. The results suggested that registered nurses, unlicensed assistive personnel, and nursing leadership may benefit from system-wide approaches addressing negative behaviors such as incivility within the clinical environment. Specifically, efforts and policies aimed at aiding clinicians in responding to negative behaviors could potentially improve the clinical environment.

Abstract Background Unprofessional behaviours between healthcare workers are highly prevalent. Evaluations of large-scale culture change programs are rare resulting in limited evidence of intervention effectiveness. We conducted a multi-method evaluation of a professional accountability and culture change program “Ethos” implemented across eight Australian hospitals. The Ethos program incorporates training for staff in speaking-up; an online system for reporting co-worker behaviours; and a tiered accountability pathway, including peer-messengers who deliver feedback to staff for ‘reflection’ or ‘recognition’. Here we report the final evaluation component which aimed to measure changes in the prevalence of unprofessional behaviours before and after Ethos. Methods A survey of staff (clinical and non-clinical) experiences of 26 unprofessional behaviours across five hospitals at baseline before (2018) and 2.5–3 years after (2021/2022) Ethos implementation. Five of the 26 behaviours were classified as ‘extreme’ (e.g., assault) and 21 as incivility/bullying (e.g., being spoken to rudely). Our analysis assessed changes in four dimensions: work-related bullying; person-related bullying; physical bullying and sexual harassment. Change in experience of incivility/bullying was compared using multivariable ordinal logistic regression. Change in extreme behaviours was assessed using multivariable binary logistic regression. All models were adjusted for respondent characteristics. Results In total, 3975 surveys were completed. Staff reporting frequent incivility/bullying significantly declined from 41.7% (n = 1064; 95% CI 39.7,43.9) at baseline to 35.5% (n = 505; 95% CI 32.8,38.3; χ2(1) = 14.3; P

User intervention against incivility is a significant element of democratic norm enforcement on social media, and feeling personally responsible for acting is a vital prerequisite for intervention. However, our insight into how users construe their sense of personal responsibility and expectations of other users remains limited. By theoretically foregrounding user perspective, this study investigates the boundaries and nuances of user responsibility to intervene against incivility. Empirically, it draws on 20 qualitative vignette interviews with young people in Germany. The findings show that as contexts collapse in users' newsfeeds, the imagined boundaries of personal public spheres and own social relationships with uncivil users serve as heuristics for hierarchizing and delimiting personal responsibility to intervene. Beyond abstract individual responsibility for the public discourse, practical responsibility is distributed among personal public spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces an original theoretical model for understanding how the linguistic framing of political protest messages influences how blame spreads in social media. Our model of blame retweetability posits that the way in which the basis and focus of blame are linguistically construed affects people's perception of the strength of criticism in the message and its likelihood to be reposted. Two online experiments provide empirical support for the model. We find that attacks on a person's character are perceived as more critical than blaming focused on the negative outcomes of their actions, and that negative judgements of social sanction have a greater impact than those of social esteem. The study also uncovers a "retweetability paradox"—in contrast to earlier studies, we find that blame messages that are perceived as more critical are not more likely to be reposted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educators' incivility in online nursing education is a serious academic issue; much of it is still unknown as it occurs in a less supervised environment. This study examined variables and differences in educator-to-student incivility in online nursing education during COVID-19, as reported by nursing students. Utilizing the Incivility in Online Learning Environments (IOLE) online survey, a cross-sectional design was used to collect data in 2021 from a convenience sample of 163 nursing students studying in different universities in Jordan. Version 25 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to generate descriptive and inferential statistics. As reported by nursing students, there was a low degree of incivility among nursing educators in online nursing education, 45(range 23–92), and a moderate frequency in the past 12 months, 63(range 23–92). Around 37.00 % of students thought incivility in online nursing education was a mild problem. On a scale of 0–100, 63.00 % of the students reported the level of nursing educators' civility in online nursing education ranged from 50.00 % to 70.00 % (an average of 60.00 %). Differences in students' reporting of online nursing educators' incivility and its' frequencies were significantly influenced by students' grade point averages (GPA) and genders, respectively. Although nursing students have a positive sense of civility among their nursing educators, incivility in online nursing education should be zero-level and disclosed and treated at its early signs. • Educators' incivility in online nursing education is a serious academic issue; much of it is still unknown as it occurs in a less supervised environment. • There was a low degree of incivility among nursing educators in online nursing education and a moderate frequency in the past 12 months. • The students reported the level of nursing educators' civility in online nursing education; an average of 60.00%). • Differences in students' reporting of online nursing educators' incivility and its' frequencies were significantly influenced by students' grade point averages (GPA) and genders, respectively. • A positive sense of civility among their nursing educators; however, incivility in online nursing education should be zero-level. • Additional studies are required across other cultures and countries, with a larger randomized sample and robust designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the principles of dynamic equilibrium theory (DET), this study examined the stable (institutional) and dynamic (episodic) components of mistreatment [experienced incivility and perpetrated counterproductive work behaviours (CWB)] using two longitudinal field samples based on a latent trait–state modelling approach. Study 1 (N = 615) leveraged a weekly lag design over four assessment points and Study 2 (N = 880) leveraged a monthly lag design over five assessment points. Across the two studies, results indicated that the majority of variance in both mistreatment constructs was institutional (i.e., individuals have meaningful set points that persist over time). Furthermore, institutional experienced incivility was positively related to institutional perpetrated CWB (i.e., the set point for experiencing incivility was positively related to the set point for perpetrating CWB). Similarly, episodic experienced incivility was concurrently associated with episodic perpetrated CWB (i.e., atypical episodes of experienced incivility were concurrently related to atypical episodes of perpetrated CWB). Interestingly, episodic experienced incivility did not have a lagged effect on future episodic perpetrated CWB, while episodic perpetrated CWB did have a lagged effect on future episodic experienced incivility. As such, for minor atypical episodes of mistreatment (i.e., incivility), we found evidence of dynamic equilibrium in that there are immediate episodic changes in other forms of mistreatment, but internal adaptive mechanisms appear to neutralize these effects over time. Meanwhile, overt atypical episodes of mistreatment (i.e., CWB) appear to have both immediate and lasting effects on other forms of mistreatment. These results have implications for DET, as well as for predicting the effectiveness of mistreatment research methodologies and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores discourse features on Facebook pages of news organizations during the 2020 U.S. primary debates using a state-of-the-art machine-learning model. Informing the scholarly debate about the implications of strategic game reporting in online spaces, we find that it is not necessarily linked to uncivil discourse, yet it might deter from relevant conversations. Second, addressing fears about the undesired outcomes of uncivil talk, our data suggest that incivility can coexist with rational discourse in user comments, although this relationship is not pervasive. Implications of these results are discussed in the context of the role of hybrid media for political engagement during electoral campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveExposure to incivility and bullying among students in higher education institutions may have detrimental health and well-being outcomes. Nevertheless, the mechanism and interconnected pathways through which incivility and bullying are linked with poor health and well-being remain largely unexplored. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between incivility, bullying, and poor health and well-being among students in higher education institutions in Sweden, and whether gender influences these relationships. Furthermore, we examine whether bullying plays a mediating role in the relationship between incivility and poor health and well-being.MethodsWe analyzed a cross-sectional dataset of students drawn from 38 universities that are members of the association of Swedish higher education institutions. The data were collected from May to July 2021, covering 11,162 women and 6,496 men. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were utilized to estimate the relationships between incivility, bullying, and poor health and well-being. Additionally, multigroup analysis was applied to estimate the interactive effect of gender in these relationships.ResultsReports of both incivility and bullying were more prevalent among women than men. The results showed that incivility had direct relationships with both bullying β=0.578,p

Abstract Background Healthcare workplace mistreatment has been documented globally. Poor workplace behaviour, ranging from incivility to bullying and harassment, is common in healthcare, and contributes significantly to adverse events in healthcare, poor mental health among healthcare workers, and to attrition in the healthcare workforce, particularly in junior years. Poor workplace behaviour is often normalised, and is difficult to address. Verbatim theatre, a form of research informed theatre in which plays are created from informants’ exact words only, is particularly suited to facilitating workplace culture change by raising awareness about issues that are difficult to discuss. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the verbatim theatre play ‘Grace Under Pressure’ on workplace culture in NSW hospitals. Methods The intervention was conducted in 13 hospitals from 8 Local Health Districts (LHDs) in NSW, Australia, in October and November 2019, with aggregated impact across all sites measured by a bespoke survey (‘Pam McLean Centre (PMC) survey’) at the conclusion of the intervention. This study was conducted in 3 Local Health Districts (one urban, one regional, one remote), with data collection conducted in November–December 2019 and December 2020. The study design was a mixed methods assessment of the play’s impact using (1) validated baseline measures of psychosocial risk, analysed descriptively, (2) overall findings from the PMC survey above, analysed descriptively, (3) interviews conducted within a month of the intervention, analysed thematically and (4) interviews conducted one year later, analysed thematically. Results Half (51.5%) of the respondents (n = 149) to the baseline survey had scores indicating high risk of job strain and depressive symptoms. Of 478 respondents to the PMC survey (response rate 57%), 93% found the play important, 92% recommended others see the play, 89% considered that it stimulated thinking about workplace behaviour, and 85% that it made discussing these issues easier. Thematic analysis of interviews within one month (n = 21) showed that the play raised awareness about poor workplace behaviour and motivated behaviour change. Interviews conducted one year later (n = 6) attributed improved workplace culture to the intervention due to improved awareness, discussion and capacity to respond to challenging issues. Conclusions Verbatim theatre is effective in raising awareness about difficult workplace behaviour in ways that motivate behaviour change, and hence can be effective in catalysing real improvements in healthcare workplace culture. Creative approaches are recommended for addressing similarly complex challenges in healthcare workforce retention.

Service encounter incivility is a common phenomenon across a broad spectrum of service industries globally. This paper examined the impact of service encounter incivility on employee job stress, turnover intentions and labor attrition in the fast food service industry in Zimbabwe. The Stressor-Stress-Outcome (SSO) framework and the Emotional labor theory underpinned this investigation. The study targeted frontline employees in the fast food service providers in Harare. An explanatory design and a quantitative approach were adopted. Using randomization and a structured hand administered questionnaire, 254 valid responses were obtained. Findings obtained through covariance based Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) confirmed the significant effect of customer incivility on employee incivility and employee job stress. The findings also revealed that employee incivility affects employee job stress. The positive influence of employee job stress on turnover intentions was also evident. The results were also confirmatory of positive effect of turnover intentions on labor attrition. The paper recommends that fast food service providers should foster contact employee training, better reward strategies, employee recovery and employee empowerment. Customer education on service site processes and procedures, standardisation of processes and technology were also urged to reduce incidences of service encounter incivility and labor turnover in the fast food industry in Zimbabwe.

Although many social media users have reported encountering hate speech, differences in the perception between different users remain unclear. Using a qualitative multi-method approach, we investigated how personal characteristics, the presentation form, and content-related characteristics influence social media users' perceptions of hate speech, which we differentiated as first-level (i.e. recognizing hate speech) and second-level perceptions (i.e. attitude toward it). To that end, we first observed 23 German-speaking social media users as they scrolled through a fictitious social media feed featuring hate speech. Next, we conducted remote self-confrontation interviews to discuss the content and semi-structured interviews involving interactive tasks. Although it became apparent that perceptions are highly individual, some overarching tendencies emerged. The results suggest that the perception of and indignation toward hate speech decreases as social media use increases. Moreover, direct and prosecutable hate speech is perceived as being particularly negative, especially in visual presentation form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conspiracism has become a topical issue in democracies around the world, eliciting debate in political theory and philosophy regarding its normative and practical implications, especially its potential negative effects on democratic systems. In this article, we analyse conspiracism through the lens of civility. The public virtue of civility plays a key role in democratic politics and in public life more generally, by helping to sustain democratic institutions and facilitating social interaction despite disagreement. If conspiracism undermines civility and contributes to incivility, as we argue in this article, that might have distinctively deleterious effects on democratic life. We begin by unpacking the concept of civility into three key dimensions: (a) civility as politeness, (b) moral civility and (c) justificatory civility. We then illustrate how conspiracism can contribute to incivility and harm democracy in each of the three dimensions but also how it can sometimes be harmless or even helpful for democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The authors aim to broaden the understanding of incivility through the lens of bystanders who witness incivility toward women. Integrating attributional ambiguity and emotional contagion theories with the literature on workplace mistreatment, the authors propose that witnessing incivility toward women may negatively impact bystanders. Design/methodology/approach: The authors collected multi-wave data from 324 employees to assess the consequences of witnessing incivility toward women at work for bystanders. Findings: Utilizing a serial mediation model, the authors found evidence that witnessing incivility toward women indirectly increased turnover intentions six weeks later, first through elevated negative affect and then through increased cognitive burnout. Originality/value: Taken together, this study's findings suggest that the negative effects of incivility toward women can spread to bystanders and highlight the importance of considering individuals who are not directly involved, but simply bear witness to incivility at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthcare workplace mistreatment has been documented globally. Poor workplace behaviour, ranging from incivility to bullying and harassment, is common in healthcare, and contributes significantly to adverse events in healthcare, poor mental health among healthcare workers, and to attrition in the healthcare workforce, particularly in junior years. Poor workplace behaviour is often normalised, and is difficult to address. Verbatim theatre, a form of research informed theatre in which plays are created from informants' exact words only, is particularly suited to facilitating workplace culture change by raising awareness about issues that are difficult to discuss. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the verbatim theatre play 'Grace Under Pressure' on workplace culture in NSW hospitals. Methods: The intervention was conducted in 13 hospitals from 8 Local Health Districts (LHDs) in NSW, Australia, in October and November 2019, with aggregated impact across all sites measured by a bespoke survey ('Pam McLean Centre (PMC) survey') at the conclusion of the intervention. This study was conducted in 3 Local Health Districts (one urban, one regional, one remote), with data collection conducted in November–December 2019 and December 2020. The study design was a mixed methods assessment of the play's impact using (1) validated baseline measures of psychosocial risk, analysed descriptively, (2) overall findings from the PMC survey above, analysed descriptively, (3) interviews conducted within a month of the intervention, analysed thematically and (4) interviews conducted one year later, analysed thematically. Results: Half (51.5%) of the respondents (n = 149) to the baseline survey had scores indicating high risk of job strain and depressive symptoms. Of 478 respondents to the PMC survey (response rate 57%), 93% found the play important, 92% recommended others see the play, 89% considered that it stimulated thinking about workplace behaviour, and 85% that it made discussing these issues easier. Thematic analysis of interviews within one month (n = 21) showed that the play raised awareness about poor workplace behaviour and motivated behaviour change. Interviews conducted one year later (n = 6) attributed improved workplace culture to the intervention due to improved awareness, discussion and capacity to respond to challenging issues. Conclusions: Verbatim theatre is effective in raising awareness about difficult workplace behaviour in ways that motivate behaviour change, and hence can be effective in catalysing real improvements in healthcare workplace culture. Creative approaches are recommended for addressing similarly complex challenges in healthcare workforce retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Danish prosecutors report exposure to negative acts from professional counterparts in courtrooms, which is associated with an increased risk of burnout. However, knowledge of the characteristics of these acts is limited. Based on existing theoretical frameworks, this study aims to characterize these negative acts. A nation-wide survey of Danish prosecutors (response rate: 81%) yielded 687 descriptions of experiences with negative acts from professional counterparts from a career perspective. These were analyzed using theory-directed content analysis based on the Stress-as-Offense-to-Self (SOS) theory by Semmer and colleagues and Cortina and colleagues' characterization of incivility in American courtrooms. We identified a total of 15 types of behavior within the three main themes: illegitimate tasks (n = 22), illegitimate stressors (n = 68), and illegitimate behavior (n = 612). Tentative differences in the distribution of experienced negative acts from a career perspective were found for gender and seniority. Women reported negative acts more frequently than men, and assistant prosecutors reported verbal abuse more frequently than senior prosecutors, who, conversely, more often reported a perceived lack of court management. More prospective research is needed on negative acts experienced by prosecutors to assess the scope of these in Danish courtrooms and how they impact the risk of burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional collaboration is a key component of patient care and a source of fulfilment for oral health care providers. However, reports of incivility in employment as well as education are increasing impacting individuals in all settings including patients. Uncivil behavior implies a disregard for others and creates an atmosphere of disrespect, conflict, and stress. In contrast, civility towards others implies polite, respectful behavior towards others. This short report presents case studies in dental hygiene clinical practice and in dental hygiene education with strategies for approaching uncivil behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research drew upon a mixed-method approach to gain further insight into workplace incivility and its impact on an employee's preferred choice of coping strategies (Avoidant Coping, Task Focused Coping, and Emotion Focused Coping). Utilizing a convenience sampling approach, data was collected from working adults that were employed in companies within the United Arab Emirates for a period of at least 6 months (N = 151). Three simple linear regressions and an inductive thematic analysis were conducted to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative findings revealed that workplace incivility significantly predicted avoidant coping as well as emotion focused coping. The complementary thematic analysis further revealed that employees who were a target of incivility were negatively impacted and often looked to trusted confidants to share their experiences with. The results of this study hope to be used as a base for developing intervention initiatives in organizations to prevent workplace incivility from escalating to more aggressive forms of behavior by providing employees with the support needed to better cope and address such situations. Implementing programs such as mindfulness training, cognitive-behavioral stress management, and proactive coping interventions are recommended to better support employees in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Faculty-to-faculty bullying and incivility in nursing education harm the target, weaken the organization, and erode collegiality. Data analysis suggests these negative workplace behaviors continue to occur frequently. • Using both the NAQ-R and the WICS captured a wealth of data that identifies an organization's hot spots. • Identification of the commonly occurring behaviors and their prevalence enable targeted remediation efforts. Faculty-to-faculty bullying and incivility in nursing education remain prevalent. The effects are harmful to individual faculty members, and they weaken the organization. The study aimed to measure faculty perceptions of bullying and incivility within their organization and identify the most commonly occurring bullying behaviors and types of incivility. The survey instruments were the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) and the Workplace Incivility/Civility Scale (WICS). This is the first known national study to use both. The study used a convergent mixed-method design and a convenience sample. There were 1,417 responses from nursing faculty from every state and the territory of Guam. The most frequently occurring bullying behavior was being ignored, while the most frequent uncivil behavior was being interrupted. The incidence of faculty-to-faculty bullying and incivility was lower in this study than in previous studies. However, despite the slight decrease, verbatim responses in the qualitative portion of the study reveal that mean-spirited, petty, and vitriolic remarks occur frequently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• What is currently known about this topic. ○ Incivility, rude and discourteous behaviors towards others, is an established, well-known problem in nursing (Fida et al., 2018). It is pervasive within the nursing culture, and researchers have consistently documented it across the nursing continuum in education and practice (Layne et al., 2019). Current published nursing research is lacking on how curriculum within undergraduate nursing programs prepares students to identify and address incivility in their nursing practice. • What the paper adds to the existing knowledge. ○ Self-efficacy is cultivated by experience. This study's participants were provided with a safe environment to observe and learn about identifying and addressing incivility. Nursing educators should consider including virtual simulation addressing incivility in nursing in the curriculum. This study demonstrated that this teaching strategy can increase nursing students' self-efficacy. This knowledge can inform future research, curriculum development, and nursing practice surrounding the prevention of and strategies to address incivility- which when addressed successfully could lead to improved patient outcomes with fewer adverse safety events due to improved care provider communication, successful assimilation of nurses into the nursing workforce by empowering nursing students, and less turnover and burnout experienced by nurses. When strategies and skills for identifying and addressing incivility are included in the nursing curriculum, students learn ways to cope with the effects of incivility and experience increased resilience (Sidhu & Park, 2018). • How the information in your manuscript can be applied to practice. ○ Findings from this study showed a significant increase in participants' self-efficacy in identifying and addressing incivility in nursing after completing the Civility Mentor modules. Nursing students who complete the Civility Mentor modules or similar virtual activities will be better prepared to address incivility in their practices. Incivility is an established, well-known problem within the nursing culture. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of participating in an incivility-based virtual simulation on undergraduate nursing students' perceived self-efficacy. (1) Describe the GSE scores of the study cohort and examine the association between pre-and post-intervention scores. (2) Explore students' perceptions of how participation affected their ability to identify and address incivility. A mixed-methods research design was utilized to determine the relationship between students' completion of an incivility-based virtual simulation and their self-efficacy in identifying and addressing incivility. The study compared pre- and post-intervention General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) scores and identified significant findings and themes among qualitative data collected. IRB approval was obtained for the study. Paired t-test results indicated a significant association between pre- and post-GSE scores with participants in the post-intervention group having significantly higher scores (Mean = 34.6, SD = 4.1). The themes that emerged from the qualitative data collected included communication, self-confidence, conflict resolution, and vicarious learning. Findings from this study showed a significant increase in participants' self-efficacy in identifying and addressing incivility in nursing after completing the intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Incivility in higher education, particularly nursing education, is a widespread issue causing distress and impacting students' psychological well-being, necessitating an official reporting and support system. • This study highlights the moderate incivility of nursing educators in education, emphasizing the need to address its consequences and implement strategies for promoting civility. • This study highlights the importance of fostering a culture of civility among nursing educators to prevent incivility, promote professional behavior, and ensure a zero-tolerance approach in nursing education. Incivility, including that of nursing educators, is well documented in Western culture. Few recent international studies were conducted about nursing educators' incivility in nursing education. Research on nursing educators' incivility in nursing education is lacking in many developing countries. This study examined Jordanian nursing students' reporting their nursing educators' incivility in nursing education and their differences based on the sample's demographics. A cross-sectional quantitative approach was employed to gather data through an online survey, drawing upon a convenience sample comprising 115 nursing students enrolled across various governmental and private universities. Nursing educators' incivility in nursing education and its frequency were moderate. The highest-ranked nursing educators' incivility behavior reported by nursing students was "unfair grading." The highest-ranked reported "often" nursing educators' incivility in the past 12 months was "being unavailable outside of class." No statistically significant difference between the grouped median of nursing educators' incivility in nursing education. The nursing educators' level of civility was moderate. The best strategy to promote nursing educators' civility in nursing education was "role-mode professionalism and civility." The nursing students had a positive sense of their nursing educators' civility. Nursing educators are critical in fostering civil behavior among their nursing students and avoiding the growing tendency of uncivil behavior in nursing academic settings. Thus, nursing educators should not act uncivilly under any circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bullying and incivility are known to be widespread in nursing and academia and is perpetuated in simulation-based learning experiences in these settings. • This paper describes contributing factors and ways to mitigate their influence on students' simulation experience. • This paper provides guidance for simulation leaders and educators. Bullying and incivility are known to be widespread in nursing and academia and are perpetuated in simulation-based learning experiences in these settings. Lack of faculty development and adherence to standards of best practice leads to violations of psychological safety which impedes student learning and causes fear of participating in subsequent simulations. Administrators, leaders, and educators must invest in formal and ongoing faculty training to break the cycle of incivility and provide optimal student learning experiences. When resources are limited, colleagues can support each other's growth in various ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is a lack of guidance to foster civility in accreditation activities. • This article provides strategies to improve civility during accreditation. • Promoting civility during accreditation enhances educational quality and outcomes. Nursing accreditation demonstrates that educational programs meet expected quality standards while also helping to ensure programs prepare caring and skilled nurses who positively impact healthcare. However, due to the stressful, high-stakes nature of accreditation processes, as well as factors that influence nursing faculty, activities may lead to aggressive behaviors. Aggressions during accreditation processes contribute to negative outcomes such as adverse accreditation actions that ultimately impact individuals, programs, and organizations. This article offers strategies that nursing faculty, whether participating in accreditation activities at their employing institution or serving as peer reviewers for an accrediting organization, can use to promote civility and community. Respectful, cooperative approaches applied throughout accreditation activities help enhance program outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Academic nursing incivility is well-studied in the nursing literature and recognized as contributing to many adverse outcomes in academic and clinical settings. • While the factors contributing to incivility have been explored, no systematic literature reviews take a high-level look at compiled factors across recent studies. Creating a high-level view of systemic factors influencing academic incivility is necessary for mitigating incivility. • The holistic incivility reduction model was created from the results of this review and offers suggestions for addressing and mitigating academic nursing incivility in a systemic way. The aim of this review was to explore the antecedent factors that are conducive to academic incivility in nursing programs. The literature review followed the integrative review framework by Whittemore and Knafl. The following databases were searched to locate literature for this review using a search strategy: CINAHL Complete, PubMed, Academic Search Complete, Google Scholar, and hand-searching gray literature. After a systematic literature search, articles were reviewed, and factors contributing to incivility were extracted and entered into an Excel literature matrix. The review uncovered five major themes indicating the systemic ways academic nursing incivility is influenced. These themes included institutional attributes, communication and interpersonal dynamics, educational and resource management, technology and infrastructure, and individual and societal influences. Nurse faculty, students, and leaders should be aware of the overarching variables contributing to academic incivility and address each broad area systematically to cultivate a culture of civility in academic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Educators are active participants in the ongoing issue of incivility in nursing. • This study explores reflections on civility behaviors and civility within programs. • Civility efforts carried out in programs can improve faculty behavior perceptions. Incivility continues to impact nursing education, necessitating continued exploration of incivility experiences, causes, and interventions. This study examined relationships between nurse educators' reflections on their own and peers' civility-related behaviors. Nurse educators (n = 82) at 20 Midwestern prelicensure nursing programs completed an online survey utilizing the Clark Workplace Civility Index ©, followed by reflective Likert-style and demographic questions. Participants scored their own civility behaviors higher (M = 82.59) than peers' (M = 73.5) (t = 8.911, p = 0.000). With implementation of civility interventions in the nursing program, self (t = 2.7, p = 0.007) and peer (t = 4.0, p = 0.000) scores were higher compared to programs without. Over one-third (34.1%) of participants were neutral or disagreed that nursing education is a civil profession. Ongoing efforts toward civil environments are needed in nursing education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely acknowledged that workplace incivility (WI) is a serious issue that negatively affects employee performance (EP). This study investigated whether psychological empowerment (PE) mediated the link between employees' task performance (TP) and co-worker incivility (CI). The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design, with a population of 307 employees of two ministries in Delta State, Nigeria. Using Yamane's (1973) formula, 186 was determined as the sample size. After a week, 145 copies of the questionnaires were fully completed and retrieved. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that while CI was positive and significantly related to PE (β = 0.561, p < 0.05), it was negative and significantly related to TP (β = -0.422, p < 0.05). PE was positive and significantly related to TP (β = 0.133, p < 0.05). Moreover, a partial mediating role for PE was observed in the relationship between TP and CI. Based on these findings, it was recommended that the Delta State Civil Service Commission should put in place policies that will mitigate the occurrence of WI as it adversely affects EP. In addition, employees should be empowered psychologically to enable them to manage the detrimental effects of WI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fair political representation is an important goal of democratic governments, yet Australia lags behind many democracies in women's representation in elected politics. Attacks against women in public spaces through harassment and verbal abuse have long constrained women's ease in physical spaces and, in the digital age, this has extended into online spheres. This paper examines the impact of on- and offline incivility on women's experiences in local politics. It focuses on Australia's southern state of Victoria and its 79 local government municipalities. We conduct two surveys of men and women elected representatives (N1 = 222, N2 = 205) to determine their experiences during the campaigning period and first year on council. We follow up with in-depth interviews with women who have experienced gender harassment (n = 10) to further understand its impacts. We offer new insights in to a 'push factor' that contribute to women leaving elected local government and their political underrepresentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim Methods Data Sources Results Conclusion Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care Impact Reporting Method Patient or Public Contribution Workplace incivility is a barrier to safe and high‐quality patient care in nursing workplaces and more broadly in tertiary hospitals. The present study aims to systematically review the existing evidence to provide a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence of co‐worker incivility experienced and witnessed by nurses and other healthcare professionals, the effects of incivility on patient safety culture (PSC) and patient outcomes, and the factors which mediate the relationship between incivility and patient safety.A systematic review with narrative synthesis and meta‐analysis was undertaken to synthesize the data from 41 studies.Databases searched included MEDLINE, PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, PsycInfo, ProQuest, Emcare and Embase. Searches were conducted on 17 August 2021 and repeated on 15 March 2023.The pooled prevalence of experienced incivility was 25.0%. The pooled prevalence of witnessed incivility was 30.1%. Workplace incivility was negatively associated with the PSC domains of teamwork, reporting patient safety events, organization learning/improvement, management support for safety, leadership, communication openness and communication about error. The composite pooled effect size of incivility on these domains of PSC was OR = 0.590, 95% CI [0.515, 0.676]. Workplace incivility was associated with a range of patient safety outcomes (PSOs) including near misses, adverse events, reduced procedural and diagnostic performance, medical error and mortality. State depletion, profession, psychological responses to incivility, information sharing, help seeking, workload and satisfaction with organizational communication were found to mediate the relationship between incivility and patient safety.Experienced and witnessed incivility is prevalent in tertiary hospitals and has a deleterious effect on PSC and PSOs. A better understanding of the mechanisms of this relationship will support the development of interventions aimed at reducing both incivility and patient harm.This study quantifies the effect of incivility on PSC and outcomes. It provides support that interventions focusing on incivility are a valuable mechanism for improving patient care. It guides intervention design by highlighting which domains of PSC are most associated with incivility. It explores the profession‐specific experiences of workplace incivility.This report adheres to PRISMA reporting guidelines.No patient or public contribution. The focus of this study is the nursing and healthcare workforce, therefore, patient or public involvement not required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political incivility—that is, treating political opponents with disrespect—and its consequences are increasingly investigated. This article examines the effect of incivility on message persuasiveness and the moderating role of populist attitudes and personality traits. We test these relationships via original experimental data collected in Switzerland (Study 1, N = 1340) and the United States (Study 2, N = 1820, preregistered). In both studies, participants were asked their opinion about a controversial political issue, presented with persuasive information framed either civilly or uncivilly, and asked again their opinion about the issue to assess whether they changed their mind. Results of a between‐subject design show that incivility does not necessarily undermine the message's persuasiveness, contrary to what we expected. Notably, uncivil messages resonated more with those respondents exhibiting higher levels of populist attitudes (Study 2) and darker personality traits (both studies). Our results further suggest a connection between incivility, message congruence, and particularly cultural context, which warrants further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]