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Anion-exchange chromatography using a DEAE-Sepharose column permits the separation of a Sclerotium rolfsii lectin, which induces mycoparasitic behavior in Trichoderma harzianum along with purified agglutinin. The Trichoderma forms closely adhering coils which are more numerous with agglutin-treated fibers. Proteases and 1,3-beta-glucanase completely destroy agglutination activity, indicating that protein and 1,3-beta-glucan are essential for agglutination.

The role of lectins in the interaction between Trichoderma spp. and soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi was examined. In the system developed, nylon fibers simulated fungal hyphae. The nylon fibers were treated with either concanavalin A or LSR, a lectin produced by Sclerotium rolfsii. Treatment of nylon fibers with the lectins resulted in apparent recognition by Trichderma harzianum, which coiled and formed hooks around treated fibers. Therefore, treatment of nylon fibers with lectins can simulate living hyphae and change the behavior and morphogenesis of filamentous fungi.

DNA-RNA chimeric primers were constructed to overcome the problem of nonspecific by-products in quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays and evaluate their use in the detection and quantification of the Ehrlichia canis 16S rRNA, Babesia canis Hsp70, and canine [beta]-actin genes. The primers helped to decrease the formation of undesirable by-products and a 10-fold increase in assay sensitivity.

The aim of the study is to investigate two relatively underexplored factors, namely, the R&D (research and development) capabilities of target firms and the strength of intellectual property (IP) institutions in target economies, that influences the choice of equity ownership in cross border acquisitions (CBAs) undertaken by multinational enterprises (MNEs) from BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) economies. They developed the key hypothesis on foreign market entry through CBAs by incorporating insights from transaction costs economics, the resource‐based view and institutional theory to investigate the determinants of full versus partial equity ownership. Using logistic regression estimation methods to a sample of 111 CBA deals of BRICS MNEs in 22 European countries, it was found that BRICS MNEs were likely to pursue full rather than partial acquisition mode when target firms have high R&D capabilities. However, the greater the degree of strength of IP institutions in target economies and higher the target firms’ R&D capabilities, the more likely it is for BRICS MNEs to undertake partial, rather than, full acquisition mode. They provided interesting theoretical insights and managerial implications that might underlie some of the key findings on CBAs by emerging market MNEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]