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In the face of disasters, organizations and groups collaborate continuously and fluidly, coordinating with one another in order to overcome extraordinary challenges. When researchers explored this phenomenon in-depth, they employed the concept of “improvisation.” However, there is a dearth of research in the area of “creative improvisation” relating to civic agencies that do not have special plans or approaches to disaster response. This study, therefor, aims at identifying some of the most eff ective improvisational approaches taken by civic agencies in the fi eld of communication where information, consciousness, and ideas converge. This paper classifi es cases of creative improvisation observed during the April 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes into two types and considers the respective conditions of improvisation. These are: 1) “Place-making”: by raising several cases representing “place to convergence” scattered throughout the region, the improvisational condition that can be summarized as, "Awareness of gathering to support the aff ected key places" is highlighted. 2) “Forming a commonality”: through participant observation at the "informal talk" held by local civil agencies, the interaction between agencies in the sense-making process is highlighted, thus clarifying the improvisational approaches of, "the process of realizing the role while being encouraged to participate initially," and "ingenuity to induce new movement by co-editing opposite opinions".

一般論文, 平成25年の災害対策基本法の改正に伴い、地区における自発的な防災活動に関する地区防災計画制度が創設され、市民による「共助」がさらに重視されるようになった。宗教施設の避難所活用に関する研究に関心がもたれるようになったものの、都市部における宗教施設の災害時避難所活用の可能性に焦点を当てた考察はまだ不十分である。現代都市では空間的偏在構造・地域的分化が存在し、各地域のコンテクストに応じて人口・収入・年齢構成などの属性が不均衡に分布する傾向が存在する。従って、宗教施設の災害対応力や減災への取組も、地域の属性から影響を受ける可能性がある。今後の宗教施設の避難所活用に関する実践に有益な知見を提供するために、本稿は、「東京都内宗教施設における平常時・災害時の受入体制調査」のデータに基づき、東京都における宗教施設の災害対応力と減災への取組が地域属性から受ける影響に焦点を当てて考察を行った。その結果、都心部に近いほど施設の災害対応力が上がることが分かった。一方、減災への取組に関しては、防災対策協力意向における地域差が見られなかった。, With the amendment of the Basic Act on Disaster Management in 2013, the roles of various entities during large-scale, wide-area disasters came to be emphasized. As a result, mutual assistance through diverse citizen participation also came to be regarded as a more important part of disaster prevention measures. Although research on religious facilities operating as evacuation shelters has gained attention during this process, examinations that focus on the possibility of using religious facilities in urban areas as evacuation shelters in times of disaster are still insufficient. In modern cities, uneven spatial distribution and regional differentiation of social attributes exist. As a result, there is a tendency for attributes such as population, income, and age composition to be unevenly distributed according to the context of each region. The disaster response capabilities of religious facilities, as well as their intention to cooperate in disaster prevention measures, may, therefore, be affected by such regional attributes. In order to provide useful insights into the practice of evacuation shelter operations for religious facilities in the future, this paper utilizes data from the "Survey on the Acceptance System for Religious Facilities in Tokyo during Normal Times and Disasters" [conducted by Japanese Association of Religious Organizations, Osaka University and JTB]. The discussion focused on the impact of regional attributes on disaster response capabilities and disaster mitigation efforts. As a result, it was found that the closer to the city center, the higher the disaster response capability of the religious facility. On the other hand, regarding disaster mitigation efforts, there was no regional difference in the intention of religious organizations to cooperate in disaster prevention measures.

調査報告

調査報告

一般論文, 災害時に組織／集団が継続的かつ流動的に結び目を創発し、新たなニーズに対応する動きが生まれ、それに関して「即興」という視点での研究が行われてきた。しかし災害対応の計画や専門性をもっていない、寄せ集めの市民エージェントによる創造的即興に直目した研究は少ない。そこで本稿は災害時の情報、意識、思いの交差する支援の場における、市民エージェントによる即興の内容と発生条件を提示することを目的とする。2016年4月に発生した熊本地震後の創造的即興の事例を、場の創出と共同性の形成という2つのタイプに分類し、それぞれの発生条件を考察した。複数の地域に点在する「寄合所」の事例を取り上げ、「被災キープレイスを応援する寄り合い感覚」という即興の発生条件を指摘した。また、「放談会」という対話の場での参与観察を通して、意味形成プロセスでのエージェント間の相互作用を捉え、「促された参加ながらも役割を自覚する過程」、「対立する意見を共同編集することによって新たな動向を誘発する工夫」という発生条件を明らかにした。, In the face of disasters, organizations and groups collaborate continuously and fluidly, coordinating with one another in order to overcome extraordinary challenges. When researchers explored this phenomenon in-depth, they employed the concept of “improvisation.” However, there is a dearth of research in the area of “creative improvisation” relating to civic agencies that do not have special plans or approaches to disaster response. This study, therefor, aims at identifying some of the most effective improvisational approaches taken by civic agencies in the field of communication where information, consciousness, and ideas converge. This paper classifies cases of creative improvisation observed during the April 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes into two types and considers the respective conditions of improvisation. These are: 1) “Place-making”: by raising several cases representing “place to convergence” scattered throughout the region, the improvisational condition that can be summarized as, "Awareness of gathering to support the affected key places" is highlighted. 2) “Forming a commonality”: through participant observation at the "informal talk" held by local civil agencies, the interaction between agencies in the sense-making process is highlighted, thus clarifying the improvisational approaches of, "the process of realizing the role while being encouraged to participate initially," and "ingenuity to induce new movement by co-editing opposite opinions".

調査報告

論文, 本稿では、「宗教の社会貢献」というテーマを取り上げ、地域における寺院の 活動に注目する。社会的要求に対する宗教界の新たな変化や取り組みが見られる中、「宗教の社会貢献」活動の内容をより具現化するため、その事例研究として熊本県宇城市豊野町の光照寺が地域で行っている防災・復興活動を紹介する。また、そこから見えてきた「地域のつながり」と「災害時の対応」の様子や関係性を検討する。, This paper takes up the theme of “social contribution of religion”. In order to embody the contents of “social contributions of religious” activities, this paper introduces the disaster prevention and reconstruction activities that the Kosho Temple of Toyonocho, Uki-city, Kumamoto Prefecture, conducts within the community. Moreover, this paper examines the appearance of and relationship between “regional connections” and “disaster response”.

Major disasters are a frequent occurrence within Japan and internationally. In April 2016, five years after the unprecedented disaster of the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, the Kumamoto earthquake struck Japan. The response brought people together, creating new connections and solidarity. Examples include aid and support in times of disaster, reconstruction support, and activities that commemorate the disaster, as well as structures developed for self-help, cooperation, and aid provided by public bodies in preparation for the Tokai and Nankai megathrust earthquakes predicted to strike Japan in the future. It is clear that religious activities in the affected areas demonstrated strength as a type of local resource. Based on a discussion of the behavioral guidelines for “Disaster Prevention and Religion” (learn about disaster, prepare for disaster, provide support in times of disaster, work towards disaster recovery, and expand the circle of cooperation), this paper examines the responses of religious people to the Kumamoto earthquake.

研究ノート

一般論文, 「災害と共生」 という新たなテーマに宗教社会学の領域からも研究実践が始まった。それは、時代の要請でもあろう。東日本大震災という未曽有の大災害に、人々が共通の問題解決のために立ち上がり、新たな連帯が生まれている。他者を助ける行為、利他行動を自己犠牲とは感じない人々がいる。宗教は、長い歴史において、様々な苦難に寄り添ってきた。災害時にも宗教者の寄り添い、支援が問われている。諸宗教が、利他主義、他者への思いやりと実践に関する教えを持っている。その宗教的利他主義に基づいた宗教者の社会貢献である災害ボランティア活動や防災の取り組みについて、宗教社会学者によるアクションリサーチも行われている、本稿では、筆者のこれまでの研究から、宗教的利他主義、救済論、ソーシャル・キャピタルの議論を取り上げて、宗教社会学における災害ボランティア研究の足掛かりを築きたい。, Research in the sociology of religion has recently been initiated in the novel theme of "coexistence with natural disasters". Apparently, this is what the era demanded. The unprecedented disaster of the Great East Japan Earthquake (2011) stimulated a search for solutions to shared problems and fostered new linkages among social actors. Over the long span of human history, religion has been involved in responses to a variety of difficult situations. Religious individuals and organizations are present during natural disasters, and their support is desired. Many religions teach altruism, consideration for others, and related practices. Social contributions by religious individuals and organizations performed according to a doctrine of altruism of religion conduct action research regarding these and related beliefs and activities. This paper examines previous research by the author on religious altruism, soteriology, and social capital, and it seeks construct platform in the sociology of religion for research on disaster volunteering.

研究ノート

特集 : 利他を考える

特集 : 利他を考える

１９世紀なかば、とりわけ第二次世界大戦以降、都市化・産業化が進展し、日本の地域共同体は崩壊に向かっている。一方、地域共同体の紐帯の基盤にあった神道や仏教もその影響力を弱めている。本稿では、日本人の国民の３割ほどしか宗教を信じていない状況下で、日本人の精神的基層にある宗教的要素「無自覚の宗教性」がソーシャル・キャピタルと関連していることを理論的に考察する。その際、思いやり格差、和合倫理、生命主義などの日本人の意識構造を概観し、市民社会における無自覚の宗教性とソーシャル・キャピタルの関係を検討して、今後の研究の土台を提示したい。, This paper provides an overview of the correlation between religion and social capital in Japan. Japan has experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization since the middle of the nineteenth century and particularly since World WarⅡ. During this process, society has changed from the one which is based on the local community (Gemeinschaft) to the one based on the impersonal association (Gesellschaft). Religion no longer serves as the symbolic basis for societal stability, solidarity and integration. Nationally only 30 per cent of the Japanese recognize themselves as religious. Under such circumstances, some Japanese have some kind of shared religiosity of which they are unconscious. This paper will discuss the setting of this unconscious religiosity and social capital in civil society in Japan by considering some important concepts related to their altruism such as harmony ethics in the hope that this presentation will throw some light on recent trends and future research.