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본 연구는 조선후기 대표적인 지식인으로 평가받고 있는 실학자 정약용의 풍수관을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해『풍수집의』 등 정약용의 풍수와 관련된 문집을 분석하였다. 정약용은 조선후기 음택풍수의 성행이 사회문제화 되자 社會改革의 일환으로 저술을 통해 음택풍수를 강하게 비판하였다. 그러나 음택풍수를 제외한 傳統風水地理에 대해서는 대부분 受容하는 태도를 취하고 있다. 정약용은 풍수를 통한 기복적 욕망의 추구와 비합리적 믿음 그리고 논리적 근거가 부족한 택일과 방위론의 吉凶禍福論에 대해서는 강력하게 비판하고 있지만 대부분의 전통풍수지리에 대해서는 이를 수용하여 이상적인 거주지를 논하고 華城건설을 주도하여 陽基風水學 분야에서 큰 업적을 남겼다. 즉 정약용이 비판한 것은 풍수이론 그 자체에 대한 것이라기보다는 풍수를 통해 추길피흉하려는 세태와 慣習과 制度라는 사회적 문제에 집중되고 있는 것이다.

Fenpyrazamine which is a pyrazole fungicide class for controlling gray mold, sclerotinia rot, and Monilinia in grapevines, stone fruit trees, and vegetables has been registered in republic of Korea in 2013 and the maximum residue limits of fenpyrazamine is set to grape, peach, and mandarin as 5.0, 2.0, and 2.0 mg/ kg, respectively. Very reliable and sensitive analytical method for determination of fenpyrazamine residues is required for ensuring the food safety in agricultural products. Fenpyrazamine residues in samples were extracted with acetonitrile, partitioned with dichloromethane, and then purified with silica-SPE cartridge and eluted with hexane and acetone mixture. The purified samples were determined by HPLC-UVD and confirmed with LC- MS and quantified using external standard method. Linear range of fenpyrazamine was between 0.1~5.0 µg/mL with the correlation coefficient (r) 0.999. The average recovery ranged from 71.8 to 102.7% at the spiked level of 0.05, 0.5, and 5.0 mg/kg, while the relative standard deviation was between 0.1 and 7.3%. In addition, limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.01 and 0.05 mg/L, respectively. The results revealed that the developed and validated analytical method is possible for fenpyrazamine determination in agricultural product samples and will be used as an official analytical method.

This study emphasizes the importance of work-family enrichment and focuses on job satisfaction and life satisfaction to explain the effects of work-family enrichment. A questionnaire survey was conducted on employees of domestic companies and 280 responses were used for analysis. The analysis showed that work-to-family enrichment had positive effects on both job satisfaction and life satisfaction. And at the same time, family-to-work enrichment also showed positive effects on both job satisfaction and life satisfaction. Further, the results show that work-to-family enrichment had a greater effect on job satisfaction, and family-to-work enrichment had a greater effect on life satisfaction. Finally, the results also showed that the interaction between work-to-family enrichment and family-to-work enrichment did not have a significant effect on job satisfaction or life satisfaction.

Throughout the industrial age, natural resources have been turned into products no longer recognizable by microorganisms and enzymes converting natural substances into their basic building bocks. To make more environmentally friendly products, significant efforts are being made to develop biodegradable materials and technologies fully compatible with the environment. One of the concerns in these efforts is the evaluation of their biodegradability in laboratory environments within a short period. Currently, several ASTM and OECD biodegradation test methods are available for determining this environmental property, but they take a long time (28 days) and special biological knowledge is required. To resolve this problem, a bio-kinetic model was developed to predict the biodegradability of hydraulic fluids. This report presents how to develop a bio-kinetic model and its results are discussed in a comparison with the modified Sturm test (ASTM D 5864) and the Aerobic Closed Respirometer test (ASTM D 6731).

The toxicity is an important property of environmentally considerate lubricants. To determine this property, numerous toxicity test methods have been developed using sophistical devices. Some of these tests have adapted to evaluating the toxicity properties of lubricants, while others have required some modification or do not work in lubrication applications. Currently, the OECD 203 guideline 203, fish, acute toxicity test, is widely used to evaluate the toxicity of lubricants using trout. This toxicity test method also requires special biological knowledge and a well- equipped laboratory. For this reason, most toxicity test methods cannot be performed in the petroleum laboratory. The bio-dipstick is a formation of agar medium and was designed to monitoring of microbial contamination in various industrial environments. Recently, this bio-dipstick has been also successfully used for screening the initial inoculums conditions for the aquatic biodegradation tests. In a similar approach, a potential toxicity test method for lubricants was studied using a bio-dipstick. The test results showed that the proposed test method was able to differentiate the toxicity level of lubricants and provided an acceptable test precision. In addition, it gave a good correlation with the results of OECD guideline 203 test. It appears that this toxicity test method can screen the toxicity of lubricants within very short period. This paper will be presented how to develop the toxicity test method and its test results.

The study was initiated to develop/find a lubricating grease (s) and preserve oil to replace Texaco Multifak AFB2 grease and Capella WF-68 oil currently used in the MINUTEMAN III Motor-generator (M-G) Bearing Systems. Due to the unavailability of the Multifak AFB2 grease, Hill AFB is currently seeking its replacement. As a part of the test plan, nine lubricating greases and five preservative oils used in the current military and commercial bearing applications were evaluated in a comprehensive series of laboratory tests. The evaluation included compatibility test to ensure the replacement products can be mixed, in the bearing, with the currently used products, i.e., Multifak AFB2 grease and Capella WF-68 oil. To certify the candidate grease selected from the laboratory evaluation, the grease was evaluated in the actual M-G systems as the final performance indicator. The test results showed that MIL-PRF-10924H grease was chemically compatible with Multifak AFB2 grease and its lubrication performance is equal or better than those of Multifak AFB2 grease. Therefore, TARDEC recommended MIL-PRF-10924H grease as a replacement of Multifak AFB2 grease. In addition, MIL-PRF-6085 preservative oil and MIL-PRF-680 Type II solvent were also recommended to replace Capella WF-68 oil and Isopropyl alcohol currently used to clean and preserve stored bearings.

Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimeter (PDSC) is a thermal analytical technique for evaluating oxidation-thermal stability of polymer materials including lubricating greases using the differential heat flow between sample reference thermocouples under various temperatures and pressures. The ASTM D 5483 test method is one of acceptable PDSC techniques to evaluate the grease oxidation stability. In a research effort, a decomposition kinetic model was developed to predict grease high temperature life using ASTM D 5483 PDSC technique. This kinetic model can predict grease oxidation life at the various temperatures and the degree of oxidation using their activation energy. Also, it was found that this kinetic model has a limited correlation to the results from ASTM D 3527 grease life test. This kinetic model can therefore be used to predict the high temperature grease life within certain constraints.

The U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Research. Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) is actively developing biodegradation technologies that can be used to minimize waste stream of Petroleum, Oils, and Lubricant (POL) products utilized in the current and future combat systems. As part of these efforts, a bio-kinetic model was developed to predict the biodegradability of lubricants including hydraulic fluids. This model can predict a biodegradability of lubricant based on a composition analysis within a short period. The advantages of this model are its predictable capability and excellent correlation with results obtained from the conventional biodegradation tests. This paper presents the results of development of a bio-kinetic model, its composition technique, and correlation study with the conventional biodegradation tests and the field demonstrations, and its applicability to the military hydraulic fluids.

Isolated pleural effusion, so called primary pleural effusion denotes a pleural effusion without documented etiology such as a cardiac, inflammatory, iatrogenic problem or fetal hydrops. Chromosomal anomaly such as Down syndrome may be associated with isolated pleural effusion. The content of the isolated pleural effusion is mostly chylous, and isolated non-chylous pleural effusion in neonate is rare. We experienced 2 cases of isolated non-chylous pleural effusion. They had neither cardiac problem nor other sign of hydrops fetalis. Imaging diagnosis was done by plain chest radiography and subsequent ultrasonogram. One of them was diagnosed to Down syndrome by karyotyping. They were fared well after diagnostic and therapeutic thoracentesis. We describe 2 cases of non-chylous pleural effusion and review a few English-language case reports of this entity.

Regulatory drivers both in the U.S. and in the European Union are attempting to promote the use of biodegradable lubricants in the marketplace. A base fluid that uses the first ever combination of biodegradable polyalkylene glycol (PAG) with a high oleic canola oil was developed to meet environmental accreditation standards. This combination utilizes the PAG to “upgrade” the vegetable oil in hydraulic fluid formulation and provide a base fluid that can solubilize the oxidation by-products and provide better deposit control compared to straight general purpose fluids that are based on vegetable oils. A general purpose bio-hydraulic fluid that use a blend of PAG and high oleic canola oil has shown enhanced performance characteristics in two critical tests namely an oxidation test (ASTM D 2893 B) and a hydraulic vane pump test (ASTM D 7043). These two tests clearly differentiate the superior attributes of the PAG-based bio-hydraulic fluid compared to a widely use general purpose biodegradable hydraulic fluid in the market place.

For a number of years, luminescent bacteria have been used as an indicator species for acute toxicity of substances in aquatic marine environments. Various other higher organisms have been used for this exact same purpose. Many of the higher organism test evaluations have been used successfully, but they have a few limitations, such as a low number of organisms exposed to toxicant during a test, less than desirable precision and the need for highly trained individuals to run the tests. One luminescent bacterial bioassay includes many organisms, can be run rapidly and requires training in sample dilution techniques. ASTM Subcommittee D02.12 has been working to develop an ecotoxicity method to evaluate the effects of lubricant formulations on luminescent bacteria. The theory describing this method, as well as the D02.12 method development activities, will be discussed.

The main component in environmentally acceptable lubricants and grease is the base fluid. Typically it comprises greater than 70% of grease and 90% of a lubricant. Many biodegradable fluids have specific characteristics, which make formulating finished products difficult. Through a stepwise approach these characteristics will be discussed. The fluids for testing will comprise natural and synthetic esters and some petroleum based synthetics. The testing will find the extremes of performance at high and low temperatures and the effects of common additives to improve performance. Testing will include pour point, elastomer compatibility, oxidation and thermal stability. Based on the testing a blended fluid will be made to offset the drawbacks of the individual fluids and the performance discussed. This blend will serve as the base fluid to formulate an environmentally acceptable lubricating grease.

Vegetable oils and animal oils have been used as quenchants for metals for thousands of years; however, it hasn’t been until relatively recently that their cooling properties have been studied in a thorough, quantitative manner. This review will focus on the published data relating to the use of triglycerides from various animal and vegetable sources to quench-harden steels. Particular focus will be on the traditional selection and use of different vegetable and animal oils for steel hardening applications and the cooling time-temperature behavior of these fluids to characterize their quenching performance. This information has not been previously reviewed in this manner.

Environmentally considerate lubricants (ECLs)—the so called “bio oils”—were introduced in the mid 80s to minimize impact of lubrication on the environment. In the early 1990s the German RAL (Blue Angel) and the Swedish Standard organisations defined corresponding specifications for ECLs, other Eco-Labels followed. In 2005 the European Community released the directive 2005/360 defining the toxicity and ecotoxicity profile for ECLs, which qualifies them for the Euro-Marguerite. For more than 20 years top tier ECLs were used in mobile and stationary hydraulic equipment. Well documented field experiences not only demonstrate these lubricants contribute to the fulfillment of the new laws but also meet technical requirements for this equipment. In this paper important EC Directives related to lubricants and the protection of the environment are discussed and how they are implemented into national laws. In addition the benefits of ECL in hydraulic equipment are addressed.

The potential use of vegetable oil derived industrial oils continues to be of great interest because vegetable oils are relatively non-toxic, bio-degradable, and a sustainably produced basestock alternative to petroleum oil, a non-renewable basestock. For the conservation of the environment, bio-mass materials, such as vegetable oils, are desirable as substitutes for petroleum oil in heat treatment. Therefore, it is expected that these basestock materials will continue to be of increasing interest in the heat treatment industry. However, the fatty ester components containing conjugated double bonds of the triglyceride structure of vegetable oils typically produce considerably poorer thermal oxidative stability than that achievable with petroleum base-stocks under typical use conditions. This is especially true when a vegetable oil is held in an open tank with agitation and exposure to air at elevated temperatures for extended periods of time (months or years). Furthermore, when used as quenchants, furnace loads of hot steel (850 °C) are typically rapidly immersed and cooled to approximately 50 °C to 60 °C bath temperatures for steel hardening applications. Clearly, for this application, reasonable thermal-oxidative stability is essential. This paper reviews the work completed thus far in screening various vegetable oils as potential steel quenchants both with and without antioxidants. Particular focus is placed, where possible, on comparing pressure differential scanning calorimetry as a potential screening method with the more commonly used (for this application) modified Indiana Stirring Oxidation Test. In addition, the general impact of oxidation on the quenching performance of the better vegetable oil candidates is shown.

Nonfood, nonfeed uses of agricultural and forestry materials offer the best opportunities to realize the full economic potential which agriculture and forestry can play, beyond the traditional food, feed, and fiber markets. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has a portfolio of programs that support research, development, and commercialization of biobased lubricants as well as other industrial products that can replace petroleum-based products, such as plastics, paints, coatings, and adhesives. The National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) administers competitive grant programs to support basic and applied research through the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative, and pre-commercialization research is supported through the Small Business Innovation Research program www.nifa.usda.gov. NIFA collaborates with the Department of Energy through joint solicitations for the Biomass Research and Development Initiative, which supports developmental research and demonstration projects. USDA is the lead Federal agency for implementing the BioPreferredSM purchasing program. Many products, including lubricants, have been officially designated as biobased and must be given first preference for purchase by Federal agencies, thus creating a tremendous market pull for new products through the purchasing power of the Federal government. This program will allow agencies to meet their environmental goals with products that can also meet performance requirements and are cost competitive. (www.biopreferred.gov). Through partnerships with industry, Academia and other Federal agencies, these programs are making a significant contribution to the development and adoption of alternative technologies to increase energy independence and to open new opportunities for agriculture.

Some of the properties intrinsically present in the backbone of polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), which have nowadays attracted the automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), are presented, such as bio-no-tox properties, heat capacity, extended drains, low friction, low AlSi-liner wear, fuel economy, and very high viscosity indices, and are achieved with metal-, ash-, and polymer-free formulations, which guarantee no adverse contamination of the lambda sensor and the active centers of the catalyzer as well as not to increase the exhaust back pressure of the particulate filter through ash deposits. This paper illuminates the latest results from OEM’s engine bench and road testing supporting the following functional benefits: (a) bio-no-tox, (b) improvements of fuel economy, even when compared with latest hydrocarbon-based prototype oils, (c) reduced wear, (d) reduced engine friction, (e) extended drains, (f) suited for bio-fuels, (g) no adverse effects on after-treatment devices through ash-, metal-, and polymer-free formulations, etc.

Applications of lubricants and greases based on vegetable or animal sources route back to horary past. Until the beginning of the 19th Century, lubricants were reported to be primarily based on beef tallow and vegetable oils. However, advances in petroleum derived mineral oils led to the replacement of these greases with mineral oil based lubricants. The reasons for their dominance may basically be attributed to high performance compared to vegetable oil based lubricants and greases and also their cheaper cost. Environmental consciousness and the speeding race for green lubricants has once again revived vegetable oil based lubricants. Compatibility of greases is an important property of greases that plays a crucial role in some applications like centralized lube system. As the base oil composition of mineral/synthetic oils is significantly different than vegetable oils, it might considerably influence the compatibility of the greases. In view of this, compatibility studies of vegetable oil based greases with mineral oil based greases have been carried out. The vegetable oil based greases formulated with lithium complex, lithium–calcium, and aluminum complex thickeners have been studied to determine the compatibility with non-vegetable oil based greases having lithium, lithium complex, aluminum complex, polyurea, calcium sulfonate thickeners, etc. However, the various greases covered in this paper are just base greases and do not contain any performance additives considering the fact that additives may significantly influence the compatibility of finished grease with other greases under investigation. It is interesting to note that the vegetable oil based greases evaluated so far have either been found incompatible or just borderline compatible.

We report the case of a 64-year-old female patient with an undifferentiated carcinoma involving the pancreatic head in whom hepatic metastasis and encasement of the portal and superior mesenteric veins had occurred. Ultrasound demonstrated a round well-defined hypoechoic mass with increased color Doppler flow signals at the periphery, while CT revealed a heterogeneously enhanced mass with a less attenuated central portion and rim enhancement of the pancreatic head.