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3. Land Resources in Organic Agriculture: Trends and Challenges in the Twenty-First Century from Global to Croatian Contexts

Author

Ondrasek, Gabrijel, Horvatinec, Jelena, Bubalo Kovačić, Marina, Reljić, Marko, Vinceković, Marko, Rathod, Santosha, Bandumula, Nirmala, Dharavath, Ramesh, Imtiaz Rashid, Muhammad, Panfilova, Olga, Arachchilage Sunanda Kodikara, Kodikara, Defterdarović, Jasmina, Krevh, Vedran, Filipović, Vilim, Filipović, Lana, Čop, Tajana, and Njavro, Mario

Subjects
organic farming, ecologic farming, biodiversity, environment protection, agroecosystems
Abstract

Organic agriculture (OA) is a continuously growing global concept that emphasizes the use of sustainable and environmentally-friendly practices. By adopting OA, it is possible to improve ecosystems services, increase biodiversity, decrease environmental pollution, reduce carbon footprints and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, generating food that is free from harmful residues of agrochemicals, thereby enhancing food safety and security. This study provides a comprehensive review of the latest insights on the global utilization of land resources in OA, focusing particularly on some EU countries that experienced a notable and rapid progress in organic farming during the past two decades. With negligible 1.6% (75 Mha) of global cropland is currently dedicated to OA, there is ample opportunity to expand the adoption of OA and realize its multi-beneficial potential for farmers (by premium prices), and consumers (by healthier and nutritious food). The importance of OA has been recognized by the most recent EU agro- environmental policies and green strategies, with an ambitious goal to have at least 25% of agroecosystems under organic management by 2030. Despite numerous financial supports and a multifold increase in OA land area, many member states are unlikely to achieve this goal, including Croatia, which currently has a share of only 8% (~109, 000 ha) of lands in OA. Furthermore, converting conventional land to organic farming has not always led to an increase in value-added final OA products. EU policies related to OA have been focused on the area of land cultivated organically, rather than overall production performance, and financial subsidies have been essential to achieve this policy. Therefore, some of critical obstacles and challenges for OA under rising pressures due to global climate change, public health and geopolitical crises need to be managed by specifically designed policies and regulations, which would contribute to more sustainable OA, i.e., food safety and security.

Published
2023

4. Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties

Author

Phillips, Helen, R. P., Bach, Elizabeth M., Bartz, Marie L. C., Bennett, Joanne, Beugnon, Rémy, Briones, Maria J. I., Brown, George, Ferlian, Olga, Gongalsky, Konstantin B., Guerra, Carlos A., König-Ries, Birgitta, Holdsworth, Andrew R., Coors, Anja, Crotty, Felicity V., Crumsey, Jasmine M., Dávalos, Andrea, Diaz Cosin, Darío J., Loss, Scott R., Dobson, Annise M., Dominguez, Anahí, Esteban Duhour, Andrés, Schirrmann, Michael, Eekeren, Nick van, Holmstrup, Martin, Emmerling, Christoph, Falco, Liliana B., Fernández, Rosa, Fonte, Steven J., Fragoso, Carlos, Franco, André L. C., Marichal, Raphael, Fusilero, Abegail T., Moreno, Gerardo, Geraskina, Anna P., Gholami, Shaieste, Hopfensperger, Kristine N., González, Grizelle, Gundale, Michael J., Gutiérrez López, Mónica, Hackenberger, Branimir K., Hackenberger, Davorka K., Hernández, Luis M., Hirth, Jeff R., Morón-Ríos, Alejandro, Huerta Lwanga, Esperanza, Huhta, Veikko, Hurisso, Tunsisa T., Iannone III, Basil V., Iordache, Madalina, Ramirez, Kelly S., Irmler, Ulrich, Minamiya, Yukio, Ivask, Mari, Jesus Lidon, Juan B., Motohiro, Hasegawa, Johnson-Maynard, Jodi L., Joschko, Monika, Kaneko, Nobuhiro, Kanianska, Radoslava, Keith, Aidan M., Kernecker, Maria L., Scharenbroch, Bryant C., Koné, Armand W., Kooch, Yahya, Hendrik Moos, Jan, Muys, Bart, Kukkonen, Sanna T., Lalthanzara, H., Lammel, Daniel R., Lebedev, Iurii M., Le Cadre, Edith, Lincoln, Noa K., López-Hernández, Danilo, Neirynck, Johan, Krebs, Julia, Norgrove, Lindsey, Novo, Marta, Nuutinen, Visa, Choi, Amy, Nuzzo, Victoria, Schmidt, Olaf, Rahman, P. Mujeeb, Pansu, Johan, Paudel, Shishir, Pérès, Guénola, Pérez-Camacho, Lorenzo, Ponge, Jean-François, Orgiazzi, Alberto, Prietzel, Jörg, Wall, Diana H., Rapoport, Irina B., Imtiaz Rashid, Muhammad, Schröder, Boris, Rebollo, Salvador, Rodríguez, Miguel Á., Roth, Alexander M., Rousseau, Guillaume X., Rozen, Anna, Sayad, Ehsan, Schaik, Loes van, Brose, Ulrich, Seeber, Julia, Shashkov, Maxim P., Singh, Jaswinder, Smith, Sandy M., Steinwandter, Michael, Capowiez, Yvan, Szlavecz, Katalin, Russell, David, Talavera, José A., Trigo, Dolores, Decaëns, Thibaud, Tsukamoto, Jiro, Uribe-López, Sheila, Valença, Anne W. de, Virto, Iñigo, Wackett, Adrian A., Warren, Matthew W., Cavagnaro, Timothy R., Webster, Emily R., Wehr, Nathaniel H., Schwarz, Benjamin, Lavelle, Patrick, Wironen, Michael B., Wolters, Volkmar, Wu, Pengfei, Zenkova, Irina V. Z., Zhang, Weixin, Cameron, Erin K., Eisenhauer, Nico, Loreau, Michel, Mathieu, Jérôme, Mulder, Christian, Putten, Wim H. van der, Rillig, Matthias C., Matula, Radim, Thakur, Madhav P., Clause, Julia, Vries, Franciska T. de, Wardle, David A., Ammer, Sabine, Arai, Miwa, Ayuke, Fredrick O., Baker, Geoff H., Baretta, Dilmar, Barkusky, Dietmar, Hishi, Takuo, Beauséjour, Robin, Bedano, José C., Cluzeau, Daniel, Birkhofer, Klaus, Blanchart, Eric, Blossey, Bernd, Bolger, Thomas, Bradley, Robert L., Brossard, Michel, Burtis, James C., German Research Foundation, European Commission, Academy of Finland, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), European Research Council, Labex TULIP, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK), Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Tarbiat Modares University, Aurora Organic Dairy, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Wageningen University and Research Centre, International Atomic Energy Agency, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Oklahoma State University, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland), University of Hawaii at Manoa, U.S. Navy, Department of Science and Technology (India), Department of Defense (US), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Colorado Wheat Research Foundation, Zone Atelier Alpes, Austrian Science Fund, Rentenbank, Welsh Government, European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Science Foundation Ireland, University of Toronto, Haliburton Forest & Wildlife Reserve, Arts and Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, University of Innsbruck, Higher Education Commission (Pakistan), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Argentina), Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Fonds de Recherche du Québec, Institute for Environmental Science and Policy, University of Illinois, Casey Tree, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, DePaul University, Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, CICYT (España), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, McKnight Foundation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (France), Bavarian Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Estonian Science Foundation, Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (Ontario), National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Australian Research Council

Abstract

Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change., H.R.P.P., B.K-R., and the sWorm workshops were supported by the sDiv [Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (DFG FZT 118)]. H.R.P.P., O.F. and N.E. acknowledge funding by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 677232 to NE). K.S.R. and W.H.v.d.P. were supported by ERC-ADV grant 323020 to W.H.v.d.P. Also supported by iDiv (DFG FZT118) Flexpool proposal 34600850 (C.A.G. and N.E.); the Academy of Finland (285882) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (postdoctoral fellowship and RGPIN-2019-05758) (E.K.C.); German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01LO0901A) (D.J.R.); ERC-AdG 694368 (M.R.); the TULIP Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-41) (M.L); and the BBSRC David Phillips Fellowship to F.T.d.V. (BB/L02456X/1). In addition, data collection was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (12-04-01538-а, 12-04-01734-a, 14-44-03666-r_center_a, 15-29-02724-ofi_m, 16-04-01878-a 19-05-00245, 19-04-00-609-a); Tarbiat Modares University; Aurora Organic Dairy; UGC(NERO) (F. 1-6/Acctt./NERO/2007-08/1485); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (RGPIN-2017-05391); Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-0098-12); Science for Global Development through Wageningen University; Norman Borlaug LEAP Programme and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (12/22510-8); Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station; INIA - Spanish Agency (SUM 2006-00012-00-0); Royal Canadian Geographical Society; Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) (2005-S-LS-8); University of Hawai’i at Mānoa (HAW01127H; HAW01123M); European Union FP7 (FunDivEurope, 265171; ROUTES 265156); U.S. Department of the Navy, Commander Pacific Fleet (W9126G-13-2-0047); Science and Engineering Research Board (SB/SO/AS-030/2013) Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India; Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) of the U.S. Department of Defense (RC-1542); Maranhão State Research Foundation (FAPEMA 03135/13, 02471/17); Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES 3281/2013); Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (LTT17033); Colorado Wheat Research Foundation; Zone Atelier Alpes, French National Research Agency (ANR-11-BSV7-020-01, ANR-09-STRA-02-01, ANR 06 BIODIV 009-01); Austrian Science Fund (P16027, T441); Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank Frankfurt am Main; Welsh Government and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (Project Ref. A AAB 62 03 qA731606); SÉPAQ, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland; Science Foundation Ireland (EEB0061); University of Toronto (Faculty of Forestry); National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Haliburton Forest & Wildlife Reserve; NKU College of Arts & Sciences Grant; Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft (837393 and 837426); Mountain Agriculture Research Unit of the University of Innsbruck; Higher Education Commission of Pakistan; Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala; UNEP/GEF/TSBF-CIAT Project on Conservation and Sustainable Management of Belowground Biodiversity; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland; Complutense University of Madrid/European Union FP7 project BioBio (FPU UCM 613520); GRDC; AWI; LWRRDC; DRDC; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council) and FONCyT (National Agency of Scientific and Technological Promotion) (PICT, PAE, PIP), Universidad Nacional de Luján y FONCyT (PICT 2293 (2006)); Fonds de recherche sur la nature et les technologies du Québec (131894); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SCHR1000/3-1, SCHR1000/6-1, 6-2 (FOR 1598), WO 670/7-1, WO 670/7-2, & SCHA 1719/1-2), CONACYT (FONDOS MIXTOS TABASCO/PROYECTO11316); NSF (DGE-0549245, DGE-0549245, DEB-BE-0909452, NSF1241932, LTER Program DEB-97–14835); Institute for Environmental Science and Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago; Dean’s Scholar Program at UIC; Garden Club of America Zone VI Fellowship in Urban Forestry from the Casey Tree Endowment Fund; J.E. Weaver Competitive Grant from the Nebraska Chapter of The Nature Conservancy; The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Depaul University; Elmore Hadley Award for Research in Ecology and Evolution from the UIC Dept. of Biological Sciences, Spanish CICYT (AMB96-1161; REN2000-0783/GLO; REN2003-05553/GLO; REN2003-03989/GLO; CGL2007-60661/BOS); Yokohama National University; MEXT KAKENHI (25220104); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI (25281053, 17KT0074, 25252026); ADEME (0775C0035); Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain (CGL2017-86926-P); Syngenta Philippines; UPSTREAM; LTSER (Val Mazia/Matschertal); Marie Sklodowska Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship (747607); National Science & Technology Base Resource Survey Project of China (2018FY100306); McKnight Foundation (14–168); Program of Fundamental Researches of Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences (AААА-A18–118021490070–5); Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq 310690/2017–0, 404191/2019–3, 307486/2013–3); French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs; Bavarian Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry (Project No B62); INRA AIDY project; MIUR PRIN 2008; Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station; Estonian Science Foundation; Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Canada; Russian Science Foundation (16-17-10284); National Natural Science Foundation of China (41371270); Australian Research Council (FT120100463); USDA Forest Service-IITF.

Published
2021

5. Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties

Author

German Research Foundation, European Commission, Academy of Finland, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), European Research Council, Labex TULIP, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK), Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Tarbiat Modares University, Aurora Organic Dairy, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Wageningen University and Research Centre, International Atomic Energy Agency, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Oklahoma State University, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland), University of Hawaii at Manoa, U.S. Navy, Department of Science and Technology (India), Department of Defense (US), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Colorado Wheat Research Foundation, Zone Atelier Alpes, Austrian Science Fund, Rentenbank, Welsh Government, European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Science Foundation Ireland, University of Toronto, Haliburton Forest & Wildlife Reserve, Arts and Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, University of Innsbruck, Higher Education Commission (Pakistan), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Argentina), Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Fonds de Recherche du Québec, Institute for Environmental Science and Policy, University of Illinois, Casey Tree, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, DePaul University, Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, CICYT (España), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, McKnight Foundation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (France), Bavarian Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Estonian Science Foundation, Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (Ontario), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Australian Research Council, Phillips, Helen, R. P., Bach, Elizabeth M., Bartz, Marie L. C., Bennett, Joanne, Beugnon, Rémy, Briones, María J. I., Brown, George, Ferlian, Olga, Gongalsky, Konstantin B., Guerra, Carlos A., König-Ries, Birgitta, Holdsworth, Andrew R., Coors, Anja, Crotty, Felicity V., Crumsey, Jasmine M., Dávalos, Andrea, Diaz Cosin, Darío J., Loss, Scott R., Dobson, Annise M., Dominguez, Anahí, Esteban Duhour, Andrés, Schirrmann, Michael, Eekeren, Nick van, Holmstrup, Martin, Emmerling, Christoph, Falco, Liliana B., Fernández, Rosa, Fonte, Steven J., Fragoso, Carlos, Franco, André L. C., Marichal, Raphael, Fusilero, Abegail T., Moreno, Gerardo, Geraskina, Anna P., Gholami, Shaieste, Hopfensperger, Kristine N., González, Grizelle, Gundale, Michael J., Gutiérrez López, Mónica, Hackenberger, Branimir K., Hackenberger, Davorka K., Hernández, Luis M., Hirth, Jeff R., Morón-Ríos, Alejandro, Huerta Lwanga, Esperanza, Huhta, Veikko, Hurisso, Tunsisa T., Iannone III, Basil V., Iordache, Madalina, Ramirez, Kelly S., Irmler, Ulrich, Minamiya, Yukio, Ivask, Mari, Jesus Lidon, Juan B., Motohiro, Hasegawa, Johnson-Maynard, Jodi L., Joschko, Monika, Kaneko, Nobuhiro, Kanianska, Radoslava, Keith, Aidan M., Kernecker, Maria L., Scharenbroch, Bryant C., Koné, Armand W., Kooch, Yahya, Hendrik Moos, Jan, Muys, Bart, Kukkonen, Sanna T., Lalthanzara, H., Lammel, Daniel R., Lebedev, Iurii M., Le Cadre, Edith, Lincoln, Noa K., López-Hernández, Danilo, Neirynck, Johan, Krebs, Julia, Norgrove, Lindsey, Novo, Marta, Nuutinen, Visa, Choi, Amy, Nuzzo, Victoria, Schmidt, Olaf, Rahman, P. Mujeeb, Pansu, Johan, Paudel, Shishir, Pérès, Guénola, Pérez-Camacho, Lorenzo, Ponge, Jean-François, Orgiazzi, Alberto, Prietzel, Jörg, Wall, Diana H., Rapoport, Irina B., Imtiaz Rashid, Muhammad, Schröder, Boris, Rebollo, Salvador, Rodríguez, Miguel Á., Roth, Alexander M., Rousseau, Guillaume X., Rozen, Anna, Sayad, Ehsan, Schaik, Loes van, Brose, Ulrich, Seeber, Julia, Shashkov, Maxim P., Singh, Jaswinder, Smith, Sandy M., Steinwandter, Michael, Capowiez, Yvan, Szlavecz, Katalin, Russell, David, Talavera, José A., Trigo, Dolores, Decaëns, Thibaud, Tsukamoto, Jiro, Uribe-López, Sheila, Valença, Anne W. de, Virto, Iñigo, Wackett, Adrian A., Warren, Matthew W., Cavagnaro, Timothy R., Webster, Emily R., Wehr, Nathaniel H., Schwarz, Benjamin, Lavelle, Patrick, Wironen, Michael B., Wolters, Volkmar, Wu, Pengfei, Zenkova, Irina V. Z., Zhang, Weixin, Cameron, Erin K., Eisenhauer, Nico, Loreau, Michel, Mathieu, Jérôme, Mulder, Christian, Putten, Wim H. van der, Rillig, Matthias C., Matula, Radim, Thakur, Madhav P., Clause, Julia, Vries, Franciska T. de, Wardle, David A., Ammer, Sabine, Arai, Miwa, Ayuke, Fredrick O., Baker, Geoff H., Baretta, Dilmar, Barkusky, Dietmar, Hishi, Takuo, Beauséjour, Robin, Bedano, José C., Cluzeau, Daniel, Birkhofer, Klaus, Blanchart, Eric, Blossey, Bernd, Bolger, Thomas, Bradley, Robert L., Brossard, Michel, Burtis, James C., German Research Foundation, European Commission, Academy of Finland, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), European Research Council, Labex TULIP, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK), Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Tarbiat Modares University, Aurora Organic Dairy, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Wageningen University and Research Centre, International Atomic Energy Agency, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Oklahoma State University, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland), University of Hawaii at Manoa, U.S. Navy, Department of Science and Technology (India), Department of Defense (US), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Colorado Wheat Research Foundation, Zone Atelier Alpes, Austrian Science Fund, Rentenbank, Welsh Government, European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Science Foundation Ireland, University of Toronto, Haliburton Forest & Wildlife Reserve, Arts and Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, University of Innsbruck, Higher Education Commission (Pakistan), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Argentina), Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Fonds de Recherche du Québec, Institute for Environmental Science and Policy, University of Illinois, Casey Tree, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, DePaul University, Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, CICYT (España), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, McKnight Foundation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (France), Bavarian Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Estonian Science Foundation, Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (Ontario), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Australian Research Council, Phillips, Helen, R. P., Bach, Elizabeth M., Bartz, Marie L. C., Bennett, Joanne, Beugnon, Rémy, Briones, María J. I., Brown, George, Ferlian, Olga, Gongalsky, Konstantin B., Guerra, Carlos A., König-Ries, Birgitta, Holdsworth, Andrew R., Coors, Anja, Crotty, Felicity V., Crumsey, Jasmine M., Dávalos, Andrea, Diaz Cosin, Darío J., Loss, Scott R., Dobson, Annise M., Dominguez, Anahí, Esteban Duhour, Andrés, Schirrmann, Michael, Eekeren, Nick van, Holmstrup, Martin, Emmerling, Christoph, Falco, Liliana B., Fernández, Rosa, Fonte, Steven J., Fragoso, Carlos, Franco, André L. C., Marichal, Raphael, Fusilero, Abegail T., Moreno, Gerardo, Geraskina, Anna P., Gholami, Shaieste, Hopfensperger, Kristine N., González, Grizelle, Gundale, Michael J., Gutiérrez López, Mónica, Hackenberger, Branimir K., Hackenberger, Davorka K., Hernández, Luis M., Hirth, Jeff R., Morón-Ríos, Alejandro, Huerta Lwanga, Esperanza, Huhta, Veikko, Hurisso, Tunsisa T., Iannone III, Basil V., Iordache, Madalina, Ramirez, Kelly S., Irmler, Ulrich, Minamiya, Yukio, Ivask, Mari, Jesus Lidon, Juan B., Motohiro, Hasegawa, Johnson-Maynard, Jodi L., Joschko, Monika, Kaneko, Nobuhiro, Kanianska, Radoslava, Keith, Aidan M., Kernecker, Maria L., Scharenbroch, Bryant C., Koné, Armand W., Kooch, Yahya, Hendrik Moos, Jan, Muys, Bart, Kukkonen, Sanna T., Lalthanzara, H., Lammel, Daniel R., Lebedev, Iurii M., Le Cadre, Edith, Lincoln, Noa K., López-Hernández, Danilo, Neirynck, Johan, Krebs, Julia, Norgrove, Lindsey, Novo, Marta, Nuutinen, Visa, Choi, Amy, Nuzzo, Victoria, Schmidt, Olaf, Rahman, P. Mujeeb, Pansu, Johan, Paudel, Shishir, Pérès, Guénola, Pérez-Camacho, Lorenzo, Ponge, Jean-François, Orgiazzi, Alberto, Prietzel, Jörg, Wall, Diana H., Rapoport, Irina B., Imtiaz Rashid, Muhammad, Schröder, Boris, Rebollo, Salvador, Rodríguez, Miguel Á., Roth, Alexander M., Rousseau, Guillaume X., Rozen, Anna, Sayad, Ehsan, Schaik, Loes van, Brose, Ulrich, Seeber, Julia, Shashkov, Maxim P., Singh, Jaswinder, Smith, Sandy M., Steinwandter, Michael, Capowiez, Yvan, Szlavecz, Katalin, Russell, David, Talavera, José A., Trigo, Dolores, Decaëns, Thibaud, Tsukamoto, Jiro, Uribe-López, Sheila, Valença, Anne W. de, Virto, Iñigo, Wackett, Adrian A., Warren, Matthew W., Cavagnaro, Timothy R., Webster, Emily R., Wehr, Nathaniel H., Schwarz, Benjamin, Lavelle, Patrick, Wironen, Michael B., Wolters, Volkmar, Wu, Pengfei, Zenkova, Irina V. Z., Zhang, Weixin, Cameron, Erin K., Eisenhauer, Nico, Loreau, Michel, Mathieu, Jérôme, Mulder, Christian, Putten, Wim H. van der, Rillig, Matthias C., Matula, Radim, Thakur, Madhav P., Clause, Julia, Vries, Franciska T. de, Wardle, David A., Ammer, Sabine, Arai, Miwa, Ayuke, Fredrick O., Baker, Geoff H., Baretta, Dilmar, Barkusky, Dietmar, Hishi, Takuo, Beauséjour, Robin, Bedano, José C., Cluzeau, Daniel, Birkhofer, Klaus, Blanchart, Eric, Blossey, Bernd, Bolger, Thomas, Bradley, Robert L., Brossard, Michel, and Burtis, James C.

Abstract

Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change.

Published
2021

6. Global distribution of earthworm diversity

Author

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, European Research Council, Academy of Finland, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Wageningen University and Research Centre, International Atomic Energy Agency, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Irish Government, University of Hawaii, U.S. Navy, Department of Science and Technology (India), Department of Defense (US), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Austrian Science Fund, Welsh Government, Science Foundation Ireland, University of Toronto, University of Kentucky, University of Innsbruck, Higher Education Commission (Pakistan), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Grains Research and Development Corporation (Australia), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (France), Phillips, Helen, R. P., Guerra, Carlos A., Bartz, Marie L. C., Briones, María J. I., Brown, George, Crowther, Thomas Ward, Ferlian, Olga, Gongalsky, Konstantin B., Hoogen, Johan van den, Krebs, Julia, Orgiazzi, Alberto, Hopfensperger, Kristine N., Huerta Lwanga, Esperanza, Huhta, Veikko, Rahman, P. Mujeeb, Hurisso, Tunsisa T., Iannone III, Basil V., Iordache, Madalina, Joschko, Monika, Kaneko, Nobuhiro, Kanianska, Radoslava, Imtiaz Rashid, Muhammad, Keith, Aidan M., Kelly, Courtland A., Kernecker, Maria L., Klaminder, Jonatan, Pansu, Johan, Koné, Armand W., Kooch, Yahya, Kukkonen, Sanna T., Lalthanzara, H., Lammel, Daniel R., Rebollo, Salvador, Lebedev, Iurii M., Li, Yiqing, Jesus Lidon, Juan B., Lincoln, Noa K., Loss, Scott R., Paudel, Shishir, Marichal, Raphael, Matula, Radim, Hendrik Moos, Jan, Moreno, Gerardo, Rodeiro-Iglesias, Javier, Morón-Ríos, Alejandro, Muys, Bart, Neirynck, Johan, Norgrove, Lindsey, Novo, Marta, Nuutinen, Visa, Pérès, Guénola, Nuzzo, Victoria, Pérez-Camacho, Lorenzo, Piñeiro, Raúl, Routh, Devin, Ponge, Jean-François, Rodríguez, Miguel Á., Roth, Alexander M., Rousseau, Guillaume X., Rozen, Anna, Sayad, Ehsan, Schaik, Loes van, Loreau, Michel, Scharenbroch, Bryant C., Schirrmann, Michael, Schmidt, Olaf, Schröder, Boris, Schwarz, Benjamin, Seeber, Julia, Shashkov, Maxim P., Singh, Jaswinder, Smith, Sandy M., Steinwandter, Michael, Mathieu, Jérôme, Talavera, José A., Trigo, Dolores, Tsukamoto, Jiro, Valença, Anne W. de, Vanek, Steven J., Bach, Elizabeth M., Virto, Iñigo, Wackett, Adrian A., Warren, Matthew W., Wehr, Nathaniel H., Mulder, Christian, Whalen, Joann K., Wironen, Michael B., Wolters, Volkmar, Zenkova, Irina V. Z., Zhang, Weixin, Cameron, Erin K., Bennett, Joanne, Eisenhauer, Nico, Brose, Ulrich, Decaëns, Thibaud, Putten, Wim H. van der, König-Ries, Birgitta, Ramirez, Kelly S., Rillig, Matthias C., Russell, David, Rutgers, Michiel, Thakur, Madhav P., Vries, Franciska T. de, Gundale, Michael J., Wall, Diana H., Wardle, David A., Arai, Miwa, Ayuke, Fredrick O., Baker, Geoff H., Beauséjour, Robin, Bedano, José C., Birkhofer, Klaus, Blanchart, Eric, Blossey, Bernd, Gutiérrez López, Mónica, Bolger, Thomas, Bradley, Robert L., Callaham, Mac A., Capowiez, Yvan, Caulfield, Mark E., Choi, Amy, Crotty, Felicity V., Dávalos, Andrea, Diaz Cosin, Darío J., Dominguez, Anahí, Hackenberger, Davorka K., Esteban Duhour, Andrés, Eekeren, Nick van, Emmerling, Christoph, Falco, Liliana B., Fernández, Rosa, Fonte, Steven J., Fragoso, Carlos, Franco, André L. C., Fugère, Martine, Fusilero, Abegail T., Hernández, Luis M., Gholami, Shaieste, Hishi, Takuo, Holdsworth, Andrew R., Holmstrup, Martin, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, European Research Council, Academy of Finland, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Wageningen University and Research Centre, International Atomic Energy Agency, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Irish Government, University of Hawaii, U.S. Navy, Department of Science and Technology (India), Department of Defense (US), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Austrian Science Fund, Welsh Government, Science Foundation Ireland, University of Toronto, University of Kentucky, University of Innsbruck, Higher Education Commission (Pakistan), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Grains Research and Development Corporation (Australia), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (France), Phillips, Helen, R. P., Guerra, Carlos A., Bartz, Marie L. C., Briones, María J. I., Brown, George, Crowther, Thomas Ward, Ferlian, Olga, Gongalsky, Konstantin B., Hoogen, Johan van den, Krebs, Julia, Orgiazzi, Alberto, Hopfensperger, Kristine N., Huerta Lwanga, Esperanza, Huhta, Veikko, Rahman, P. Mujeeb, Hurisso, Tunsisa T., Iannone III, Basil V., Iordache, Madalina, Joschko, Monika, Kaneko, Nobuhiro, Kanianska, Radoslava, Imtiaz Rashid, Muhammad, Keith, Aidan M., Kelly, Courtland A., Kernecker, Maria L., Klaminder, Jonatan, Pansu, Johan, Koné, Armand W., Kooch, Yahya, Kukkonen, Sanna T., Lalthanzara, H., Lammel, Daniel R., Rebollo, Salvador, Lebedev, Iurii M., Li, Yiqing, Jesus Lidon, Juan B., Lincoln, Noa K., Loss, Scott R., Paudel, Shishir, Marichal, Raphael, Matula, Radim, Hendrik Moos, Jan, Moreno, Gerardo, Rodeiro-Iglesias, Javier, Morón-Ríos, Alejandro, Muys, Bart, Neirynck, Johan, Norgrove, Lindsey, Novo, Marta, Nuutinen, Visa, Pérès, Guénola, Nuzzo, Victoria, Pérez-Camacho, Lorenzo, Piñeiro, Raúl, Routh, Devin, Ponge, Jean-François, Rodríguez, Miguel Á., Roth, Alexander M., Rousseau, Guillaume X., Rozen, Anna, Sayad, Ehsan, Schaik, Loes van, Loreau, Michel, Scharenbroch, Bryant C., Schirrmann, Michael, Schmidt, Olaf, Schröder, Boris, Schwarz, Benjamin, Seeber, Julia, Shashkov, Maxim P., Singh, Jaswinder, Smith, Sandy M., Steinwandter, Michael, Mathieu, Jérôme, Talavera, José A., Trigo, Dolores, Tsukamoto, Jiro, Valença, Anne W. de, Vanek, Steven J., Bach, Elizabeth M., Virto, Iñigo, Wackett, Adrian A., Warren, Matthew W., Wehr, Nathaniel H., Mulder, Christian, Whalen, Joann K., Wironen, Michael B., Wolters, Volkmar, Zenkova, Irina V. Z., Zhang, Weixin, Cameron, Erin K., Bennett, Joanne, Eisenhauer, Nico, Brose, Ulrich, Decaëns, Thibaud, Putten, Wim H. van der, König-Ries, Birgitta, Ramirez, Kelly S., Rillig, Matthias C., Russell, David, Rutgers, Michiel, Thakur, Madhav P., Vries, Franciska T. de, Gundale, Michael J., Wall, Diana H., Wardle, David A., Arai, Miwa, Ayuke, Fredrick O., Baker, Geoff H., Beauséjour, Robin, Bedano, José C., Birkhofer, Klaus, Blanchart, Eric, Blossey, Bernd, Gutiérrez López, Mónica, Bolger, Thomas, Bradley, Robert L., Callaham, Mac A., Capowiez, Yvan, Caulfield, Mark E., Choi, Amy, Crotty, Felicity V., Dávalos, Andrea, Diaz Cosin, Darío J., Dominguez, Anahí, Hackenberger, Davorka K., Esteban Duhour, Andrés, Eekeren, Nick van, Emmerling, Christoph, Falco, Liliana B., Fernández, Rosa, Fonte, Steven J., Fragoso, Carlos, Franco, André L. C., Fugère, Martine, Fusilero, Abegail T., Hernández, Luis M., Gholami, Shaieste, Hishi, Takuo, Holdsworth, Andrew R., and Holmstrup, Martin

Abstract

Soil organisms, including earthworms, are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about their diversity, their distribution, and the threats affecting them. We compiled a global dataset of sampled earthworm communities from 6928 sites in 57 countries as a basis for predicting patterns in earthworm diversity, abundance, and biomass. We found that local species richness and abundance typically peaked at higher latitudes, displaying patterns opposite to those observed in aboveground organisms. However, high species dissimilarity across tropical locations may cause diversity across the entirety of the tropics to be higher than elsewhere. Climate variables were found to be more important in shaping earthworm communities than soil properties or habitat cover. These findings suggest that climate change may have serious implications for earthworm communities and for the functions they provide.

Published
2019

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