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In this study, menthol was glycosylated with starch in the presence of α-amylase to produce menthyl maltoside (MenM) as the primary product. Optimization of the experimental parameters, including the menthol-starch ratio, enzyme concentration, temperature, and time, was performed using response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM-generated model displayed adequate accuracy and reasonable predictability for the MenM yield under the specified experimental conditions. Under the optimized reaction conditions of the menthol-to-starch ratio of 1:3 (50 °C, 18 h) and enzyme concentration of 50 U, the highest yield of MenM (23.7%) was obtained. Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies were employed to analyze the synthesized menthol derivative MenM. Compared with standard menthol, the synthesized menthol derivatives displayed various biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of RSM-optimized synthesis of MenM from the glycosylation of menthol with starch. This study showed that MenM is highly soluble in water and can be easily stored owing to its non-volatile nature.

Abstract The thermal degradation kinetics of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOX) prepared under different pH conditions were studied. Kinetic assessment was conducted by analyzing the thermal degradation of PEOX. The kinetic parameters were estimated using model-free methods; including Friedman, OFW, KAS and Starink methods and model-fitting method; Combined kinetics (Ck). The investigation revealed that the activation energy of PEOX degradation exhibited variability when prepared under different pH conditions. During the process of conversion, the activation energy for PEOX thermal degradation showed an increase when synthesized under neutral conditions, while it remained consistent when synthesized under alkaline conditions. The synthesis of PEOX in an acidic medium led to a compromised thermal stability, as indicated by a gradual reduction in activation energy during its thermal degradation. By employing artificial neural network (ANN) and advanced classification regression tree (C&RT), the prediction of activation energy's evolution was conducted, taking into account pH, conversion, heating rate, and temperature. The predictive performance of the advanced C&RT model surpassed that of ANN in determining the activation energy of PEOX degradation at different pH levels for different heating rates.

Abstract A sustainable approach was proposed to address environmental pollution, carbon footprint and economic efficiency challenges in Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). This approach involved the use of Bio-dielectric such as biodiesel and Bio fuel (distilled water with 10% ethanol). The EDM process performance was further optimized by experimenting with both electrodes’ rotation (i.e., in same direction, opposite direction, no rotation) and the use of treated tools (no treatment, heat treatment, cryogenic treatment). Biodiesel as a bio-dielectric showed promise by delivering the highest Material Removal Rate (MRR) and the lowest Tool Wear Rate (TWR). Bio-fuel (distilled water with 10% ethanol) resulted in the lowest Surface Roughness (SR) and cleaner machined surface with least carbon deposition. Additionally, electrode rotation improved flushing and enhanced performance parameters, with opposite direction rotation yielding the highest MRR and the lowest SR. However, no rotation of electrodes resulted in the lowest TWR. The use of treated tools, specifically heat-treated and cryogenically treated tools, also improved performance and reduced energy consumption, with cryogenic treatment providing the highest MRR, heat treatment giving least SR, and no treatment providing least TWR. Certain interactions between factors significantly impacted performance parameters. Grey relational analysis revealed that using distilled water with 10% ethanol as a dielectric, employing cryogenically treated copper tools, and having no rotation of both electrodes yielded the best performance parameters.

Managing high-ash sludge from tanneries is a significant challenge and requires investigating their conversion to valuable goods. This study explores the use of gasification processes to convert tannery waste into syngas and the use of syngas for power generation. In this respect, the integrated process thermal equilibrium simulation model has been developed using the Aspen Plus® V12. This model consists of (1) a steam gasification model for syngas production and (2) a power generation model for converting syngas into electricity. In addition, sensitivity analysis has been carried out to determine the effects of temperature (650–900 °C), steam flow (500–2000 kg/h), and CaO flow (0.1500 kg/h) on the composition and power generation of syngas. Changes in steam flow rate at constant temperature (cao flow rate 1500 kg/h) show an increase in H2 content to 80 % and a decline in CO and CH4 content. This increases total power output from 3680 kW to 4001 kW, temperature increases from 650 to 900 °C, and steam flow increases from 500 to 2000 kg/h from 3500 to 4600 kW. Finally, the impact of CaO as a sorbent is significant in electricity generation and CO2 mitigation, increasing to over 600 kW of energy output. This work could contribute to converting waste into energy, which could have a significant financial impact on the tannery industry.

Extensive applications of buoyancy-induced flow owing to temperature and concentration gradients have been found exclusively in diversified industrial and technological processes, such as heat exchange systems, solar collectors, heat sinks, and power plants. Additionally, installation of internal sources in confined configurations is essential in operation performance of many devices relevant to transformers, radiators, air cooling engines, fuel cells, semiconductor instruments and so forth. Furthermore, in recent decades, hybridized nanoparticles have been added to different setups to increase their efficiency. Therefore, the premier motive of current work is to examine mass and heat transport mechanisms in water-based fluids encompassed in a corrugated rectangular chamber with the induction of copper (Cu) and alumina (Al2O3) in a hybrid manner. A horizontally oriented magnetic field is assumed, along with the adjustment of a uniformly heated and concentrated source. The thermal conductivity relation proposed by Maxwell is obliged to scrutinize the performance of hybridized nanoparticles in controlling heat exchange in the domain. In this study, a power-law viscosity model is manifested along with utilization of other conservation laws and model structuring in the form of dimensionless expressions is performed by accomplishsing variables. Finite element simulations are executed by utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 to solve developed governing equations system. The quantities of interest, such as average heat and mass fluxex, along with presentation of percentage change versus sundry factors, through graphical and tabular display. From a thorough examination, it is inferred that magnetic field plays an effective significance in controlling the excessive thermosolutal gradients. In addition, inudction of hybridized nanoparticles will positively affect thermal exchange in the base liquid compared to the situation when nanoparticles are not added. It is also deduced that average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers decreased up to 3 % and 2.4 % respectively for hydromagnetic situation (Ha = 0) in comparison to hydrodynamic case (Ha ≠ 0). Decrement in coefficients representing thermosolutal exchange reach up to 55 % and 66 % approximately against increment in number of corrugations. Induction of hybrid nanoparticles resulted in an increase in the coefficients of thermal and solutal transfer up to 14 % and 22 %, respectively, compared to the scenario where the base fluid contained no particles. For shear thinning aspects of non-Newtonain liquid, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers exceeds in comparison to Newtonian case and contrary aspects are observed for shear thickening materials.

A thermal model was developed based on finite element modeling analysis using the Transient Thermal module of Ansys. The objective of this study was to develop a thermal model for electrical discharge machining to address the discrepancies observed in the model proposed by Ming et al., which failed to accurately estimate Material Removal Rate (MRR) values for discharge powers exceeding 100 mJ. The MRR ratios derived from the model under consideration were observed to be within the range of 3.568–0.639. In comparison, the MRR ratios obtained from the models proposed by Ming et al. and Joshi et al. were found to be within the range of 3.566–1.186 and 40.433–0.652, respectively. Thus, the thermal model presented in this study demonstrates exceptional precision in predicting the MRR and surface roughness (SR) when compared to previously established models. The optimization of the readings was carried out through the application of Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution. The results indicated that an optimized MRR and SR were achieved at a pulse current (I) of 58 amps, pulse on time (Ton) of 420 μs, pulse off time (Toff) of 7.5 μs, and discharge power of 609 mJ.

Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the top infectious killers in the world and a prominent fatal disease in developing countries. This study proposes a prototypical solution to early prevention of TB based on its primary symptoms, signs, and risk factors, implemented by means of machine learning (ML) predictive algorithms. Further novelty of the study lies in the uniqueness of patient dataset collected from three top-ranked hospitals of Sindh, Pakistan, via a self-administered survey patient-records that comprises a set of questions asked by the doctors treating TB patients in real-time. A total of 1,200 survey patient-records were evenly distributed among all three hospitals, viz. ICT Kotri, LUMHS Jamshoro, and Civil Hospital Hyderabad. Methods To develop the required prototypes, the research made use of five distinct benchmark ML algorithms: decision tree (DT), Gaussian naive Bayes (GNB), logistic regression classifier (LRC), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), and neural network (NN), whose performance was evaluated by considering various performance metrics, i.e., accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and confusion matrix. Results The experimental results, graphically visualized and systematically discoursed, demonstrate that early detection of TB classifiers, including DT, GNB, LRC, AdaBoost, and NN, attained accuracy rates of 92.11%, 89.04%, 90.35%, 93.42%, and 92.98%, respectively. These results indicate effective diagnosis of TB disease by each implemented ML algorithm.

Action recognition in videos is one of the essential, challenging and active area of research in the field of computer vision that adopted in various applications including automated surveillance systems, security systems and human computer interaction. In this paper, we present an in-depth comparative analysis of five CNN-RNN models based on pre-trained networks such as InceptionV3, VGG16, MobileNetV2, ResNet152V2 and InceptionResNetV2 with recurrent LSTM units for action recognition on Anomaly-5 dataset. The performance of these models is analyzed and compared in terms of accuracy, precision, recall & F1-scores and computational efficiency. The CNN-RNN architectures we considered for analysis in this paper, the ResNet152V2 based CNN-RNN model exhibits better performance and achieved highest accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score equal to 92.20% due to its ability to capture more complex spatial features. This comparative analysis may guide the researchers in selecting appropriate models for real-world applications for action recognition. In addition of this, a new dataset is developed called Anomaly-5 that can helps as a valuable resource for training and evaluating action recognition algorithms.

Abstract Strokes are a leading global cause of mortality, underscoring the need for early detection and prevention strategies. However, addressing hidden risk factors and achieving accurate prediction become particularly challenging in the presence of imbalanced and missing data. This study encompasses three imputation techniques to deal with missing data. To tackle data imbalance, it employs the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE). The study initiates with a baseline model and subsequently employs an extensive range of advanced models. This study thoroughly evaluates the performance of these models by employing k-fold cross-validation on various imbalanced and balanced datasets. The findings reveal that age, body mass index (BMI), average glucose level, heart disease, hypertension, and marital status are the most influential features in predicting strokes. Furthermore, a Dense Stacking Ensemble (DSE) model is built upon previous advanced models after fine-tuning, with the best-performing model as a meta-classifier. The DSE model demonstrated over 96% accuracy across diverse datasets, with an AUC score of 83.94% on imbalanced imputed dataset and 98.92% on balanced one. This research underscores the remarkable performance of the DSE model, compared to the previous research on the same dataset. It highlights the model's potential for early stroke detection to improve patient outcomes.

The current research is a numerical investigation of the thermo-fluidic transport trend within a new star-shaped enclosure filled with Fe3O4−MWCNT (Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes) suspended hybrid nanoparticles in a base fluid (water), induced by a horizontal magnetizing field. A rectangular rod inside the cavity positioned at center is kept at a high temperature, as the low temperature is chosen for outer corrugated boundary. Formulation yelled in mathematical principles, along with the boundary conditions and some physical assumptions, are formulated as dimensionless PDEs. The finite element method (FEM) assisted by “COMSOL” software, employed for numerical simulations, and the PARDISO solver is used for solving nonlinear system of equations. Also, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is assembled to analyze the effect of these parameters on thermal and flow transport properties of Hybrid nanofluid. The training of this ANN model is done by a dataset generated from numerical simulations, suggesting predictions regarding heat transport under varying parameters. This approach does not only reduce the effort, but also reduces computing time when exploring the thermal behaviors across various datasets. The visualization of velocity and temperature fields through streamlines and isotherms, along with the evaluation of the Nusselt number, illustrate the enhanced heat transfer facilitated by the incorporation of Fe3O4−MWCNT nanoparticles. The results show that increased magnetic field strength reduces fluid velocity due to the generated Lorentz force, which counteracts convective flow. Percentage analysis indicates that hybrid nanofluids (Fe3O4−MWCNT) significantly improve thermal distribution compared to conventional fluids. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ANN models in forecasting the influence of diverse factors on the flow and heat transport characteristics of hybrid nanofluids. These insights are essential to the design and optimization of heat transfer systems.

Torrefied biomass is a vital green energy source with applications in circular economies, addressing agricultural residue and rising energy demands. In this study, ML models were used to predict durability (%) and mass loss (%). Firstly, data was collected and preprocessed, and its distribution and correlation were analyzed. Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and Ensemble Learning Trees (ELT) were then trained and tested on 80 % and 20 % of the data, respectively. Both machine learning models underwent optimization through Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for feature selection and hyperparameter tuning. GPR-PSO demonstrates excellent accuracy in predicting durability (%), achieving a training R2 score of 0.9469 and an RMSE value of 0.0785. GPR-GA exhibits exceptional performance in predicting mass loss (%), achieving a training R2 value of 1 and an RMSE value of 9.7373e-05. The temperature and duration during torrefaction are crucial variables that are in line with the conclusions drawn from previous studies. GPR and ELT models effectively predict and optimize torrefied biomass quality, leading to enhanced energy density, mechanical properties, grindability, and storage stability. Additionally, they contribute to sustainable agriculture by reducing carbon emissions, improving cost-effectiveness, and aiding in the design and development of pelletizers. This optimization not only increases energy density and grindability but also enhances nutrient delivery efficiency, water retention, and reduces the carbon footprint. Consequently, these outcomes support biodiversity and promote sustainable agricultural, ecosystem, and environmental practices.

Aluminum Hybrid Composites (AHC) microchannels find extensive applications in aerospace, refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC), microelectronics, automotive, biomedical, and marine industries due to their improved mechanical properties. The combination of lower density, high hardness, elevated thermal and electrical conductivity, superior elasticity, and heightened oxidizing ability at low temperatures makes machining aluminum hybrid composites challenging through orthogonal methods in an open environment. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the impact of various machining conditions to determine optimal parameter values for microchannel fabrication in aluminum hybrid composite materials. This study aims to identify the ideal machining parameters for Al–SiC micro-SiC nano hybrid composites using wire electrical discharge machining. Four distinct process parameters (pulse on time, gap voltage, wire tension, and wire feed rate) and two response parameters (material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR)) were considered for process optimization. Additionally, finite element modeling was conducted for the aforementioned process, and the results were compared with experimental outcomes. Single-variable optimization yielded maximum MRR at 125 tons (μs), 25 SV (volt), 12 WT (kgf), and 2 WFR (m/min), and minimum SR at 125 tons (μs), 10 SV (volt), 12 WT (kgf), and 4 WFR (m/min). Single-variable optimization for simulations resulted in maximum MRR at 125 tons (μs), 40 SV (volt), 4 WT (kgf), and 6 WFR (m/min), and minimum SR at 110 tons (μs), 10 SV (volt), 12 WT (kgf), and 2 WFR (m/min). Precise modeling aids in minimizing unnecessary machining, enabling exploration of a broader range of experimental results, thereby promoting environmentally friendly and sustainable machining practices.

Ectopic spleen or wandering spleen is an uncommon presentation in which the spleen’s anatomical location is different from its fixed position in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, due to the absence of the typical peritoneal attachments; the spleen is more mobile inside the abdomen. Congenital or acquired conditions are the cause of this anomaly, which could ultimately result in torsion and splenic infarction. Less than 0.2% of wandering spleen cases are reported annually, making it a rare clinical manifestation. Splenic vascular pedicle torsion can result in complications that can cause symptoms of an acute abdomen as a result of ischemic necrosis of the spleen. Computed tomography and ultrasonography with Doppler or CEUS are essential for accurate diagnosis due to the vague clinical signs and potential complications. This case involves a 70-year-old elderly woman who complained of extreme abdominal pain and vomiting for three days. On physical examination, a tense right lower quadrant lump was palpated, when she visited the emergency room. An urgent CT scan was done for the acute abdomen which revealed torsion of the splenic pedicle in a wandering spleen.

Abstract Generation of fluid flow due to simultaneous occurrence of heat and mass diffusions caused by buoyancy differences is termed as double diffusion. Pervasive applications of such diffusion arise in numerous natural and scientific systems. This article investigates double diffusion in naturally convective flow of water-based fluid saturated in corrugated enclosure and containing hybrid nano particles composed of Copper (Cu) and Alumina (Al2O3). Impact of uniformly applied magnetic field is also accounted. To produce thermosolutal convective potential circular cylinder of constant radius is also adjusted by providing uniform temperature and concentration distributions. Finite element approach is capitalized to provide solution of utilized governing equations by utilizing Multiphysics COMSOL software. Wide-range of physical parameters are incorporated to depict their influence on associated distributions (velocity, temperature and concentration). Interesting physical quantities like Nusselt number, Sherwood numbers are also calculated against involved sundry parameters. It is note worthily observed that maximum strength of stream lines $${(\psi }_{max})$$ ( ψ max ) is 3.3 at $$\phi =0$$ ϕ = 0 and drops to 1.2 when $$\phi $$ ϕ is increased to 0.04. Furthermore, in the hydrodynamic case (Ha = 0), it is observed that the velocity field exhibits an increasing trend compared to the hydromagnetic case $$\left(Ha\ne 0\right),$$ H a ≠ 0 , which is proved from the attained values of stream-function i.e., $${|\psi |}_{max}=11$$ | ψ | max = 11 (in the absence of a magnetic field) and $${|\psi |}_{max}=3.5$$ | ψ | max = 3.5 (in the presence of a magnetic field). It is revealed from the statistics of Nusselt number that increase in volume fraction of nano particles from 0 to 0.4, heat flux coefficient upsurges up to 7% approximately. Since, present work includes novel physical aspects of thermosolutal diffusion generated due to induction of hybrid nanoparticles in water contained in corrugated enclosure, so this study will provide innovative thought to the researchers to conduct research in this direction.

In diseases like atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and sepsis, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and proteinase K play a role in inflammation by releasing arachidonic acid (AA). The crucial step in the inflammatory process is believed to be the release of prostaglandins after PLA2 mobilizes AA. Drugs obstructing the COX and LOX pathways in the arachidonic acid cascade, drugs that inhibit these enzymes can treat inflammatory processes. To combat against these inflammatory promoters,the authors herein report an effective method for the synthesis of a series of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives (4a–h) under the effect of TiO2 as a photocatalyst in ethanolic medium, and their effect against phospholipase A2, as well as proteinase K, was evaluated. The results confirmed that using TiO2 (20 mg) as a photocatalyst exhibits excellent performance in terms of yield and reaction time. The yield of all the synthesized compounds is between 79 and 91 % in just 60 min. After closely evaluating the SAR of the examined compounds against both enzymes, it was discovered that compounds (4b, 4f) with electron-donating substituents have higher PLA2 inhibitory (%) activity than those with electron-removing substituents (4a, 4e). Compounds (4c, 4d) containing heterocyclic rings showed significantly higher proteinase inhibitory (%) activity when compared to other electron-donating or withdrawing compounds. It was further confirmed that studied compounds against both enzymes exhibited dose-dependent behavior. We studied the intermolecular interactions of the compounds by molecular docking with human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2 and proteinase K. We evaluated the dynamical stability of the docked complexes using a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation, which revealed stable interactions based on root mean square deviation/fluctuation (RMSD/RMSF), radius of gyration, Gibbs free energy landscapes, and principal component analyses (PCA). Moreover, the ADME properties of the compounds align with Lipinski’s rule of five, suggesting their potential as viable candidates for the development of therapies against inflammatory diseases. All compounds tested inhibited PLA2 more than proteinase K. However, compounds 4b and 4f better inhibited phospholipase A2, whereas compounds 4c and 4d showed better activity against proteinase K.

Fluoride (F−) contamination in groundwater is a global concern arising from natural processes and human activities. This study investigates the adsorption of F− using surface-activated magnetic calcite nanocomposites (NCs) synthesized via co-precipitation assisted wet-impregnation (CP-WI). Various Fe3O4 loadings and calcination temperatures (300 °C and 500 °C) were explored to optimize synthesis parameters. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to assess the performance of synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocomposites (NCs). BET, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and SEM characterization techniques were employed to analyze the physicochemical properties, including surface functional groups, crystallite size, and morphology. The adsorption process was investigated using RSM statistical design with adsorbent dose (A) and F− concentration (B) as independent variables. 0.5Fe-C-NC-5, calcined at 500 °C, exhibited superior adsorption capacity (7.81 mg/g) compared to Fe3O4 and calcite NPs (6.57 mg/g and 6.81 mg/g, respectively). Maximum F− adsorption occurred within 10 min of contact time. NPs and NCs that were exposed to higher calcination temperatures, reaching up to 500 °C, showed an increase in crystallite development while experiencing a reduction in surface area and an enlargement of pore size compared to those treated at lower temperatures. The BET analysis revealed a narrow, slit-like mix of microporous and mesoporous surface with a type IV isotherm and H3 hysteresis loop, indicating multilayer adsorption followed by capillary condensation. The SEM images displayed columnar shapes of CaCO3 polymorph in the prepared Fe3O4-calcite NP and Fe–C NP, which can be attributed to lower calcination or synthesis temperatures.

This study designed a novel high-temperature corrosion-resistant alloy through thermodynamic equilibrium computations. The strength was determined by the integration of precipitation-strengthening species of nickel boride and tungsten solid solution strengthening, while high-temperature corrosion-resistant property was realized through optimized compositional design. Phase stability was enabled by the presence of a face-centered cubic structure. The alloy was fabricated and its corrosion-resistance performance was experimentally compared with other commercially available nickel- and iron-based alloys under simulated municipal solid waste combustion. The designed alloy with a composition of Ni-5B-6W-28Cr-13Al showed a low corrosion rate of ∼72 % Inconel 625. Economic analysis showed that Ni-5B-6W-28Cr-13Al has a cost-effectiveness ratio of 1:1.57 with respect to Inconel 625 and 1:0.09 with respect to 13CrMo4-5TS. Corrosion-resistance mechanism was explored using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffractometer, and DFT computations. The corrosion resistance occurred through the formation of a uniform tungsten-chromium-oxide film which inhibits inward diffusion of corrosive chlorine species. These findings provide insights into the development of alloys for high-temperature technologies.

An estimated 2000 plant species have been employed for pest control worldwide. The use of these botanical derivatives is thought to be one of the most cost-effective and sustainable options for pest management in stored grain. The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of five plant extracts viz; Nicotiana tabacum L., Nicotiana rustica L., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Thuja orientalis L., and Melia azedarach L. against Callosobruchus maculatus L. Plant species extracts were applied at six different concentrations, i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0% in four replications. The phytochemical analyses of ethanolic extracts of five plant species showed variable amounts of phytochemicals i.e., alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, diterpenes, phytosterol, and phenols. Total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were also observed. The efficacy of A. indica was highest, characterized by the lowest infestation rate (16.65%), host seed weight loss (7.85%), mean oviposition (84.54), and adult emergence (58.40%). In contrast, T. orientalis was found to be the least effective against C. maculatus, with the highest infestation rate of 25.60%, host seed weight loss of 26.73%, mean oviposition of 117.17, and adult emergence rate of 82.01%. Probit analysis was performed by estimating LC50 and LC90. The toxicity percentages of N. tabacum (LC50 = 0.69%, LC90 = 14.59%), N. rustica (LC50 = 0.98%, LC90 = 22.06%), and A. indica (LC50 = 1.09%, LC90 = 68.52%) were notable in terms of the lower LC50 and LC90 values after the 96-h exposure period against C. maculatus. Repellency was assessed by using the area preference and filter paper method. The repellency of C. maculatus on plant extracts increased with the increasing dose and time, such that it was the highest after 48 h. Likewise, at a 3% concentration, A. indica demonstrated 100.00% (Class-V) repellency followed by N. tabacum (96.00%, Class-V), N. rustica (74%, Class-IV), M. azedarach (70.00%, Class-IV), and T. orientalis (68.00%, Class-IV). Based on the findings of this study, we recommend integrating N. rustica, N. tabacum, A. indica, and M. azedarach for effective management of C. maculatus and highlight the potential of these plant species in the formulation of new biocidal agents.

Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is recognized as a valuable product of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) derived from cellulosic materials as an abundant renewable source. It could find future bioplastic application if a feasible separation process is developed. To find a commercially available solvent, FDCA should be selectively separated from HMF and the downstream process be supported by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry experiments in line with density functional theory (DFT). Evaluation of the sigma potential and sigma surface analysis demonstrated that benzene and ethyl acetate enjoyed better extraction and HMF selectivity, whereas FDCA exhibited ideal behavior in the presence of DMF and DMSO solvents. It was proved that the hydrophobicity could be changed by improving the hydrogen-bonding interaction between them. Moreover, the up-down selection of classes of solvents based on the experimental data found by GC-MS revealed that polar molecular solvents (ethanol-water) were more compatible with carboxylic acids and alcohol compounds, while n-hexane was a desirable solvent for phenolic compounds. It was found that levoglucosan retained a significant fraction of water compared to other solvents, which need to be considered for further economic and environmental analysis under the multifaceted framework of biomass-derived products.

In the studies of the connected networks, metric dimension being a distance-based parameter got much more attention of the researches due to its wide range of applications in different areas of chemistry and computer science. At present its various types such as local metric dimension, mixed metric dimension, solid metric dimension, and dominant metric dimension have been used to solve the problems related to drug discoveries, embedding of biological sequence data, classification of chemical compounds, linear optimization, robot navigation, differentiating the interconnected networks, detecting network motifs, image processing, source localization and sensor networking. Dominant resolving sets are better than resolving sets because they carry the property of domination. In this paper, we obtain the dominant metric dimension of wheel, gear and anti-web wheel network in the form of integral numbers. We observe that the aforesaid networks have bounded dominant metric dimension as the order of the network increases. In particular, we also discuss the importance of the obtained results for the robot navigation networking.

The growing attractiveness of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) derives from their exceptional effectiveness in handling difficult and exceptionally nonlinear mathematical ideas. In complicated disciplines such as fluid mechanics, biological computation, and the field of biotechnology ANNs provide a diverse computing framework that is extremely valuable. This article's major aim is to harness the capabilities of the Levenberg-Marquardt technique with backpropagation intelligent neural networks (LM- BPINNs) to study there is still a lack of clarity regarding the mechanics underlying the increased heat transfer caused by dispersed nanoparticles. The using proposed LM-BPINNs to improve the heat transmission use activation energy and Hall current phenomena in nanofluid (HTAHCNF). The data set is obtained by using Lobatto-III. A method and then ANNs is applied. The LM- BPINNs technique is applied by utilizing reference datasets, with 80% of the dataset devoted to training, 10% to testing, and 10% to verification. The precision/accuracy and converging of developed LM- BPINNs are validated based on the obtained reliability via efficient fitness achieved on mean squared error (MSE), comprehensive regression analysis, and appropriate error histogram visualizations. A diminished MSE indicates that the model's predictions are more reliable. The outcome is consistent with getting a minimal absolute error close to zero, exhibiting the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

- The main goal of this article is to outline the key elements of activation energy that govern the slip flow of Carreau fluid over a non-linear stretched surface with heat transfer. By using the Arrhenius relation, activation energy aspects are included. Brownian diffusion and thermophoretic effects are shown through the study of nanoparticle dispersion using the Buongiorno model. The governing issue was first formulated as PDEs with appropriate boundary conditions, which were then converted into non-linear ODEs by applying a comparable transformation. Then, using Runge-Kutta integration and shooting techniques, the solution to the obtained complex differential system is discovered. Graphs reveal the effect of flow on linked profiles with respect to parameters. A published study that compares the current result describes the accuracy and reliability of the work. Through graphs and tables, the amount of engineering interest for shear thinning and thickening aspects of Carreau fluid is assessed. This includes wall drag coefficient, heat, and mass flux at the surface in comparison. It is calculated that by increasing non-linearity index velocity field depreciates for n = 0.5 and n = 1.5. Additionally, opposite behavior in momentum distribution is found against power law index (n) by fixing (m). Temperature of fluid decreases against power law index for m = 1.0 and m = 0.5.

Synergistic integration based on some transition-metal (TM) derived compounds is a unique and appealing technique, especially toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under alkaline circumstances. Herein, we present a cobalt-selenide (CoSe2) and cobalt-oxide (Co3O4) based composite (CSCO-2) material through a wet chemical method. As-prepared catalyst has been analyzed for various physicochemical characterizations. CSCO-2 offers efficient OER performance in 1.0 M KOH with an overpotential of 252 mV at current density of 20 mA/cm2, with a low Tafel slope value of 69 mV/dec. Importantly, as-prepared catalyst shows stability of 48 h for longer electrochemical performance as a potential candidate for OER.

Piroplasmosis (babesiosis and theileriosis) are the leading blood parasites responsible for significant economic losses to the dairy enterprises. These parasites are transmitted by Ixodid ticks from a diseased animal to a healthy animal. This study was executed to determine the prevalence of Theileria and Babesia in water buffaloes in District Dera Ismail Khan for their risk assessment. During this trial, 350 random blood samples were obtained from buffalos within the region of District Dera Ismail Khan and examined for Babesia and Theileria parasites using Giemsa staining technique under an oil immersion lens. Forty-eight blood samples were found positive and the prevalence of Babesiosis was 7.43 %, followed by the prevalence of Theileriosis (6.28 %). Babesiosis had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) prevalence among both males and females (6.9 % and 7.7 %, respectively) followed by Theileria (5.38 % and 6.8 %, respectively). The significantly highest (p < 0.05) prevalence of Theileria was seen in calves younger than 2 years (16.7 %). Babesiosis was most prevalent (p < 0.05) in calves aged 2 to 5 (11.7 %). The Kundhi buffalo breed had the highest (p < 0.05) prevalence of babesiosis, followed by the Nili Ravi breed, while, the Nili Ravi breed had the highest frequency (p < 0.05)of Theileria. Piroplasmosis prevalence significantly (p < 0.05) peaked in the summer season. Piroplasmosisis the major risk factor in endangering the general health of the buffalo’s population, therefore, stringent control measures are recommended for the management of the tick population.

Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) is a severe form of asthenozoospermia categorized by immotile spermatozoa with abnormal flagella in ejaculate. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is used to detect pathogenic variants in patients with MMAF. In this study, a novel homozygous frameshift variant (c.6158_6159insT) in dynein axonemal heavy chain 8 (DNAH8) from two infertile brothers with MMAF in a consanguineous Pakistani family was identified by WES. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed DNAH8 mRNA decay in these patients with the DNAH8 mutation. Hematoxylin–eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy revealed highly divergent morphology and ultrastructure of sperm flagella in these patients. Furthermore, an immunofluorescence assay showed the absence of DNAH8 and a reduction in its associated protein DNAH17 in the patients' spermatozoa. Collectively, our study expands the phenotypic spectrum of patients with DNAH8-related MMAF worldwide.

To ensure universal health care, the World Health Organization recognized the significance of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) and recommended the use of natural herbs and plants bearing therapeutic potential and fewer adverse effects. Therefore, Artemisia annua herb was evaluated for its antibacterial potential and therapeutic efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus and Escherichia coli both in vitro and in vivo. Artemisinin was extracted from Artemisia annua by chemical treatment. Subsequently, the culture sensitivity tests were performed on MHA by disk diffusion method to determine the antibacterial potential of the Artemisinin extracts against the test bacteria (in vitro phase). The results of this in vitro trial revealed that the test bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus were significantly sensitive to Artemisinin extracts and showed a diameter of 27.7 and 22.3mm of the bacteriostatic zone, respectively, while the Escherichia coli was moderately sensitive to the Artemisinin extracts with the bacteriostatic zone of 12.9mm. During the 2nd phase of the study (in vivo trial), 20 rabbits were maintained which were infected with S. aureus and were successfully treated with varying concentrations of the Artemisinin extracts @ 1 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml in DMSO and were recovered. Similarly, rabbits infected with Streptococcus were also successfully treated and recovered. Thereafter, rabbits infected with E. coli were treated with Artemisinin, and out of 15 rabbits in three test groups, 03 rabbits died while the others were recovered. Hence, as per findings of this study, Artemisinin extracts were recommended against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus infections.

This paper investigated the optimization, modelling and effect of welding parameters on the tensile shear load bearing capacity of double pulse resistance spot welded DP590 steel. Optimization of welding parameters was performed using the Taguchi design of experiment method. A relationship between input welding paramaters i.e., second pulse welding current, second pulse welding current time and first pulse holding time and output response i.e, tensile shear peak load was established using regression and neural network. Results showed that maximum average tensile shear peak load of 26.47 was achieved at optimum welding parameters i.e., second pulse welding current of 7.5 kA, second pulse welding time of 560 ms and first pulse holding time of 400 ms. It was also found that the ANN model predicted the tensile shear load with higher accuracy than the regression model.

The prime motive of this pagination is to adumbrate attributes of water-based hybrid nanoliquid flow with dispersion of single wall carbon nanotubes. An innovative thermal conductance model containing the aspects of nanolayer formation along with shape and size of inserted particles is obliged. Flow transport mechanism is addressed mathematically in the form Navier Stokes equations with magnetization. In addition, heat and mass transport mechanism is manipulated by considering the impression of viscous dissipation and chemical reactions. Walls of channels are assumed to be porous in order to examine the phenomenon of suction and injection. Mathematical formulation of problem is represented in view of ODE’s and simulated computationally by Keller Box scheme. Subsequently, Newton method is utilized to solve system of nonlinear equations. Results are revealed through graphs and tables showing behavior of associated momentum, temperature and concentration profile against involved parameters. Quantities of engineering interest like wall drag coefficient, heat and mass fluxes are computed. Credibility of work is shown by creating match with existing study and an excellent agreement is found. After thorough analysis it is determined that heat flux increases with induction of single wall carbon nanotubes in base liquid. It is also manifested that thermal conductance of base fluid enriches with increase in thickness of nanolayer and radius of particles. In addition, positive trend in skin friction and heat flux coefficients is measured against elevation in nanoparticle volume fraction. Opposite behavior in velocity and temperature distributions against all flow variables near upper and lower walls of channel is depicted due to provision suction and injection wall velocities. Due to consideration of viscous dissipation heat transfer rate with in the flow domain reduces. By increasing Reynold number concentration distribution diminishes due to dominant effect of inertial forces. Decline in momentum distribution against Hall current parameter is adhered. Uplift and decrement in temperature distribution is manifested against heat source and sink parameters respectively.

On the implication of tension force, viscoelastic materials deform in accordance with viscous and elastic characterization. Dilute polymer solutions portray the examples of viscoelastic liquids and Sutterby model successfully represent it due to high degree polymerization distributions. In addition, polymer aqueous solutions behave as shear thinning and thickening liquids in response to infinite shear stress so Sutterby fluid is considered as best model to depict the features of liquids at high stress magnitude. Diverse utilities of diluted polymeric solutions are encountered in industrial, biological and technological practices, for instance, agricultural sprayers, cleansing products, clay coaters, polymerized melts and many more. So, this research communicates theoretical and computational thermal assessment of Sutterby fluid containing radiation aspects over a linearly moving sheet embedded in stratified medium which exposes the novelty of work. Moreover, the impacts of magnetic field and chemical reactions are also obliged. So, the principal objective pertains to adumbrate flow behavior of Sutterby liquid in the attendance of aforementioned physical parameters. Mathematical formulation in view of governing relations are changed into non-dimensionalized form through transformation approach. Convergent and accurate solution is accessed through renowned numerical shooting procedure along with integrated Runge-Kutta scheme. The computed results of emerged parameters on velocity, concentration and thermal fields are revealed by means of snapshots. Magnitude of associated wall drag coefficient and reduced heat and mass fluxes are explained in graphical and tabular formats. The salient outcomes are as follows. Consequence of the proposed research investigation infers that augmenting power index momentum distribution decays whereas skin friction uplifts. Furthermore, it is inferred that concentration distribution amplifies against upsurging magnitude of solutal stratification parameter while opposite nature is noticed in case of temperature profile against associated stratification parameter. Additionally, it is concluded that escalating magnitude of radiation parameter tends to elevates the dimensionless temperature profile. Subsequently, rise in concentration profile against Schmidt number is observed whereas against Prandtl number temperature of fluid expressing declining aptitude. Also, declining response in momentum of fluid is manifested against Reynold and Deborah numbers.

The attendance of employees is crucial in both public and private organizations as it indicates their dedication. In the schools of Government of Sindh the monitoring of attendance of teachers has become increasingly challenging, for that, the Government of Sindh has introduced an android based smart phone app called the Sindh School Monitoring Management System (SSMS app) in April 2016 to collect, analyze and disseminate the real-time data regarding school, teachers and students. The app was implemented in 15 districts in the first phase and has since been expanded to cover the entire province, resulting in improved teachers attendance, education quality and school monitoring at government schools. Previously, attendance was tracked manually, which was not secured and had flaws such as teachers not adhering to policy for signature, timing and signing in advance. While the SSMS app has improved the performance, it still faces implementation and design challenges. This research examines the SSMS app in detail, highlighting its weaknesses and aiming to improve its efficiency through a questionnaire designed with input from experts. An analysis is presented based on the feedback of monitoring assistants (MAs) on the indicators such as teacher’s attendance, punctuality, multi modal representation of SSMS, monitoring, data collection, data loading, data fetching.

Native starches are modified to enhance their characteristics in terms of thermal stability, cold water solubility, and bacterial susceptibility, which limit their industrial applications. In this work, dual modification of tapioca starch by gamma irradiation followed by carboxymethylation was carried out, and the modified starch characteristics were examined. Four dosages of gamma irradiation (25, 35, 45, and 60 kGy) were used for the first modification stage, followed by carboxymethylation using different parameters. The required modification of starch was characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA, and XRD. Experimental findings showed that the dual modification enhanced the thermal stability of the starch. In addition, carboxymethylation impacted starch's morphology and reduced its crystallinity. Furthermore, the dual-modified starches exhibited excellent characteristics in terms of higher DS values which results in better solublity and could be used in specific applications, including oil and gas, textile, paper, packaging, 3D printing, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.

Introduction: Trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a mainstay therapeutic option indicated in early-stage non- resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and has been shown to be associated with survival improvements. This study aimed to evaluate the radiological and clinical response of those who underwent TACE. Aims & Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the radiological and clinical response in patients who underwent Trans- arterial chemoembolization. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Vascular Interventional Radiology Department, Dow Institute of Radiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus Karachi for a period of 18 months between January 2021 and June 2022. Material & Methods: HCC patients (n=181) who underwent TACE as their primary treatment at Dow Hospital Ojha Campus Karachi between January 1st, 2021, and June 30th, 2022 were included. Inclusion criteria followed the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) and Child-Pugh staging systems. Tumor response was evaluated using “modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST)”, and patients were categorized into complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) groups. The study compared background, clinico-laboratory, and radiological features between these groups, including HCC sizes and CT scan findings before and after TACE. The retrieved data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version.21. Results: Of the total 118 patients, 51.70% showed CR to the TACE, while PR was noted in 48.30%. Age, sex, viral hepatitis, and co-morbids showed no intergroup differences. However, Child-Pugh stage and BCLC were significantly associated with tumor response. Similarly, laboratory parameters revealed significant mean differences between the two groups (p

The prime motive of this case study is to adumbrate elevation in flow and thermal attributes of abundantly used liquid (water) with inclusion of carbon nanotubes and ferrite particles. In view of physical significance of hexagonal enclosure in multiple heat exchange system it is accounted along with provision of fillets at boundaries. Physical impact of horizontal magnetic field is employed along with adjustment of heat circular cylinder. Formulation of problem under the visualization of obliged assumptions and boundary constraints are conceded in dimensionless format. Thermophysical relations are capitalized to explicate explicit behavior of concerned distributions. Solution of modelled problem is accessed through FEM approach. The flow intensity and temperature profiles against physical parameters are sketched through snapshots and tables. Results are drawn in comparative manner to analyze performance of single and muti walled carbon nanotubes. Quantities of interest (mean Nusselt number) is also computed in pictorial and tabular manner versus concerned parameters. It is noticed that the velocity field shows a rising trend in the hydrodynamic case (Ha=0) in comparison to hydromagnetic case (Ha≠0) , as evidenced by the magnitude of the stream function, |ψ|max=0.4 (in the absence of a magnetic field) and |ψ|max=0.01 (in the presence of a magnetic field). It was also observed that the heat transfer rate is more in case of Fe3O4−MWCNT/water hybrid nanofluid instead of Fe3O4−SWCNT/water hybrid nanofluid. Results and code validation tests are also performed to assure credibility of work.

The energy demands in Zimbabwe have drastically increased due to the improvement of the country`s economy. To supply the electricity, Zimbabwe imports most of its energy but the demands are yet to be fulfilled. Bio-waste provide an alternative energy source, however, it has not been fully explored and their quantities are currently unknown. Therefore, this study assessed the bio-wastes availability for bioenergy generation in Zimbabwe. Yield data on biomasses were obtained from the international databases of Food and Agricultural Organization which was validated by the data obtained from Zimbabwean Ministry of Lands and Agriculture as well as from research institutes. The information compiled included biomass from agriculture, municipal solid waste, livestock's dung and municipal sewage sludge. Forests were not considered due to the government prohibition of forests exploitations. The results showed that a total of 49 Gtons of bio-wastes are sustainably available producing a total of 539 PJ of energy which constitute ∼42.3% of the total energy required in Zimbabwe. Among the available bio-wastes, crop residues with ∼48 Gtons produce the largest amount of energy ∼502 PJ followed by animal dung ∼36.2 PJ, then MSW ∼9.1 TJ and lastly by MSS ∼0.8 TJ. Assessment of the bio-waste availability is vital for bio-energy technology to be used sustainably implemented in Zimbabwe.

The escalating reliance of modern society on information and communication technology has rendered it vulnerable to an array of cyber-attacks, with distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks emerging as one of the most prevalent threats. This paper delves into the intricacies of DDoS attacks, which exploit compromised machines numbering in the thousands to disrupt data services and online commercial platforms, resulting in significant downtime and financial losses. Recognizing the gravity of this issue, various detection techniques have been explored, yet the quantity and prior detection of DDoS attacks has seen a decline in recent methods. This research introduces an innovative approach by integrating evolutionary optimization algorithms and machine learning techniques. Specifically, the study proposes XGB-GA Optimization, RF-GA Optimization, and SVM-GA Optimization methods, employing Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) Optimization with Tree-based Pipelines Optimization Tool (TPOT)-Genetic Programming. Datasets pertaining to DDoS attacks were utilized to train machine learning models based on XGB, RF, and SVM algorithms, and 10-fold cross-validation was employed. The models were further optimized using EAs, achieving remarkable accuracy scores: 99.99% with the XGB-GA method, 99.50% with RF-GA, and 99.99% with SVM-GA. Furthermore, the study employed TPOT to identify the optimal algorithm for constructing a machine learning model, with the genetic algorithm pinpointing XGB-GA as the most effective choice. This research significantly advances the field of DDoS attack detection by presenting a robust and accurate methodology, thereby enhancing the cybersecurity landscape and fortifying digital infrastructures against these pervasive threats.

Congress grass (Parthenium hysterophorus L., family Asteraceae) is found generally in agricultural and vacant lands across the globe. This study investigated the fatty acids and elemental profiles of different parts including roots, stem and leaves of P. hysterophorus in the response to seasonal variation. The elemental analysis and fatty acid were determined in both the winter and summer seasons. The root, stem, and leaves powder were subjected to extraction with acetone, water, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethanol, methanol, and n-hexane to measure the extractive values. Among all the plant parts, leaves recorded the highest extractive value of 29%, and 28% with acetone and diethyl ether, respectively, while the root recorded the lowest (10.3%) extractive value with chloroform. Higher concentrations of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were detected in all the plant parts in the winter collection than in the summer season. Parthenium hysterophorus is multi medicinal applications such as used for rheumatic pain, urinary tract infections, inflammation, diarrhea, neuralgia, and malaria. The study highlights the importance of collection time (seasons) of different parts of P. hysterophorus for the maximum extraction of both elements and fatty acids either saturated or unsaturated from the pharmacogenetic point of view.

The selection of appropriate geometrical characteristics of enclosure has salient influence on performance of different thermal engineering processes and devices like microelectronics, heat exchangers, power engines, boilers, solar collectors, nuclear reactors and so forth. Specifically, the triangular cavity of different aspect ratios are used to obtain multi-objective optimization and gaining excellence in thermal performance of micro channels. Subsequently, the installation of cold cylinder in a triangular enclosure are extensively used to remove high energy dissipation in micro heat sinks and heat exchangers. So, the purpose of current effort is to probe thermal characteristics of power-law liquid describing features of shear thinning and thickening materials containing applications in lubrication and polymer industry. Heat transfer is generated by the consideration of natural convection process generated due to consideration of cold walls and cylinder with provision of non-uniform heating at base wall. No-slip velocity conditions are supposed at all walls of isosceles triangle cavity. Solution of attained differential system is simulated by capitalizing finite element based COMSOL Multiphysics software (Version 5.6). Domain discretization by distributing into triangular and rectangular elements is conceded and equations at element levels are discretized by executing weak formulation. The validation of adopted numerical procedure is established by making agreement with formerly available works in both statistical and graphical approaches. Streamlines and isotherms are plotted and discussed against various parametric regimes. This study reveals noticeable influence of involved physical parameters on average and local heat flux coefficients, kinetic energy and cutlines against involved physical parameters are also evaluated. It is inferred thorough the analysis that with uplift in Rayleigh number (Ra) produces enrichment in kinetic energy and local heat transfer coefficients whereas reverse pattern is depicted against power-law index.(n).

Heat and mass transfer analysis of viscous liquid flow generated by rotation of disk has generated prodigious interest due to promising utilizations in numerous processes such as thermal energy generation systems, turbine rotators, geothermal energy preservations, chemical processing, medicinal instrumentations, computing devices and so forth. In view of such extraordinary utilizations in numerous engineering procedures existent exertion is excogitated to disclose flowing phenomenon over rotating disk. To raise the importance of current analysis influential physical aspects like magnetic field, permeability, Dufour and Soret diffusion phenomenon are also incorporated. Subsequently, flow field distributions are analyzed for suction and injection cases. Modelling is structured via PDE’s by obliging constitutive conservation laws. Boundary layer approach is executed to reduce complexity of attained partial differential system. Transformations developed by Karman are implemented to convert developed differential framework into ODE’s. Implicitly finite differenced technique known as Keller Box is engaged to find solution of coupled intricate high order ordinary differential equations. Influence of flow controlling parameters on associated distributions are revealed through graphical and tabular representations. The related quantities of engineering interest like coefficients of wall drag force, along radial and tangential directions are also computed. Credibility of presently computed results is established by constructing comparison with previously published literature. It is inferred that magnetic strength parameter enhances tangential and radial components of velocity whereas contrary trend is depicted in axially directed velocity. In addition, temperature and momentum distributions show up surging attribute versus magnetic field parameter. All associated profiles have exhibited decrementing aspects against suction parameter. It is also revealed that increment in Soret tends to produce depreciation in temperature profile whereas concentration distribution is enhanced.

Abstract The role of aldose reductase (ALR2) in causing diabetic complications is well-studied, with overactivity of ALR2 in the hyperglycemic state leading to an accumulation of intracellular sorbitol, depletion of cytoplasmic NADPH and oxidative stress and causing a variety of different conditions including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular disorders. While previous efforts have sought to develop inhibitors of this enzyme in order to combat diabetic complications, non-selective inhibition of both ALR2 and the homologous enzyme aldehyde reductase (ALR1) has led to poor toxicity profiles, with no drugs targeting ALR2 currently approved for therapeutic use in the Western world. In the current study, we have synthesized a series of N-substituted thiosemicarbazones with added phenolic moieties, of which compound 3m displayed strong and selective ALR2 inhibitory activity in vitro (IC50 1.18 µM) as well as promising antioxidant activity (75.95% free radical scavenging activity). The target binding modes of 3m were studied via molecular docking studies and stable interactions with ALR2 were inferred through molecular dynamics simulations. We thus report the N-substituted thiosemicarbazones as promising drug candidates for selective inhibition of ALR2 and possible treatment of diabetic complications.

Present communication is devoted to analyze thermal characteristics of Carreau liquid flowing on variably thickened non-uniformly rotating disk. Mathematical formulation is constructed in view of complex coupled partial differential system. Afterwards, boundary layer approach is executed for comprehensive examination of under consideration phenomenon with in boundary layer region. Karman's transformation is capitalized to convert the attained PDE's into ordinary differential equations system. Solution of attained ODE's system is solved numerically by implementing Keller-Box scheme. Influence of protuberant involved parameters on momentum and thermal distributions is illustrated through sketches. In addition, impact of flow concerning parameters on wall shear stress and thermal flux is also evaluated. The assurance of present finding is done by making agreement with published results and by restricting considered problem to Newtonian case. Here, we observed that radially and tangentially directed wall drag lessen with growing magnitude of power law exponent index. Moreover, the consequence of disk thickness parameter grows stresses along radial direction whereas opposite behavior is depicted in case of tangentially directed friction and heat flux factors.

Abstract The current communication is designed by keeping in the mind high heat transfer capabilities of nanoliquids with the dispersion of diversified-natured nanoparticles in poorly conducting base liquids. Here, an amalgamation of metallic (Cu) and hybridization of metallic and non-metallic oxide (Cu-TiO2) nanoparticles to uplift thermophysical attributes of water is deliberated. The magnetically affected flow between rotating disks under the impact and permeability aspect is assumed. Empirical relations for effective dynamic viscosity, density, and heat capacitance to show mesmerizing features of obliged nanoparticles are also expressed. In addition, mathematical relations also depend on morphological factors like shape, size, and diameter of inducted nanoparticles. The mathematical formulation of the problem is conceded in the form of a system of ODEs after using similarity transformation on dimensional PDEs. Simulations of the complex coupled differential structure are solved by using a numerical approach by employing shooting and Runge–Kutta procedures jointly. The impact of flow concerning variables on associated distributions is revealed through tabular and graphical manner. Quantities of engineering interest associated with work like wall friction and thermal flux coefficients at walls of the disk are also calculated. It is deduced from an examination that the addition of metallic particles raises heat transfer more than non-metallic particles. A significant impression of magnetic field on shear stress is executed by hybrid nanoparticles along the surface of disks. In addition, elevation in Nusselt number and depreciation in skin friction coefficient is revealed against increasing magnitude of nanoparticle volume fraction. A positive trend in skin friction coefficient is manifested against the increasing magnitude of Reynold number. It is also observed that by increasing the size and shape of hybrid nanoparticles thermal conductivity and viscosity of the base fluid increases.

A subset $T$ of the vertex set of a network $G$ is called a resolving set for $G$ if each pair of vertices of $G$ have distinct representations with respect to $T$ . A resolving set $B^{\prime} $ among all the resolving sets of a network $G$ is called a fault-tolerant resolving set if $B^{\prime} \backslash \left \{{t}\right \}$ is as well a resolving set for each vertex $t \in ~B^{\prime} $ . A fault-tolerant resolving set $B^{\prime} $ of a network $G$ which contains minimum number of vertices is called a fault-tolerant metric basis. The cardinality of a fault-tolerant metric basis is called fault-tolerant metric dimension. This concept is widely used to find the integral solution of the problems existing in different disciplines of computer science and chemistry such as linear optimization problems, robot navigation, operation research problems, sensor networking, classification of chemical compounds, drug discoveries, source localization, embedding biological sequence data, detecting network motifs, comparing the interconnected networks and image processing. In this paper, we compute the fault-tolerant metric dimensions of three wheel related networks called by $r$ -level anti-web wheel $AWW_{(n, r)}$ , $r$ -level Helm $H_{(n, r)}$ and $r$ -level anti-web gear $AWJ_{(2n, r)}$ networks in the form of different algebraic expressions consisting of the integral numbers $n$ and $r$ . At the end we discussed a simple method for finding the fault-tolerant metric dimensions and fault-tolerant resolving sets of a $r$ -level wheel related network. We also discussed the importance of these networks in navigation.

The prime intend behind the current effort is to explicate flow attributes of magnetically influenced Newtonian fluids toward a stretchable sheet under the novel physical impact of oxytactic microorganisms in a comparative manner for free and forced convections. In addition, modified Fourier and Fick’s laws are implemented to examine the change in temperature and concentration distributions in a more realistic manner by accounting thermal and mass relaxation parameters in the flow. The obtained PDEs are reduced into the non-linear ODEs by employing similarity variables. Due to the complexity of parametrically based differential equations, a numerical scheme based on a finite-difference approach is implemented via the MATLAB built-in routine known as BVP4C. Flow-controlling parameter effects on associated distributions are evaluated through graphs and tables. Subsequently, the influence of flow-controlling parameters on associated distributions is revealed through pictures in a comparative manner for different convection regimes. Additionally, the quantities such as heat and mass fluxes along with the density of motile microorganisms are also illustrated. From the thorough analysis of the current investigation, it is inferred that velocity distribution enhances for free and forced convections, whereas the temperature of the fluid diminishes against the mentioned convective regimes. It is manifested that the Nusselt number is more in the situation of free convection instead of the forced convection situation. The magnitude of the skin friction factor is more in case of free convection as compared to the forced convection regime. It is also reported that by uplifting the magnitudes of concentration and thermal relaxation parameters, depreciation in associated heat and mass transfer rate arises. In addition, it is also reported that with the increment in the magnetic field, buoyancy ratio, bioconvection parameters, and Rayleigh number skin friction accelerate, while the behavior is quite opposite in case of stretching the ratio parameter.

Background: Carrot due to its versatility in culinary uses is considered to be one of the most preferred vegetable. The carrot in Pakistan ranks third among winter vegetables, but due to adoption of improper postharvest techniques and storage, it leads to a great reduction in its quality. Objective: The study was carried out to assess the effect of different treatments on quality characteristics of carrot. Methodology: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Farm Structures, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan. Freshly harvested mature carrots free from damage and fungal attack were obtained from field. The carrot samples were subjected to different post-harvest treatments i.e. 40 ºC hot water dip for 2 minutes, 50 ºC hot water dip for 2 minutes, 0.4% concentration of calcium chloride (CaCl2) dip for 2 minutes and tap water. Results: The results revealed that moisture content and firmness decreased with increasing storage duration, whereas weight loss, fungal incidence and total soluble solids increased with increasing storage duration. The carrots treated with 0.4% concentration of CaCl2 dip for 2 minutes had maximum moisture content (78.32%) and firmness (4.12 lbs), with minimum weight loss (41.33%), fungal incidence (38.14%) and total soluble solids (10.43%), followed by 40 ºC hot water dip for 2 minutes, 50 ºC hot water dip for 2 minutes and tap water. Conclusion: The carrots treated with 0.4% concentration of CaCl2 dip for 2 minutes showed better quality characteristics at the end of storage. The adoption of this treatment should therefore be encouraged in the developing countries for extending the quality characteristics of carrots.

Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) are the most severe form of asthenozoospermia due to impaired axoneme structure in sperm flagella. Dynein arms are necessary components of the sperm flagellar axoneme. In this study, we recruited 3 unrelated consanguineous Pakistani families with multiple MMAF-affected individuals, who had no overt ciliary symptoms. Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing identified 2 cilia and flagella associated protein 57 (CFAP57) loss-of-function mutations (c.2872C>T, p. R958*; and c.2737C>T, p. R913*) recessively segregating with male infertility. A mouse model mimicking the mutation (c.2872C>T) was generated and recapitulated the typical MMAF phenotype of CFAP57-mutated individuals. Both CFAP57 mutations caused loss of the long transcript-encoded CFAP57 protein in spermatozoa from MMAF-affected individuals or from the Cfap57-mutant mouse model while the short transcript was not affected. Subsequent examinations of the spermatozoa from Cfap57-mutant mice revealed that CFAP57 deficiency disrupted the inner dynein arm (IDA) assembly in sperm flagella and that single-headed IDAs were more likely to be affected. Thus, our study identified 2 pathogenic mutations in CFAP57 in MMAF-affected individuals and reported a conserved and pivotal role for the long transcript-encoded CFAP57 in IDAs’ assembly and male fertility.

Ardhe-e-Quran (The Land and Nation in the Quran) is one of the major parts of Quranic studies which means the description of those lands or nations in the Quran which have been traveled and observed. The Shariah scholars of the Muslim world whether classical or contemporary have made these observations of “Ardhe-e-Quran”. In this regard, the scholars of India have also made a significant contribution. Travel of the pass-outs of Jamia Dar-ul-Uloom Haqqania to these places and cities is also a part of this series. Especially Maulana Sher Ali Shah has lived in Arab countries and then he has made a regular journey to these places mentioned in the Qur'an. He observed Qur'anic places from Baitullah to Baitul Muqaddas.His travelogues, especially regarding Syria, contain useful information. The land of Syria is the blessed land, here is Jerusalem, in which Allah Almighty has created spiritual and spiritual charm when Maulana Dr. Sher Ali Shah visited this blessed city. He toured the city and observed the Quranic places. Maulana Dr. Sher Ali Shah went on Hajj by land on foot in 1966. After receiving permission from the embassies of Iran, Jordan, and Iraq, he reached Haramain on his way. After entering Iraq on January 2, 1967, he arrived in Baghdad, stayed there, and toured historical sites, then went to Jerusalem and observed the holy places there. The golden impressions of this journey, the observations of the historical places and the details of Hajj he has written under the title of “Chand din Masjid Aqsa ki Fidhaon me (A few days in spiritual surroundings of Al-Aqsa Mosque)" and "In the luminous surroundings of the Harmain". In these journeys, He also observed the land of the Qur'an and the holy places, besides ancient libraries and Makhtootat. Maulana Dr. Saeed-ul-Haq Jadoon and Mufti Bakht Shaid have written a two-volume book on the life and services of Maulana Sher Ali Shah Madani entitled "Maulana Sher Ali Madani: Life and services”. In this book, Maulana Dr. Saeed-ul-Haq Jadoon has written a separate chapter on the “Observations and research on Ardh-e-Quran by Dr. Sher Ali Shah”. In which Maulana Sher Ali Shah Madani has given a detailed discussion on these observations. In this regard, the researcher has intended to enlighten his analytical study on the topic of Ardh-e-Quran.

Over the past decade, wind power generation (WPG) has focused on energy generation, and much research is being done on renewable energy (RE), especially wind energy (WE). WE guarantee environmentally friendly power generation and help to meet national energy needs due to the declining trend of renewable resources. In this article, various Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques proposed for wind energy conversion system (WECS) modeling control management strategies and efficient wind power generation (WPG) from available sources have been discussed. In addition, a comparative survey of various familiar soft methods is accorded for an easy power system with the wind. At last, a cost‐effective investigation arrived for MPPT techniques found on (a) Saving of energy, (b) period of profit, (c) generated income, (d) cost, (e) capacity utilization aspect, and (f) solidity.

The disposal and the management of sewage sludge from tanneries is a challenging issue for the leather industries because of their adverse effect on the environment. In this study the detailed characterization and assessment using kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the tannery sewage sludge in combustion environment was employed. Isoconversional model-free methods like Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), Friedman and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) were employed to investigate the kinetics and the thermodynamic parameters in the air environment. Activation energies (Ea) for the Friedman, KAS and OFW were reported. The DTG curves at the heating rate of 5, 10, 20 and 40 °C/min show the diversified conversions in three major stages. The Ea values for the model ranges are Friedman (148.96 kJ/mol-395.23 kJ/mol), KAS (169.65 kJ/mol-383.75 kJ/mol) and OFW (176.44 kJ/mol-377.85 kJ/mol). The average Ea for the Friedman is 226.04 kJ/mol while for KAS and OFW the average Ea is 230.71 kJ/mol and 230.11 kJ/mol. Moreover, the values of ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS were analysed. Furthermore, the frequency distribution by applying the DAEM model is investigated, and there are six pseudo-components involved in the frequency distribution for combustion. For the thermal degradation prediction of the sewage sludge from the tannery, an artificial neural network (ANN) of the MLP-3-7-1 model was used. This model shows that there is good agreement between the experimental and the predicted values. Overall, this study highlights the importance of the ANN for the prediction of combustion behaviour of biomass with more accuracy.

Diffusion mechanism generated because of thermal and solutal buoyant forces in star corrugated cavity filled with Casson liquid is envisioned in this study. Magnetic field making angle of inclination with enclosure is also taken into account. Rectangular plate with isothermal and isoconcentration distributions is installed. To measure optimized variation in associated distributions all the extremities of enclosure are kept at cold temperature and zero concentration. Governing equations are modelled by incorporating conservation laws. After then, complexly formulated model equations and their associated boundary constraint are change in dimensionless structure by obliging variables. Numerical simulations are performed by opting finite element based commercial software renowned as COMSOL. Domain is discretized in the form of triangular and rectangular elements by executing hybrid meshing. Afterwards, non-linear solver (PARADISO) is capitalized to handle system of non-linear equations. Mesh independence test is carried out to assure credibility of conducted simulations. Comparison of results with published literature is also displayed. Graphical and tabular representation describing change is associated fields (velocity, temperature and concentration) against wide range of involved parameters. Change in kinetic energy along with average Sherwood and Nusselt number against different magnitudes of Casson parameter is divulged through tables.