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Objective: Adenoid hypertrophy is a prevalent pediatric condition, often necessitating surgical intervention. Intranasal steroid administration shows promise as a conservative treatment, particularly by inducing apoptosis in adenoidal cells, leading to a reduction in adenoid size and inflammation. This study aims to characterize the expression profile of caspase-3 as an apoptotic inducer protein in inflammatory and epithelial adenoid tissues and explore its association with steroid administration. Methods: We performed immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 proteins in adenoid tissues obtained from 51 pediatric patients aged between 2.5 and 12 years (mean age: 6.09 ± 2.1 years) who underwent adenoid surgery. A retrospective analysis of clinical data was conducted, categorizing participants into steroid treatment receivers (n = 25) and non-receivers (n = 26). Subsequently, the lymphoid inflammatory tissue and epithelial tissue from the adenoid were compared in terms of caspase-3 protein expression, and associated clinical variables were assessed. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significant caspase-3 expression in inflammatory tissues. The expression levels were scored, and no significant correlation was observed between inflammation and epithelium based on caspase-3 expression (correlation coefficient = 0.143; p > 0.05). Furthermore, demographic and clinical characteristics did not show a statistically significant difference in caspase-3 expression levels. Conclusion: Caspase-3 expression was significant in inflammatory adenoid tissue, but it showed no association with nasal steroid administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in the causation of numerous benign, premalignant and malignant lesions of Gastrointestinal Tract. Material and methods: The present prospective study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala during the duration of October 2019 to November 2021. 100 antral gastric biopsy were studied. The results of H&E, modified Giemsa (MG) and toluidine blue (TB) stain were compared to those of Immunohistochemistry which was considered as the gold standard method. Results : The results of the staining methods (H&E, MG, TB) in reference to that of IHC were considered false negative for any of the three tested staining methods (H&E, MG, TB), when the method gave negative result while the gold standard (IHC) gave positive result, on other hand, the false positive results were considered when the staining method gave positive result while the gold standard (IHC) gave negative result. Sensitivity of Modified Giemsa (73.81%) was found out to be better than Toluidine blue (71.43%) and H & E (57.14%). p value was <0.001 for each stain and was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion : IHC is the gold standard and sensitive technique but its availability in all the health care center is not feasible so in all suspected cases of H. pylori infection Modified Giemsa should be preferred for the early detection and management of H. pylori infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: High‐grade gliomas (HGGs) are highly malignant, aggressive, and have a high incidence and mortality rate. The aim of this study was to investigate survival outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with HGGs. Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 159 patients with histologically confirmed HGGs were included. The recruitment period was from January 2011 to December 2019. We evaluated patient demographic data, tumor characteristics, treatment methods, immunocytochemistry results, overall survival (OS) time, and progression‐free survival (PFS) time using Kaplan–<>Meier survival analysis with log‐rank testing. Additionally, we employed Cox regression analysis to identify independent factors associated with survival outcomes. Results: Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that the 1‐, 2‐, and 5‐years OS rates were 81.8%, 50.3%, and 12.6%, respectively. Similarly, the 1‐, 2‐, and 5‐years PFS rates were 50.9%, 22.4%, and 3.1%, respectively. The median OS duration was 35.0 months. The univariate analysis indicated that postoperative pathological classification, grade, and age were significantly associated with patient outcomes (p < 0.01). Among the patients, 147 received concurrent chemoradiotherapy, while 12 did not. The immunohistochemical markers of ki‐67, MGMT, IDH1R132H, and p53 demonstrated statistically significant differences in their prognostic impact (p = 0.001, p = 0.020, p = 0.003, and p = 0.021, respectively). In conclusion, we found that grades, age, pathological classification, ki‐67, MGMT, and IDH1R132H expression were statistically significantly associated with PFS (p < 0.01, p = 0.004, p = 0.003, p = 0.001, p = 0.036, and p = 0.028). Additionally, immunohistochemical expressions of TRIB3 and AURKA were significantly higher in patients with shorter survival (p = 0.015 and p = 0.023). Conclusions: Tumor grade and the use of concurrent chemoradiotherapy after surgery were independent prognostic factors that significantly influenced patient survival. Additionally, tumor grade and MGMT expression were found to be independent factors affecting progression‐free survival (PFS). Notably, the expression of TRIB3 and AURKA was higher in patients with poor survival outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of ten male local rabbits were used, a one centimeter was taken from the small intestine as well as from the colon. H&E and Masson's Trichrome stains were used to stain the slides. Location, shape and size, number/section in each segment of the intestine, and surface area of nerve plexuses/ µm² were studied. The CD117 was used to express the interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC). Myenteric plexus (MP) morphology and distribution in the intestine provide interpretation for intestinal peristaltic motility. The current study showed that Auerbach's plexuses (AP) had an oval or elliptical shape in the duodenum and ileum while appearing spherical in the jejunum and located either between two layers of tunica muscularis or within the internal circular muscular layer (ICML). In contrast, the AP of the colon appeared as a line of neurons in the exact location along the whole wall. ICC in this study showed high expression in the colon, whereas their expression ranged from mild to moderate in three segments of the small intestine. In conclusion, most ICC were found distributed in different locations throughout the wall of the small intestine, whereas they concentrated near MP and within ICML of the colon's wall.

The present work aimed to examine the early and late histopathological changes occurring in the lower lips of rats, as a result of hyaluronic acid injection, and to determine whether it could really bring us closer to the ideal soft tissue filler material. This research highlights the importance of experimental studies on this subject, since adverse reactions have been observed routinely in dental practice. The present study was carried out on 36 adult male albino rats and was divided into two equal groups, each consisting of 18 rats; group I (control group) and group II (experimental group). Rats in the experimental group were injected with hyaluronic acid (0.07 ml), whereas rats in the control group were injected with 0.9% sodium chloride. The results showed inflammation triggered by the injection of hyaluronic acid. On examining the specimens histologically using Hematoxylin and Eosin stains, Toluidine Blue stain and immunohistochemistry with anti-CD68 antibody, there was a significantly greater inflammatory response in the groups at early interval with hyaluronic acid compared with the control (P < 0.0001). Higher collagen formation was also observed with Masson's Trichrome staining. The undesirable effects of hyaluronic acid filler injection can be detected at early intervals following its injection. Fortunately, all the undesirable effects are transient and decrease by time, reaching levels comparable to normal. Overall, HA was well-tolerated by tissues, reflecting how this filler material possesses a biocompatible property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and represents a substantial disease burden worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy are the standard first-line therapy for advanced NSCLC without driver mutations. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is currently the only approved immunotherapy marker. PD-L1 detection methods are diverse and have developed rapidly in recent years, such as improved immunohistochemical detection methods, the application of liquid biopsy in PD-L1 detection, genetic testing, radionuclide imaging, and the use of machine learning methods to construct PD-L1 prediction models. This review focuses on the detection methods and challenges of PD-L1 from different sources, and discusses the influencing factors of PD-L1 detection and the value of combined biomarkers. Provide support for clinical screening of immunotherapy-advantage groups and formulation of personalized treatment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a cut-off value for PD-L1 expression in large B-cell lymphomas that predicts prognosis, and to clarify the relationship between PD-L1 expression and histopathological as well as clinical parameters. The study included a total of 130 patients who were diagnosed with large B-cell lymphoma at Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Pathology Department. Biopsy samples were assessed using the PD-L1 immunohistochemical antibody (Dako, 22C3 clone). The patients had a mean age of 54 ± 17 years, with a median age of 56 years. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of survival when the 30% cut-off value was used. However, a noteworthy discrepancy in survival became apparent when the cut-off point was established at 70%. Among the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma-not otherwise specified (DLBCL-NOS) category, the activated B-cell-like (ABC-like) phenotype showed higher PD-L1 expression compared to the germinal center B-cell-like (GCB-like) phenotype. Immunohistochemical PD-L1 expression emerged as a prognostic factor, particularly significant in the ABC-like phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, we investigated the effect of Capsaicin (CAP) on leptin and ghrelin expression in diabetic kidneys by immunohistochemical method. The subjects were separated into 5 groups: control, sham, diabetes, CAP, and D+CAP. Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg, single dose) was administered to each rat in the diabetes and D+CAP groups intraperitoneally. Rats with blood glucose levels of200 mg/dL or higher were considered diabetic. Capsaicin (1 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously to the rats in the CAP and D+CAP groups every day for 2 weeks. H&E, PAS, and Crossman's Triple staining were performed to examine the histology of the kidney. Leptin and ghrelin in the kidney were examined by immunohistochemical method. Histological examination revealed normal kidney tissue in the control, sham, and CAP groups. The diabetes group showed the glomerulus with scattered and narrowing of the Bowman's capsule. While leptin immunoreactivity was most intense in the diabetes group, it was observed the weakest in the CAP and D+CAP groups. While strong ghrelin immunoreactivity was seen in the control and sham groups, mild immunoreactivity was seen in the CAP group, and weak immunoreactivity was seen in the diabetes and D+CAP groups. In this study, we concluded that the application of CAP could prevent loss of appetite by reducing the leptin expression during diabetes, but could not protect ghrelin from adverse effects of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Investigating T‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin‐domain containing‐3 (TIM‐3), Galectin 9 (Gal‐9), CD160 expression and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and correlation with clinicopathological characteristics of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). Methods: Sixty cases of SACC were detected by immunohistochemical staining to evaluate TIM‐3, Gal‐9, and CD160 expression and analyze the correlation between TIM‐3, Gal‐9, CD160 expression and clinicopathologic features by rank‐sum test. The association of TILs with TIM‐3, Gal‐9, and CD160 expression in SACC stromal was done by Chi‐square test. Results: TIM‐3 and CD160 overexpression were correlated with recurrence of SACC (p = 0.029, p = 0.007, respectively). High Gal‐9 expression was correlated with pathological classification (p = 0.018). The average percentage of TILs was 18.2% in SACC and most of TILs were more likely to occur in minor salivary glands (p = 0.038). Pairwise positive correlations were observed between the expression of TIM‐3, Gal‐9, and CD160 in tumor cells as well as in TILs, respectively. Conclusion: Low density of TILs was characteristic of the SACC microenvironment, with upregulation of TIM‐3, Gal‐9, and CD160 all occurring. However, TIM‐3, Gal‐9, and CD160 expression in the stromal dependent on the number of TILs represent potential therapeutic targets in SACC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the lung (HAL) is an exceptionally rare subtype of lung cancer that mimics the morphology and biological behavior of hepatocellular carcinoma. Although reports in the literature are limited, HAL is known for its high malignancy and poor prognosis, thus drawing increasing attention. We present the case of a patient with a mass-like consolidation with central necrosis initially misdiagnosed as inflammation at another medical institution despite a percutaneous lung biopsy. After ineffective anti-inflammatory treatment, she was referred to our hospital. We performed another lung biopsy, obtaining five samples from different angles, and eventually diagnosed her with HAL. Surprisingly, her serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were extraordinarily high, leading to the successful diagnosis of HAL. Here, we present a case report and a related literature review.

Abstract Objectives High‐grade gliomas (HGGs) are highly malignant, aggressive, and have a high incidence and mortality rate. The aim of this study was to investigate survival outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with HGGs. Methods In this retrospective study, a total of 159 patients with histologically confirmed HGGs were included. The recruitment period was from January 2011 to December 2019. We evaluated patient demographic data, tumor characteristics, treatment methods, immunocytochemistry results, overall survival (OS) time, and progression‐free survival (PFS) time using Kaplan–<>Meier survival analysis with log‐rank testing. Additionally, we employed Cox regression analysis to identify independent factors associated with survival outcomes. Results Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that the 1‐, 2‐, and 5‐years OS rates were 81.8%, 50.3%, and 12.6%, respectively. Similarly, the 1‐, 2‐, and 5‐years PFS rates were 50.9%, 22.4%, and 3.1%, respectively. The median OS duration was 35.0 months. The univariate analysis indicated that postoperative pathological classification, grade, and age were significantly associated with patient outcomes (p

In this study, we investigated the effect of Capsaicin (CAP) on leptin and ghrelin expression in diabetic kidneys by immunohistochemical method. The subjects were separated into 5 groups: control, sham, diabetes, CAP, and D+CAP. Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg, single dose) was administered to each rat in the diabetes and D+CAP groups intraperitoneally. Rats with blood glucose levels of 200 mg/dL or higher were considered diabetic. Capsaicin (1 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously to the rats in the CAP and D+CAP groups every day for 2 weeks. H&E, PAS, and Crossman"s Triple staining were performed to examine the histology of the kidney. Leptin and ghrelin in the kidney were examined by immunohistochemical method. Histological examination revealed normal kidney tissue in the control, sham, and CAP groups. The diabetes group showed the glomerulus with scattered and narrowing of the Bowman"s capsule. While leptin immunoreactivity was most intense in the diabetes group, it was observed the weakest in the CAP and D+CAP groups. While strong ghrelin immunoreactivity was seen in the control and sham groups, mild immunoreactivity was seen in the CAP group, and weak immunoreactivity was seen in the diabetes and D+CAP groups. In this study, we concluded that the application of CAP could prevent loss of appetite by reducing the leptin expression during diabetes, but could not protect ghrelin from adverse effects of diabetes.

Abstract Background Mercury chloride (HgCl2) damages tissues it comes in contact with in sufficient concentration. This study evaluated the protective effects of n-butanol fraction of Phoenix dactylifera (BFPD) on mercury-triggered liver toxicity in Wistar rats. 25 male rats were divided into 5 groups of 5 rats each. Group I was administered 2 ml/kg of distilled water; group II was administered 5 mg/kg of HgCl2; group III was administered 500 mg/kg of BFPD + 5 mg/kg of HgCl2; group IV was administered 1000 mg/kg of BFPD + 5 mg/kg of HgCl2, while group V was administered 100 mg/kg of silymarin + 5 mg/kg of HgCl2. orally for 2 weeks. The rats were euthanized and liver tissue blood samples were collected for histological, histochemical, stereological, immunohistochemical, molecular, and biochemical studies. Results The results revealed that HgCl2 induced oxidative stress in the rats evident by histoarchitectural distortions and altered levels of liver enzymes, proteins, and oxidative stress biomarkers when compared to the control. However, BFPD treatment restored these changes. Glutathione peroxidase levels decreased (p

Harty Elouise Ashby,1 Grayson N Jones,1 Oon Leedhanachoke,2 Phillip Jen,3 Noah Helphenstine,3 Fadi Al Akhrass4 1Department of Pathology, Pikeville Medical Center, Pikeville, KY, USA; 2Department of General Surgery, Pikeville Medical Center, Pikeville, KY, USA; 3Department of BioMedical Science, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY, USA; 4Department of Infectious Diseases, Pikeville Medical Center, Pikeville, KY, USACorrespondence: Phillip Jen, Department of BioMedical Science, University of Pikeville, 147 Sycamore Street, Pikeville, KY, 41501, USA, Tel +1 704 488 8258, Email phillipjen@upike.eduAbstract: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an extremely rare and aggressive tumor. Here we report an unusual MCC that manifested as an abruptly enlarging, painful skin lesion over the right antecubital fossa and masqueraded as an epidermal cyst in a 42-year-old male. The lesion was surgically excised and subjected to histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations. The subsequent analysis allowed for the diagnosis of MCC. Clinicians should always be cognizant of MCC, which can be easily misdiagnosed. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are keys to improving the survival rates of MCC patients.Keywords: Merkel cell carcinoma, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, polyomavirus

Abstract Background Which patients benefit from the addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains unclear. There have been few reports on the efficacy of ICIs based on conventional immunohistochemical neuroendocrine (NE) markers (synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and neural cell adhesion molecule [NCAM]). In the present study, we aimed to analyze the relationship between the expression of immunohistochemical NE markers and the efficacy of ICIs in patients with extensive disease (ED)‐SCLC, to assess whether conventional NE markers are predictive of ICIs. Methods Patients with untreated ED‐SCLC who received first‐line therapy at the Shizuoka Cancer Center between November 2002 and July 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated the efficacy of first‐line chemotherapy according to the expression status of each immunohistochemical NE marker in patients treated with ICI plus chemotherapy (ICI‐chemo group) and with chemotherapy alone (chemo group). Results A total of 227 patients were included in the ICI‐chemo and chemo groups, respectively. The progression‐free survival (PFS) tended to be better in patients in the ICI‐chemo group than those treated with chemotherapy alone in patients with NE marker‐positive SCLC. In particular, it was statistically significant in patients with chromogranin A‐positive SCLC (p = 0.036). In patients with NE marker‐negative SCLC, no significant differences were observed in PFS between the two groups. There were no significant differences in overall survival (OS), regardless of the expression of any conventional NE marker. Conclusion Our study suggests that the efficacy of ICIs in addition to chemotherapy may be poor in patients with NE marker‐negative SCLC.

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionsRecurrent lumbar disc hernia (RLDH) is a common and challenging complication after an initial discectomy. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the histopathologic outcomes of the initial and recurrent disc tissues.This study investigated 70 patients who underwent a microdiscectomy and subsequently developed same-level same-side lumbar disc herniation (LDH) recurrence. The clinic, western blot, and immunohistochemical evaluations of patients with initial LDH and RLDH were conducted and statistically analyzed.The effect of inflammation and apoptosis in the degenerative changes of intervertebral disc hernia and increased histopathologic findings in RLDH was demonstrated. The degeneration of the hernia disc tissue is a major pathological process, which is characterized by cellular apoptosis, inflammation, and reduced synthesis of extracellular matrix. Currently, there is no clinical therapy targeting the reversal of disc degeneration.This, therefore, stay away from factors that increase inflammation in the intervention of intervertebral disc hernia, applying to reduce inflammation the medicines, could allow reducing disc collagen degeneration, and more successful outcomes. These findings might shed some new lights on the mechanism of disc degeneration and provide new strategies for the treatments of initial and recurrent LDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mercury chloride (HgCl2) damages tissues it comes in contact with in sufficient concentration. This study evaluated the protective effects of n-butanol fraction of Phoenix dactylifera (BFPD) on mercury-triggered liver toxicity in Wistar rats. 25 male rats were divided into 5 groups of 5 rats each. Group I was administered 2 ml/kg of distilled water; group II was administered 5 mg/kg of HgCl2; group III was administered 500 mg/kg of BFPD + 5 mg/kg of HgCl2; group IV was administered 1000 mg/kg of BFPD + 5 mg/kg of HgCl2, while group V was administered 100 mg/kg of silymarin + 5 mg/kg of HgCl2. orally for 2 weeks. The rats were euthanized and liver tissue blood samples were collected for histological, histochemical, stereological, immunohistochemical, molecular, and biochemical studies. Results: The results revealed that HgCl2 induced oxidative stress in the rats evident by histoarchitectural distortions and altered levels of liver enzymes, proteins, and oxidative stress biomarkers when compared to the control. However, BFPD treatment restored these changes. Glutathione peroxidase levels decreased (p < 0.05) in the HgCl2−treated group when compared to the control and BFPD-treated groups. HgCl2 group revealed reduced reactivity with histochemical and immunohistochemical stains (Masson's Trichrome and B cell Lymphoma 2) when compared to the control, with a significant decrease in quantified liver Bcl-2 stain intensity when compared to the silymarin-treated group. BFPD administration revealed normal staining intensity comparable to the control. HgCl2 administration revealed a remarked decrease in the number of hepatocytes when compared to the control, BFPD, and silymarin groups. BFPD preserved (p < 0.05) the stereological features when compared to the HgCl2-treated group. GPx activity in the liver decreased (p < 0.05) with HgCl2 administration when compared to the control and silymarin-treated groups. BFPD attenuated GPx gene activity to levels similar to the control indicating some level of amelioration against HgCl2-induced toxicity. Conclusions: The ability of BFPD to mitigate HgCl2 triggered liver alterations could be attributed to the antioxidant property of its flavonoid content. Therefore, BFPD may be a potential candidate for treating and managing liver-induced mercury intoxication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra (HTT) has been traditionally used in medical treatments due to its sedative, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, and anthelmintic properties. The present study aims to investigate the lung-protective and antiapoptotic effects of HTT against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced lung injury in rats. Methods: Thirty-five Sprague Dawley rats were categorized into 5 groups, each consisting of seven members. Phenolic acid and flavonoid contents of this plant were determined. The lung tissue samples cultivated from the rats were examined in histopathological and immunohistochemically for the apoptosis markers of Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2. Results: Histopathological results indicated that structural defects, bleeding areas, and edema had occurred in the lungs of the CP-Alone Group. Besides, Caspase-3 and Bax positivity of the lung cells had also increased while Bcl-2 positivity had decreased. On the other hand, in the HTT+CP Group, HTT was shown to have reversed the aforementioned changes positively. Conclusion: Based on in vivo results, HTT could be a strong protective candidate for CP-induced lung injury and apoptosis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Which patients benefit from the addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains unclear. There have been few reports on the efficacy of ICIs based on conventional immunohistochemical neuroendocrine (NE) markers (synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and neural cell adhesion molecule [NCAM]). In the present study, we aimed to analyze the relationship between the expression of immunohistochemical NE markers and the efficacy of ICIs in patients with extensive disease (ED)‐SCLC, to assess whether conventional NE markers are predictive of ICIs. Methods: Patients with untreated ED‐SCLC who received first‐line therapy at the Shizuoka Cancer Center between November 2002 and July 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated the efficacy of first‐line chemotherapy according to the expression status of each immunohistochemical NE marker in patients treated with ICI plus chemotherapy (ICI‐chemo group) and with chemotherapy alone (chemo group). Results: A total of 227 patients were included in the ICI‐chemo and chemo groups, respectively. The progression‐free survival (PFS) tended to be better in patients in the ICI‐chemo group than those treated with chemotherapy alone in patients with NE marker‐positive SCLC. In particular, it was statistically significant in patients with chromogranin A‐positive SCLC (p = 0.036). In patients with NE marker‐negative SCLC, no significant differences were observed in PFS between the two groups. There were no significant differences in overall survival (OS), regardless of the expression of any conventional NE marker. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the efficacy of ICIs in addition to chemotherapy may be poor in patients with NE marker‐negative SCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural compounds rich in secondary metabolites have gained attention as alternative therapies for wound healing due to their potential advantages over conventional treatments. Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms have been identified for their wound-healing properties, including promoting neovascularization, epithelialization, and collagen synthesis. Material and Methods: This study aimed to investigate the wound-healing properties of different doses of topical Extract of Pleurotus ostreatus in albino mice using an excisional wound model. The experimental design involved administering various concentrations of the extract to evaluate its effects on wound closure and histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters. Results: The results revealed significant wound closure and improvements in histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters in mice treated with Pleurotus ostreatus extract. These findings suggest the potential of Pleurotus ostreatus extract as a viable wound healing agent. Conclusion: Pleurotus ostreatus extract demonstrates promising wound-healing capabilities, including promoting wound closure and enhancing histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters in albino mice. Further research is warranted to explore its full therapeutic potential and mechanism of action in wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Palicourea marcgravii is a lethal toxic plant widely distributed in Brazil. Ingestion of this plant causes cardiotoxic effects in animals, leading to acute heart failure without evident macroscopic changes in the heart due to the rapid progression of the disease. Currently, the diagnosis is confirmed based on microscopic identification of characteristic renal lesions. Although troponin is used as a biomarker for myocardial lesions in human and veterinary medicine, its serum levels in sheep poisoned with P. marcgravii remain unknown. The objective of this study was to determine serum levels of troponin I and evaluate its expression in incipient heart lesions in sheep. Eight male sheep were experimentally intoxicated with 1g kg-1 of fresh P. marcgravii plants. The animals were physically examined every two hours, and blood samples were collected before the administration of the plant material and during the agonizing period immediately before death. Additionally, necropsy and immunohistochemistry were performed on cardiac tissue samples. All animals presented minimal serum levels of troponin I before plant administration, with a significant increase in these levels immediately before death, indicating leakage due to the cardiac injury. These results confirm the hypothesis that troponin is released into the bloodstream before morphological changes in the myocardium can be observed through conventional microscopy and immunohistochemical testing. These findings contribute to understanding the pathological mechanisms of this toxicity and may assist in the early diagnosis and treatment of affected animals.

ABSTRACT: An outbreak of duck astrovirus (DAstV) has occurred in duck farming regions of China, causing substantial economic setbacks in the duck industry. This investigation aimed to examine the variations in DAstV pathogenicity among ducks at different age intervals. Infections were induced in ducks at distinct age groups (1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d) utilizing the DAstv-1-GDB-2022 strain. The results indicate increased pathogenicity of the DAstv-1-GDB-2022 strain in ducklings aged 21 to 28 d, manifesting as liver and kidney enlargement, severe bleeding, and potential fatalities. Conversely, ducklings aged 1 and 14 d displayed milder symptoms postinfection. Notably, viral shedding continued in ducks of diverse age groups even 21 d postinfection (Dpi). Moreover, DAstV replicates in various tissues, predominantly affecting the liver. Immunohistochemical tests using rabbit anti-DAstV antibodies revealed robust positive signals in both the liver and kidneys, which correlated with the clinical symptom severity observed through macroscopic and microscopic examinations. Serum biochemical assays and indirect ELISA demonstrated a consistent response to DAstV infection across different age groups, with older ducklings exhibiting increased sensitivity. In conclusion, this study successfully replicated clinical symptoms similar to those of natural DAstV infection using the DAstv-1-GDB-2022 strain. Importantly, we systematically delineated the differences in susceptibility to DAstV among ducks at various ages, laying the foundation for further research into the pathogenic mechanisms of DAstV and potential vaccine development.

Background: Natural compounds rich in secondary metabolites have gained attention as alternative therapies for wound healing due to their potential advantages over conventional treatments. Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms have been identified for their wound-healing properties, including promoting neovascularization, epithelialization, and collagen synthesis. Material and Methods: This study aimed to investigate the wound-healing properties of different doses of topical Extract of Pleurotus ostreatus in albino mice using an excisional wound model. The experimental design involved administering various concentrations of the extract to evaluate its effects on wound closure and histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters. Results: The results revealed significant wound closure and improvements in histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters in mice treated with Pleurotus ostreatus extract. These findings suggest the potential of Pleurotus ostreatus extract as a viable wound healing agent. Conclusion: Pleurotus ostreatus extract demonstrates promising wound-healing capabilities, including promoting wound closure and enhancing histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters in albino mice. Further research is warranted to explore its full therapeutic potential and mechanism of action in wound healing.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor that mostly occurs in minor glands, especially in the palate. Intraosseous adenoid cystic carcinoma (IACC) is rarer. There is no clear conclusion on the clinical, radiologic and pathological characteristics of IACC because of few reported IACC cases, leading to insufficient understanding of IACC. We reviewed 52 previous reports of primary IACC (PIACC) and analyzed the clinical features of those patients involved, attempting to provide a better understanding of PIACC. Moreover, we present a case of primary PIACC and a case of recurrent IACC (RIACC). The two patients showed similarities in clinical and pathological results, along with slight differences in radiological and immunohistochemical results. The patient of case 1 seemed to display a worse prognosis, which can only be proved after long term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to collect data for this study on PPR, random field samples were taken. A total of 40 samples from Azamgarh district were randomly taken from goats during the study period (September 2021 to August 2022) who were exhibiting PPR clinical signs like anorexia, depression, fever (106 ±1°F), occulo nasal discharges, diarrhoea with soiled hind quarter, shrunken eyes, coughing, and respiratory distress. Out of those, 25 animals died during the course of the study. Samples from the dead animals were taken, and the results showed that the animals had stomatitis, consolidated or congested pneumonic lungs, generalised lymphadenopathy with necrosis and congestion of some lymph nodes,atrophied spleens, and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. The seroprevalence noticed using c-ELISA was 92.5%. PCR analysis was done on tissue samples. Six of those samples tested positive for the PPR virus, prevalence by PCR was 24%. In some cases, a histopathological analysis indicated lung congestion and edema, but in PCR-positive cases, a network of fibrin was infiltrated with neutrophils, forming syncytia and gaint cells along with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. The alveoli, bronchioles, alveolar wall, and interstitium of the lungs all had neutrophil and mononuclear cell infiltration. Necrosis and lymphoid cell loss were visible in the lymphoid organs. Using immunohistochemical labelling, the PPR virus antigen accumulation was found in the lung alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: CD34 antigen is a tool important in differentiating between benign and malignant conditions. This study was aimed to determine the stromal expression of CD34 antigen by immunohistochemical method in proliferative lesions of the breast and to evaluate the specificity of loss of CD34 antigen expression in stromal cells for malignant lesions. Materials and methods: 90 cases of proliferative lesions of the breast were studied from January 2022 to December 2022. Paraffin-embedded blocks were retrieved for all the cases and underwent routine processing followed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. 54 cases of the benign lesion and 36 cases of the malignant lesion were studied for CD34 immunohistochemical staining, and semi-quantitative assessment was done. Results: Out of total 35 cases having grade-0 expression, majority are Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma (19 cases) followed by Invasive Breast Carcinoma (13 cases, small biopsies). We had 1 cases of grade-1 expression and it was Complex Fibroadenoma. Out of 14 cases having grade-2 expression, majority were fibroadenoma (6 cases) followed by 2 cases of tubular adenoma, 1 case each of benign phylloides, borderline phyllodes tumor, fibroadenosis, fibroadeomatoid hyperplasia, fibroadenoma with apocrine changes and fibroadenoma with epithelial hyperplasia. Out of 40 cases having grade-3 expression, majority were fibroadenomas (29 cases) followed by 3 cases each of fibroadenoma with fibrocystic disease and fibroadenoma with epithelial hyperplasia, 2 case each of fibrocystic disease and fibroadenoma with apocrine changes and 1 case of epithelial hyperplasia. Conclusion: CD34 antigen expression in stromal cells can be used as an adjuvant tool in differentiating between benign and malignant conditions where the morphology is equivocal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The present study describes the morphological characteristics of the tongue and laryngeal mound of Heremites vittatus. In SEM analysis, the complicated papillary system showed a special filiform system (nine subtypes) in addition to the conical system on the ventral surface of the foretongue apex. The dorsal surface of the laryngeal mound represented 18 longitudinal folds. Histologically, the keratinized layer was present in the foretongue but was absent in the mid- and hindtongue. Significant histochemical signals with positive glandular AB and PAS-positive reactions were observed. Immunohistochemistry showed strong cytokeratin immunopositivity in all parts of the tongue. The present study used light and scanning electron microscopy to describe the integrative morphological description of the tongue and laryngeal mound of Heremites vittatus, an endemic lizard of Saharan Africa. Additionally, ultrastructure, histology, histochemistry, and immunohistochemical approaches were used to characterize the lingual apparatus adaptations. In the present study, Heremites vittatus consisted of a complex lingual papillary system in which the ventral apical surface of the foretongue comprised conical papillae. The dorsal surface consisted of different filiform papillary (papillae filiformes) types: the anterior section had two types (bifid and pointed), and the posterior section had four types (triangular, trifid, quadrifid, and pentafid) papillae. The dorsal midtongue surface exhibits scale-like, serrated filiform papillae with anterior gland openings. The hindtongue consisted of two overlapping filiform papillae: scale-like, board-serrated papillae on the median portion and finger-like papillae on the wings. The dorsal surface of the laryngeal mound had 18 longitudinal folds with glandular openings. Histologically, the foretongue was covered by a slightly keratinized layer that was absent in the mid- and hindtongue. The lingual glands were absent from the foretongue but present in the interpapillary space in the mid- and hindtongues. We observed a few rounded taste buds in the conical papilla epithelium. Histochemical analysis revealed strong glandular Alcian Blue (AB)-positive and Periodic Acid–Schiff (PAS)-positive reactions. Immunohistochemistry showed strong cytokeratin immunopositivity in all parts of the tongue. In conclusion, the obtained data about the lingual characterizations have been consistent with the active foraging behavior of the species and its environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is associated with mobilization, invasion, and chemoresistance of tumor cells. We aimed to determine whether the immunohistochemical staining with TG2 antibody differs between metastatic and non-metastatic papillary thyroid cancer patients. Methods: We included 76 patients with papillary thyroid cancer (72% female, median age 52 (24–81) years, follow-up time 107 (60–216) months). Thirty of them with no metastasis, 30 of them with only lymph node metastasis and 16 patients with distant ± lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemical staining of TG2 antibody was evaluated in the primary tumor and extra-tumoral tissue. We also divided subjects into two groups according to their primary tumor TG2 staining score (group A, high risk group: ≥3, n = 43; group B, low risk group: <3, n = 33). Results: Vascular invasion (p < 0.001), thyroid capsule invasion (p < 0.001), extrathyroidal extension (p < 0.001), intrathyroidal dissemination (p = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001), presence of aggressive histology (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in group A. No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of distant metastasis. Based on ATA risk classification 95.5% of patients with low risk were in group B but 86.8% of intermediate risk and 56.3% of high risk were in group A. In regression analysis, lymph node metastasis increased by 1.9 times with each one point increase in TG2 staining score. Conclusion: TG2 staining score of the primary tumor may be a predictive factor for lymph node metastasis. High or low TG2 scores may effect the frequency of follow-up and decision of treatment regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the expression of the PD_L1protein in human bladder cancer, and significant correlations between these parameters and clinico pathologic variables like (grade and stage), and also by using this marker can classify bladder cancer in to basal and luminal type. the bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. the incidence and mortality of this disease increased during last decades alarmingly in Iraq. The current study is designed to detect the role of pD_L1 expression in bladder carcinoma as a possible marker for detecting the biological behavior of malignancy and its correlation with grade and muscle invasiveness for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The study focuses on a technique of immunohistochemistry for detection pD_L1 expression in bladder cancer. The samples are collected randomly in southern Iraq, in AL-Nasiriya city, from AL Hussein teaching hospital. Number of samples is 100, 70 bladder cancer tissue and 30 controls benign tissue. Results of this study reveal that pD_L1 expression is positive in 45 of 70 sample. The study demonstrated pD_L1 expression is increased in high grade bladder cancer represent (44.19%), while in low grade (33.33%), pD_L1 expression high in T2 stage (41.03%), and in Ta(26.3%) T1(33.3%) T3 (50%) T4(100%). expression pD_L1 excessive in muscle invasive (42.86%), whilst the low expression for pD_L1 in the non-muscle invasive type (35.71) So pD_L1 can be used as a marker for assessment of bladder cancer aggressiveness. This study represents an important step because there are few of studies about this topic in Iraq; we are needing more studies to prove the function of this pD_L1 in biological behavior of bladder cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the expression of the FGFR3protein in human bladder cancer, and significant correlations between these parameters and clinico pathologic variables like (grade and stage. the bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. the incidence and mortality of this disease increased during last decades alarmingly in Iraq. The current study is designed to detect the role of FGFR3expression in bladder carcinoma as a possible marker for detecting the biological behavior of malignancy and its correlation with grade and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer NMIBC. for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The study focuses on a technique of immunohistochemistry for detection FGFR3expression in bladder cancer. The samples are collected randomly in southern Iraq, in AL-Nasiriya city, from AL Hussein teaching hospital. Number of samples is 100, 70 bladder cancer tissue and 30 controls benign tissue. Results of this study reveal that FGFR3expression is positive in 49 of 70 sample. The study demonstrated FGFR3 expression is increased in low grade bladder cancer represent (96.30%), while in high grade (53.49%), FGFR3expression high in Ta stage (100%), and in T1(100%) T2(51.28) T3 (50%) expression FGFR3excessive in non-muscle invasive (92.85%), whilst the low expression for FGFR3in the muscle invasive type (54.76%). So FGFR3can be used as a marker for assessment of bladder cancer aggressiveness. This study represents an important step because there are few of studies about this topic in Iraq; we are needing more studies to prove the function of this FGFR3in biological behavior of bladder cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of current study is to determine the expression of the CK14 protein in human bladder cancer, and demonstration of correlations between this parameter and clinical pathologic variables as (grade and stage of tumor), and also by using this marker can classify bladder cancer in to basal and luminal type. The current study is designed to detect the role of Ck14 expression in bladder carcinoma as a possible marker for detecting the biological behavior of malignancy and its correlation with grade and muscle invasiveness for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The study focuses on a technique of immunohistochemistry for detection Ck14 expression in bladder cancer. The samples are collected randomly in southern Iraq, in AL-Nasiriya city, from AL Hussein teaching hospital. Number of samples is (100) samples, (70) bladder cancer tissue and (30) controls benign tissue. Results of this study reveal that Ck14 expression is positive in 45 out of 70 sample. The study present showed Ck14 expression is increased in high grade bladder cancer represent (86.0%), while in low grade (29.6%), CK14expression high in advanced tumour stages T3, T4 percentage (100%) and T2 stage (87.2%), expression of CK14 low in early tumor stages Ta (26.3) T1(33.3). expression CK14 excessive in muscle invasive (97.6%), whereas the expression CK14 is low in non-muscle invasive type (28.6%). So Ck14 can be used as a marker for assessment of bladder cancer aggressiveness. This study represents an important step because there is absence of studies about this topic in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the primary target organs of mercury toxicity is the kidney. Inorganic mercury such as mercuric chloride (HgCl2) significantly damages the kidney. Phoenix dactylifera has been documented to possess several pharmacological activities. In traditional Chinese medicine, Phoenix dactylifera has been used to replenish energy during weakness, temper the harshness of other herbs, and treat a lot of ailments. This study evaluated the protective effects of the n-butanol fraction of Phoenix dactylifera L. (BFPD) on mercury-triggered kidney toxicity in Wistar rats. Method: 25 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups containing 5 rats each. Group I was the control and was administered 2 ml/kg of distilled water; group II was administered 5 mg/kg of HgCl2; group III was pretreated with 500 mg/kg of BFPD + 5 mg/kg of HgCl2; group IV was pretreated with 1000 mg/kg of BFPD + 5 mg/kg of HgCl2, while group V was pretreated with 100 mg/kg of silymarin + 5 mg/kg of HgCl2. orally for 2 weeks. The rats were euthanized and blood samples were collected for biochemical studies (kidney serum proteins (urea and creatinine), and oxidative stress biomarker, Glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Kidney samples were collected for immunohistochemical, stereological and molecular studies. Results: The results revealed that oxidative stress was induced in the rats exposed to HgCl2 evident by the altered levels of Urea, Creatinine, and GPx in comparison to the control. However, BFPD treatment restored these changes. GPx activity decreased (p

Ting Zhao,1,&ast; Zihao Chen,2,&ast; Wenbo Liu,3 Hongping Ju,4 Fang Li5 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China; 3The Third department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China; 4School of Medicine, Kunming University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Fang Li, Email lifang198308@163.comIntroduction: Hub genes related to the development of gastric cancer (GC) were identified based on bioinformatics methods. This study aimed to identify GC hub genes, explore the expression of genes in GC and their correlation with prognosis, so as to provide strategies for GC diagnosis and targeted therapy.Methods: Two messenger RNA (mRNA) microarray datasets were downloaded from GEO database. These data were combined with TCGA database to obtain common DEGs between GC tissues and normal tissues. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed. Visualized PPI network analysis was performed by Cytoscape to further identify hub genes. GEPIA database was used to evaluate the prognostic value of hub genes. The online software Ualcan was applied to analyze the expression of the prognosis-related genes in cancer tissues and normal tissues from different perspectives of primary GC, TNM stage, nodal metastasis status and tumor grade. Immunohistochemical staining of GC tissues and normal tissues was performed to evaluate the expression of signature genes in GC.Results: Eighty-four common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GC were identified. These genes were closely related to the P13K-Akt signal pathway and other signaling pathways. Ten hub genes were identified. Collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) and collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1) were significantly associated with poor prognosis of GC and were all positively correlated with T stage, distant metastasis, and TNM stage of GC. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression of these 2 genes was upregulated in GC tissues. These 2 genes expression was negatively related with 5-year survival rate of GC patients.Conclusion: Ten highly expressed hub genes in GC tissue were mined by bioinformatics method. COL1A1 and COL4A1 were significantly associated with the prognosis of GC. This study provided a theoretical basis for the pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis and therapeutic targets of GC.Keywords: gastric cancer, bioinformatics analysis, prognosis, differentially expressed genes, immunohistochemical

The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a cut-off value for PD-L1 expression in large B-cell lymphomas that predicts prognosis, and to clarify the relationship between PD-L1 expression and histopathological as well as clinical parameters. The study included a total of 130 patients who were diagnosed with large B-cell lymphoma at Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Pathology Department. Biopsy samples were assessed using the PD-L1 immunohistochemical antibody (Dako, 22C3 clone). The patients had a mean age of 54 ± 17 years, with a median age of 56 years. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of survival when the 30% cut-off value was used. However, a noteworthy discrepancy in survival became apparent when the cut-off point was established at 70%. Among the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma-not otherwise specified (DLBCL-NOS) category, the activated B-cell-like (ABC-like) phenotype showed higher PD-L1 expression compared to the germinal center B-cell-like (GCB-like) phenotype. Immunohistochemical PD-L1 expression emerged as a prognostic factor, particularly significant in the ABC-like phenotype.

Abstract Background and aim Immunohistochemistry indicators are increasingly being used to predict the survival prognosis of cancer patients after surgery. This study aimed to combine some markers to establish an immunohistochemical score (MSI-P53-Ki-67[MPK]) and stratify postoperative patients with gastric cancer according to the score. Methods We used 245 patients who underwent surgery at one center as the training cohort and 111 patients from another center as the validation cohort. All patients were treated between January 2012 and June 2018. The training cohort was screened for prognostic factors, and MPK scores were established using univariate and multifactorial COX risk proportional models. Patients were prognostically stratified according to the MPK score after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were compared among low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups using the Kaplan–Meier method, and survival curves were plotted. Finally, the MPK score was validated using the validation cohort. Results In the training group, there were statistically significant differences in OS and RFS in the low, medium, and high-risk groups (P

Abstract Background Despite recent advances in therapy modalities of colorectal cancer (CRC), it is still the third cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Thus, the search for new target therapies became mandatory. DDR1 is a collagen receptor that has a suggested role in cellular proliferation, tumor invasion, and metastasis. Material and methods Forty-eight cases of CRC, 20 of CR adenoma, and 8 cases of non-tumoral colonic tissue were subjected to immunohistochemistry by DDR1 and β-catenin antibodies. Results were compared among the different studied groups and correlated with clinicopathologic data and available survival data. Also, the expression of both proteins was compared versus each other. Results were compared among the 3 studied groups and correlated with clinicopathologic and survival data. Results It revealed a stepwise increase of DDR1 expression among studied groups toward carcinoma (P = 0.006). DDR1 expression showed a direct association with stage D in the modified Dukes’ staging system (P = 0.013), higher-grade histologic types (P = 0.008), and lymph node invasion (P = 0.028) but inverse correlation with the presence of intratumoral inflammatory response (TIR) (P = 0.001). The shortest OS was associated with strong intensity of DDR1 (P = 0.012). The DDR1 and β-catenin expressions were significantly correlated (P = 0.028), and the combined expression of both was correlated with TNM staging (P = 0.017). Conclusion DDR1 overexpression is a frequent feature in CRC and CR adenoma. DDR1 is a poor prognostic factor and a suppressor of the TIR. DDR1 and β-catenin seem to have a synergistic action.

This study performs an analysis that will enable the evaluation of the quality, durability, and structure of repaired cartilaginous extracellular matrix tissue using an autologous-based particulated autograft cartilage and platelet-rich plasma treatment (PACI + PRP). A single-blind controlled experiment was conducted on 28 sheep to evaluate the efficacy of the PACI + PRP treatment for cartilage defects. Full-thickness 8 mm diameter defects were created in the weight-bearing area of both knees. The right knees received PACI + PRP. The left knees were treated with Ringer's lactate solution (RLS) or hyaluronic acid (HA) injections. Sheep were euthanized at 9- or 18-months post-surgery. An extensive immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assess collagen types (I, II, III, V, VI, IX, X, XI) and aggrecan positivity. A semiquantitative scoring system provided a detailed evaluation of immunostaining. Collagens and aggrecan scores in the PACI + PRP groups were similar to healthy cartilage. Significant differences were found in collagens associated with matrix maturity (II and V), degradation (IX), structure and mechanics (VI), and hypertrophy (X) between healthy cartilage and RLS- or HA-repaired cartilage. The PACI + PRP treatment advanced the repair cartilage process in chondral defects with mature hyaline cartilage and enhanced the structural and mechanical qualities with better consistent cartilage, less susceptible to degradation and without hypertrophic formation over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Telocytes (TCs) are a kind of interstitial cell found in a variety of organs, including the uterus. They regulate uterine contractions, maintain pregnancy, and prevent premature labour. The purpose of this research was to study the structure, organisation and distribution of telocytes in different uterine layers in adult and senile rats. Material and Methods: Twenty-four female rats were equally divided into four groups: GI: adult non-pregnant, GII pregnant, GIII postpartum, and GIV senile. The uterine samples from middle one-third of the right horns were processed for light microscopic examination were treated using C-kit stains for immunohistochemical detection of telocytes, and TEM examination. Morphometric and statistical analysis for the data were done. Results: Telocytes were detected in the endometrium and myometrium of adult non-pregnant uteri as tiny cells with numerous lengthy telopodes. There was a significant increase in endometrial telocytes with a significant decrease in myometrial telocytes in (GII). (GIII) and (GIV) had the largest count of myometrial telocytes. Conclusion: Telocytes were found in the endometrium and myometrium of the rat uterus. Telocytes serve as a uterine peacekeeper, initiating and coordinating myometrial contraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Retina is an organ that is very sensitive to getting hurt because of its high oxygen requirement and high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Cisplatin is used as an effective chemotherapy in different type of cancer but it reduced the cellular viability and increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Aim of Work: The goal of this work was to investigate the role of nano curcumin particles in preventing the Cisplatin (CP) - induced retinotoxicity in adult male albino rats. Material and Methods: 30 adult male albino rats divided into three groups as following; group I was the control group, group II was the Cisplatin-treated group (single intraperitoneal injection of CP 7 mg/kg), and group III was the nano curcumin -treated group (single intraperitoneal of CP 7 mg/kg + oral nano curcumin 50 mg/kg/14 d). Results: Cisplatin (CP) single injection caused histological changes in the retinal tissue and decreased the expression of eNOS level and elevated the caspase-3 as well as the TNF-α in retinal tissue of albino rats. By colorimetric analysis, reduction in the total antioxidant and elevation in MDA levels were also seen. Co-administration of nano curcumin particles with CP restored the normal histological structure of the retina of rats and significantly improved the cellular antioxidant capacity of the retina resulting in retinal protection against the retinotoxicity and apoptotic cell death caused by the CP therapy. Conclusion: Cisplatin has severe destructive impacts on the retina and co- administration of nano curcumin particles have a protective role on Cisplatin- induced retinotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ovarian cancer ranks second among gynecological cancers worldwide. This study aimed to compare the glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) expression in benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian epithelial tumors and evaluate GLUT-1 expression as a diagnostic tool for distinguishing tumors in the ovary. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study analyzed 69 pathological samples of patients diagnosed with ovarian epithelial tumors who underwent oophorectomy. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using GLUT-1 antibody. The intensity of cell membrane staining and the proportion of positive neoplastic cells were graded to score immunostaining. Chi-square/Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze the data. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), and staining accuracy for GLUT-1 in distinguishing borderline from invasive tumors were calculated by standard methods (P

Abstract Mechanisms underlying the negative effects of obesity on the brain are still unknown. Obesity is associated with oxidative stress in the brain and neuroinflammation that promotes neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic low‐grade neuroinflammation in obesity could be associated with lower volumes of gray matter and lower neuronal density. If neuroinflammation mediated by the expression of cytokines and chemokines leads to apoptosis, this can be assessed by examining caspase expression. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of caspases in the 16 brains of donors with obesity/overweight (n = 8; Body Mass Index [BMI] = 31.6 ± 4.35 kg/m2; 2 females; Age = 52.9 ± 4.76 years) and normal weight (n = 8; BMI = 21.8 ± 1.5 kg/m2; 3 females; Age = 37.8 ± 19.2 years). Sixteen human brain samples were processed. Serial paraffin sections were examined by anti‐caspase immunochemistry (caspase‐3, caspase‐4, caspase‐6, caspase‐1, caspase‐8, and caspase‐9 antibodies). Postmortem samples of cerebral cortex tissue were captured as photomicrographs and the images obtained were analyzed using ImageJ software to obtain the percentage of positive caspase expression. Nonparametric Mann–Whitney U tests were performed to compare caspase expression between samples from donors with obesity/overweight and normal weight. Taking into consideration the immunohistochemistry results, the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes was used to model molecular interactions. Results showed that brain samples from individuals with obesity/overweight exhibited significantly greater values of positive expression for Caspase‐1 (U = 16.5, p = 0.05, Cohen d = 0.89) and −8 (U = 15, p = 0.03, Cohen d = 0.99) than those from donors with normal weight. This study contributes to the knowledge about the inflammatory effects of obesity/overweight on brain, suggesting the activation of the alternative inflammasome pathway in which interact caspase‐1 and ‐8.

Podoplanin (D2-40) is a lymphatic endothelial marker that is considered as a specific marker for lymphatic endothelial cells and lymphangiogenesis in salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs). Aim: the present study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of podoplanin in SGCs and to correlate its expression with the clinicopathological parameters and patients’ survival. Forty-nine SGC cases were electronically selected. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and survival data were reviewed and tabulated. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antipodoplanin. Cases were divided into low and high expression based on a scoring system. A score of 0 and 1 was considered low expression, while > 1 was considered high expression. Podoplanin high expression was seen in 46.9% of cases, and 53.1% of cases showed low expression. Significant statistical associations were seen between podoplanin expression and tumour grade ( p ≤ 0.001), tumour-nodal- metastasis (TNM) stage (p ≤ 0.001), tumour size (p ≤ 0.001), nodal metastasis (p ≤ 0.001), tumour type (p = 0.03), prognosis (p ≤ 0.001), and mortality (p ≤ 0.001). The overall survival and progression-free survival differed significantly in cases with high and low expression (p ≤ 0.001). Podoplanin overexpression might be a significant prognostic indicator for patients with SGCs, implicating that it is a potential therapeutic target to improve survival in these cancer patients.

Background and objectives: The development of new therapeutic options to treat leukemia (therapies targeting chimeric antigen receptor [CAR] T cells) down-regulates markers expressed on the cell surface. Therefore, conventional immunophenotyping panels no longer make these antigens unreliable for identifying a B cell immunophenotype. In our study, we methodically compared multiparametric flow cytometry (FC) in bone marrow aspiration and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis in bone marrow biopsy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We sought to answer whether these two methods could be alternatives to each other in the diagnosis of leukemia. Material-Method: Twenty-eight patients diagnosed with ALL were included in the study. A Kappa test was performed between the expression rates of the antibodies studied in simultaneous FC and IHC studies in bone marrow aspiration and biopsy samples performed at the initial diagnosis. Results: Twenty-three of the patients were precursor B-ALL (BCP-ALL) and 5 were T-ALL. In the immunophenotyping of patients with BCP-ALL using FC and IHC, MPO, CD79A, CD14, CD3 expressions were the same, while CD19, CD7, CD117, CD33, CD 56, CD34 expressions were very good, good concordance for CD20 expressions and moderate for CD10 expressions. In immunophenotyping of patients diagnosed with T-ALL using FC and IHC, CD20, CD19, CD14, CD79a, MPO, CD22 expressions were the same and excellent agreement was found in terms of CD2, CD10, CD34 expressions. Conclusion: In cases where there are treatments that affect immunophenotyping, costly methods such as FC are not available, or bone marrow aspiration cannot be taken adequately, immunophenotyping with IHC can be safely performed in the diagnosis of pediatric ALL in bone marrow biopsy.

Abstract Background The proteasome in eukaryotic cells can degrade a variety of proteins and plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle, cell survival and apoptosis. The proteasome receives much attention as a potential chemotherapeutic target for treatment of a variety of infectious parasitic diseases, but few studies of proteasomes have been done on parasitic nematodes. Methods A proteasomal β5 subunit encoding gene (named Hc-pbs-5) and its inferred product (Hc-PBS-5) in Haemonchus contortus were identified and characterized in this study. Then, the transcriptional profiles and anatomical expression were studied using an integrated molecular approach. Finally, a specific proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ), together with RNA interference (RNAi), was employed to assess the function of Hc-PBS-5. Results Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the coding sequence of Hc-pbs-5 was 855 bp long and encoded 284 amino acids (aa). The predicted protein (Hc-PBS-5) had core conservative sequences (65–250 aa) belonging to N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) family of hydrolases. Real-time PCR results revealed that Hc-pbs-5 was continuously transcribed in eight developmental stages with higher levels at the infective third-stage larvae (L3s) and adult males of H. contortus. Immunohistochemical results revealed that Hc-PBS-5 was expressed in intestine, outer cuticle, muscle cells under the outer cuticle, cervical glands and seminal vesicles of male adults and also in intestine, outer cuticle, cervical glands, uterine wall, eggs and ovaries of female adults of H. contortus. BTZ could reduce proportions of egg hatching, and the fourth-stage larvae (L4s) developed from the exsheathed L3s (xL3s) of H. contortus. In addition, silencing Hc-pbs-5 by soaking the specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) could decrease the transcription of Hc-pbs-5 and result in fewer xL3s developing to L4s in vitro. Conclusions These results indicate that proteasomal β5 subunit plays an important role in the growth, development and life span of H. contortus. Graphical Abstract