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The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Lisovit supplementation and compare efficacy of different routes of vaccination on immunity against ND in Uni Gold birds. 180 UniGold adult birds (36th to 40th week of age) were randomly divided into 12 groups having 15 birds in each group (6 groups of male and female birds). Group A, C, E, G, I and L were given lisovit @ 200mg/kg of body weight. Group C, D, J and J were vaccinated through oral route (drinking water). Group E, F, K and L were vaccinated through ocular route (eye drop). One day before before vaccination (0 day) geometric mean titer in group A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L, was 9.12, 18.19, 95.49, 18.19, 47.86, 41.68, 23.98, 31.62, 165.95, 36.3, 18.19 and 36.3 respectively. At 7th day GMT in these groups was 18.19, 12.02, 165.95, 144.54, 72.44, 47.86, 41.68, 23.98, 144.54, 125.89, 380.18 and 218.77 respectively. At 30th day GMT in these groups was 36.3, 20.89, 288.4, 218.77, 218.77, 23.98, 83.17, 47.86, 125.89, 436.51, 190.54 and 144.54, respectively. At 45th day GMT in these group was 5.24, 12.02, 7.94, 31.62, 41.68, 13.8, 20.89, 54.95, 95.49, 54.95, 125.89 and 72.44, respectively. At 0 day the ELISA mean titer value in group B, E, H and L was 1378.4, 6083.4, 7127.6 and 6910.0 respectively. At 7th day ELISA titer in these group was 1981.4, 6346.5, 1285.8 and 10051.6 respectively. At 30th day ELISA titer in these groups was 1650.2, 4155.2, 266.4 and 7487.6 respectively. At 45th day ELISA titers in these groups were 654.0, 2838.2, 1990.8 and 4597.4, respectively.

Aim: Isolated specific glycone–aglycone conjugated flavonoids which are investigated for their effect of bioavailability and molecular concentrations. The specific formula is then tested via in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity tests. Methods: Considering the higher affinity for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), quercetin, quercetin 3-sambubioside-3’-glucoside, luteolin, apigenin-7-4’alloside, kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, epicatechin-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, and hesperetin were selected to investigate the effects of a new combination of the formula. Specific chemical analyses, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (QTOF–MS) analysis and ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS) spectrophotometry, were performed for molecular qualification and quantification. Results: In silico molecular docking analyses have shown that flavonoids can bind strongly to the spike protein and main protease of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Flavonoids also have anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating activity by inhibiting cytokines. Although flavonoids may be a treatment alternative for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an effective flavonoid compound has yet to be developed. The main problem here is that the absorption rate of flavonoids is very low (2–10%) in the intestines, and these compounds are metabolized rapidly. In contrast, according to recent literature, a conjugated flavonoid mixture is better absorbed in the small intestine, and its toxic effects are relatively fewer. Conclusions: It is found that the new formula has no cytotoxic or genotoxic effects. Furthermore, oral administrations of the new compound did not produce any toxicity symptoms or any mortality in male and female rats. The pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo toxicity test results indicated that the new flavonoid formula can be safely used for clinical trials.

Allergic skin disease is the most common skin condition, and considerably affects patients' life quality because of its recurrence and pruritus. Numbers of studies point out that immune cells, including mast cells and T cells, play pathogenic roles in allergic skin diseases, and share similarities in the activation and secretion of cytokines. Calcium Release-Activated Calcium Modulator 1(CRACM1/ORAI1) is a subtype of Ca2+ membrane channel, causing Ca2+ influx into the cells. As a second messenger, Ca2+ is an essential element that regulates immune responses, especially in the development and function of T and B cells. Thus, ORAI1 is considered to participate in allergic diseases. However, the specific mechanism of ORAI1 in skin disorders is still unclear. In order to investigate the roles of ORAI1 in allergic skin disorders, we reviewed the related articles and concluded that ORAI1 could be a potential therapeutic target for allergic skin diseases. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pratishyay is mentioned in detail by AcharyaSushruta under nasagatarogas, which can be correlated with rhinitis in modern science. Pippalirasayan, mentioned by AcharyaCharak has been proved to possess anti-bacterial and immune modulator activity which is effective in treating rhinitis and other respiratory disorders. Hence it acts on strengthening of Pranvahastrotas. It is advised to administer pippaliin increasing manner which can mimick steroids to some extent and can prove equally effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Side effects, or the adverse effects of drugs, contain important clinical phenotypic information that may be useful in predicting novel or unknown targets of a drug. It has been suggested that drugs with similar side-effect profiles may share common targets. The diagnostic class, Major Depressive Disorder, is increasingly viewed as being comprised of multiple depression subtypes with different biological root causes. One 'type' of depression generating substantial interest today focuses on patients with high levels of inflammatory burden, indicated by elevated levels of C-reactive proteins (CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6). It has been suggested that drugs targeting the immune system may have beneficial effect on this subtype of depressed patients, and several studies are underway to test this hypothesis directly. However, patients have been treated with both anti-inflammatory and antidepressant compounds for decades. It may be possible to exploit similarities in clinical readouts to better understand the antidepressant effects of immune-related drugs. Methods: Here we explore the space of approved drugs by comparing the drug side effect profiles of known antidepressants and drugs targeting the immune system, and further examine the findings by comparing the human cell line expression profiles induced by them with those induced by antidepressants. Results: We found 7 immune-modulators and 14 anti-inflammatory drugs sharing significant side effect profile similarities with antidepressants. Five of the 7 immune modulators share most similar side effect profiles with antidepressants that modulate dopamine release and/or uptake. In addition, the immunosuppressant rapamycin and the glucocorticoid alclometasone induces transcriptional changes similar to multiple antidepressants. Conclusions: These findings suggest that some antidepressants and some immune-related drugs may affect common molecular pathways. Our findings support the idea that certain medications aimed at the immune system may be helpful in relieving depressive symptoms, and suggest that it may be of value to test immune-modulators for antidepressant-like activity in future proof-of-concept studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostaglandins (PGs) play a key role in the development of the immune response. These molecules are produced by a variety of cells including leukocytes, macrophages being the most important source of PGs for the innate immune system. PGs can elicit a variety of effects depending on the inflammatory milieu but also on the presence of specific PG receptors in many cell types. The biosynthetic pathways of prostaglandins, their production by cells of the immune system and their functions as immune-modulators, have been poorly studied in fish. This review is based on the available published data and our own experience and highlights recent advances in our understanding of the role for PGs in the regulation of fish immunity. The evolutionary conservation of their functions in fish is proof of their importance as a regulator of the immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation is a complex process and part of the host immune defense against invading micro-organism or trauma. Over production of some pro-inflammatory mediators can lead to chronic diseases of the inflammatory origin. Medicinal Plants which are used as anti-inflammatory agents, mainly act affecting various stages of the process of inflammation. In general they can inhibit formation of a wide of mediators such as cytokines by immune cells to prevent the inflammatory reaction cascade from starting. The use of most of the medicinal plants in treatment of chronic disease of the inflammatory origin is based on clinical and pharmacological trials. Meanwhile, the use of most of them is based on their longstanding traditional use in folk medicine. In this review, we report some of anti-inflammatory effects of G. lucidum as an ancient Chinese herbal medicine.

Abstract: Inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (iPPVO) and Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) are currently used in equine medicine as immune-modulators for prophylactic treatment or adjunct to conventional therapy in order to improve immune defences, to prevent or treat infectious diseases. Their mode of action relies on a non-antigen specific interaction with the innate and/or adaptive immune responses. iPPVO stimulates and regulates cytokine secretion by leucocytes, while P. acnes acts primarily through the activation of macrophages. This report aims to describe their activity as immune-modulators and to summarise the scientific literature and reports available about their use in horses, particularly in the prevention or treatment of equine respiratory diseases. This systematic review regroups articles published in peer-review journals, clinical trials reports, conference proceedings and other information made available in the last 2 decades. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Significant efforts are dedicated to identification of agents that eliminate anti-HLA antibodies (Ab) from sera of transplant candidates. Antibody titer following in vitro incubation of sera with desensitizing agents has shown to reflect the probability that a patient would benefit from clinical de-sensitization protocols. AS101 is a non-toxic, synthetic, organic tellurium compound. The aim of this research was to assess the ability of AS101 to reduce anti-HLA Abs and to identify patients likely to benefit from this effect. Methods: Sera of sensitized patients awaiting transplant were incubated in the presence of AS101. Measured mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) represents reactivity of anti HLA Abs in the serum, as detected by the Luminex platform. The repertoire of HLA antigen epitopes was recognized using HLA Matchmaker software. Results: AS101 Incubation caused a significant Ab titer decrease in approximately two thirds of the samples. The median Class I and II MFI decrease among the responding samples was 16.7% and 14%, respectively (p <0.05). HLA Matchmaker analysis of the patients'' class I epitope sequences revealed apparent amino-acid differences between the patterns of the responding and non-responding patients. Conclusion: In vitro incubation of sera in the presence of AS101 causes a decrease in the anti-HLA Ab''s reactivity in several patient samples. Sera most likely to demonstrate this effect are characterized by a moderate MFI level and a distinct antibody reactivity pattern specific for defined HLA antigen epitopes. These results support further investigation of AS101 as a potential agent for desensitization of humoral reactivity prior to transplantation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Laquinimod is a novel, orally administered immune-modulatory molecule in advanced phase clinical trials in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Experimental evidence to date, derived mostly from animal models of multiple sclerosis, suggests that laquinimod may mediate its effects via modulating pro-inflammatory immune responses and interfering with cell trafficking, as well as potentially acting directly in the central nervous system to limit demyelination and axonal injury. The clinical trial results to date have established efficacy on imaging markers of disease activity and have shown a favorable safety and tolerability profile. If phase III studies confirm clinical efficacy and safety, laquinimod would represent a welcome new option in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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The involvement of oxidative and nitrosative stress mechanisms in several biological and pathological processes including aging, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases has continued to fuel suggestions that processes can potentially be modulated by treatment with free-radical scavengers and antioxidant. The fermented papaya preparation (FPP) derived from Carica papaya Linn was investigated for its ability to modulate oxidative DNA damage due to H_2O_2 in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells and protection of brain oxidative damage in hypertensive rats. Cells pre-treated with FPP (50 μg/ml) prior to incubation with H_2O_2 had significantly increased viability and sustenance of morphology and shape. The human hepatoma (HepG2) cells exposed to H_2O_2 (50 μM) showed an olive tail moment of 10.56 ± 1.44 compared to 1.37 ± 0.29 of the solvent control. A significant reduction (P &les; 0.05) of DNA damage was observed at concentrations &ges; 10 μg/ml FPP, with 50 μg/ml FPP reducing the genotoxic effect of H_2O_2 by about 1.5-fold compared to only H_2O_2 exposed cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An immune-modulator was prepared by concentrating cytokines and growth factors in urine. • It can boost immunomodulatory responses in allergic and autoimmune disease patients. • The immune-modulator is administrated sublingually. • This strategy aims to boost the immunomodulatory response of the treated patients. At "Instituto de Alergias y Autoinmunidad Dr. Maximiliano Ruiz Castañeda, A.C." in Mexico City, a non-traditional health care center focused on the treatment of autoimmune and allergic diseases using personalized medicine, an alternative treatment referred to as an " immune-modulator " has been developed. In this study , we will refer to this treatment substance as the "immune-modulator." In brief, a urine sample is collected from the patient and processed to obtain the peptide fraction, which is conditioned and then administered sublingually to the patient. Sample processing involves multiple steps aimed at the removal of toxic compounds and enrichment for cytokines, growth factors, and other immune peptides that may contribute to the function of the immune-modulator. This treatment has been administered for many years, and patients testify that it is useful and reliable. Despite the benefits of this treatment, the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study aims to identify immunoregulatory peptides, such as cytokines and growth factors, in the immune-modulator. Urine and immune-modulator concentrations of cytokines and growth factors were assessed using a Luminex assay. Twenty-one cytokines and growth factors were identified in immune-modulator samples. MCP-1 was identified in 100% of the samples; MIP-1β, IL-8, RANTES, INF-γ, and IP-10 were identified in approximately 65–70% of samples; IL5, IL-1B, and IL-17 in 50–60%; eotaxin, VEGF, IL-6, and FGF in about 40%; MIP-1α, IL-9, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-12, and IL-15 in about 20–30%; and IL-13 and PDGF-bb were identified in <6% of samples. Additionally, patients exhibited significant changes in IL-1β, IFN-γ, and MCP-1 concentrations after treatment with the immune-modulator, whereas healthy individuals showed no significant change in response to the treatment. The immune-modulator is an alternative treatment based on the administration of cytokines and growth factors obtained from the urine of patients. In this study, its composition was characterized. The isolated products could be responsible for the effects of the immune-modulator. Further trials are required to evaluate the effective delivery of these molecules by the administration route described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Side effects, or the adverse effects of drugs, contain important clinical phenotypic information that may be useful in predicting novel or unknown targets of a drug. It has been suggested that drugs with similar side-effect profiles may share common targets. The diagnostic class, Major Depressive Disorder, is increasingly viewed as being comprised of multiple depression subtypes with different biological root causes. One 'type' of depression generating substantial interest today focuses on patients with high levels of inflammatory burden, indicated by elevated levels of C-reactive proteins (CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6). It has been suggested that drugs targeting the immune system may have beneficial effect on this subtype of depressed patients, and several studies are underway to test this hypothesis directly. However, patients have been treated with both anti-inflammatory and antidepressant compounds for decades. It may be possible to exploit similarities in clinical readouts to better understand the antidepressant effects of immune-related drugs., Methods: Here we explore the space of approved drugs by comparing the drug side effect profiles of known antidepressants and drugs targeting the immune system, and further examine the findings by comparing the human cell line expression profiles induced by them with those induced by antidepressants., Results: We found 7 immune-modulators and 14 anti-inflammatory drugs sharing significant side effect profile similarities with antidepressants. Five of the 7 immune modulators share most similar side effect profiles with antidepressants that modulate dopamine release and/or uptake. In addition, the immunosuppressant rapamycin and the glucocorticoid alclometasone induces transcriptional changes similar to multiple antidepressants., Conclusions: These findings suggest that some antidepressants and some immune-related drugs may affect common molecular pathways. Our findings support the idea that certain medications aimed at the immune system may be helpful in relieving depressive symptoms, and suggest that it may be of value to test immune-modulators for antidepressant-like activity in future proof-of-concept studies.

The influence of morphine on host immunity and the underlying mechanism are still unclear. In the current study, we investigated the influence of morphine on dendritic cells (DCs), its possible mechanism of action, and the molecules that could reverse these effects. Morphine suppressed DC maturation, antigen presenting abilities, and the ability to activate antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Morphine-treated DCs also secreted higher concentrations of IL-10, but lower IL-6 and TNF-α. Morphine-treated DCs showed decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and reduced p38 dephosphorylation. The in vivo administration of immuno-modulators, anti-CD40 Ab and TLR3 ligand-poly(I:C), enhanced antigen-specific immunity, promoted the anti-tumor effects, and prolonged the survival of morphine-treated, tumor-bearing mice by promoting the maturation and function of BMM-derived DCs by enhancing ERK1/2 phosphorylation and p38 dephosphorylation. We concluded that morphine can inhibit DC-mediated anti-tumor immunity by suppressing DC maturation and function. Immuno-modulators, such as anti-CD40 Abs and TLR agonists, can restore the DC-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Use of immuno-modulators could serve as a useful approach to overcome the immunocompromised state generated by morphine.