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The results showed that soil electrical conductivity, (EC2: 7 dS/m) increased soluble solids, lycopene content, total phenolic content, hydrophilic and lipophilic radical scavenging activities (HRSA and LRSA) by 14.2, 149, 20, 46.4, and 19.0%, respectively, compared with control. Under 0.5% spent engine oil (SEO), flavonoid content decreased by 21.7% compared with the control. HRSA and LRSA of fruits subjected to EC2/SEO1 treatment were, respectively, 45.9 and 35.5% lower than control. The a

In the current research work, a new organic–inorganic hybrid compound of the formula [C3H5N2S] SbCl4 was successfully synthesized and characterized, where C3H5N2S stands for the cation of 2-aminothiazole. The synthesis was carried out by slow evaporation of raw materials and colourless good-quality crystals were obtained. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the crystals demonstrated a 0-dimension structure consisting of Sb2Cl8 dimers separated by 2-aminothiazolecations. The cohesion and stabilization between these entities is performed via N-H···Cl hydrogen bonds. The samples were characterized also by Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) analysis. The functional groups in the complex were confirmed by Fourier transform IR (FT-IR) and Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopies. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to examine the phase transition, degradation and thermal stability of the material. Optical absorption measurements revealed two absorption bands located at 263 and 234 nm (4.7 and 5.3 eV). The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrum goes in good consistency with the X-ray structure., We acknowledge the financial support from the Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research of Tunisia and Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2020-113558RB-C41) and Red CrysFact (Red2018-102574-T (AEI/MCI)) are acknowledged.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) fruit is rich in various nutrients, vitamins and health-promoting molecules. Fresh tomatoes are an important part of the Mediterranean gastronomy, and their consumption is thought to contribute substantially to the reduced incidence of some chronic diseases in the Mediterranean populations in comparison with those of other world areas. Unfortunately, tomato fruit is highly perishable, resulting in important economic losses and posing a challenge to storage, logistic and supply management. This review summarizes the current knowledge on some important health-promoting and eating quality traits of tomato fruits after harvest and highlights the existence of substantial cultivar-to-cultivar variation in the postharvest evolution of the considered traits according to maturity stage at harvest and in response to postharvest manipulations. It also suggests the need for adapting postharvest procedures to the characteristics of each particular genotype to preserve the optimal quality of the fresh product.

Introgression of spontaneous or induced mutations has been used to increase the levels and diversify the profile of antioxidants in many fruits including tomato. The high-pigment (hp) and old-gold ...

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops all over the world. It has hailed functional properties being characterized by the presence of many natural health promoting antioxidant compounds including vitamins, phenolics and carotenoids, particularly lycopene. The demand for organically grown produce has widely increased because of the commercial opportunities offered by such products, the increasing consumer awareness of the relationship between foods and health as well as environmental concerns. Introgression of the high-pigment (hp) and/or old-gold crimson (og c ) colour mutations into elite genotypes has led to the release of tomato cultivars with increased lycopene and functional quality. However, most of the commercially available high-lycopene (HLY) tomato cultivars were turned out and grown mainly under conventional farming systems. Hence there is a need to focus on the behaviour of HLY tomato cultivars under organic farming system. In this study the nutritional properties of two field HLY tomato cultivars (recently bred by the lab of Horticulture, INRAT) and the ordinary ‘Rio Grande’ grown organically in an open-field was determined. Significant differences were found between cultivars in the content of lycopene, total phenols and flavonoids, as well as hydrophilic, lipophilic and total antioxidant activities. Although these data require confirmation over a longer period of time, this investigation emphasizes the satisfactory behaviour of the studied HLY cultivars.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) fruit is rich in various nutrients, vitamins and health-promoting molecules. Fresh tomatoes are an important part of the Mediterranean gastronomy, and their consumption is thought to contribute substantially to the reduced incidence of some chronic diseases in the Mediterranean populations in comparison with those of other world areas. Unfortunately, tomato fruit is highly perishable, resulting in important economic losses and posing a challenge to storage, logistic and supply management. This review summarizes the current knowledge on some important health-promoting and eating quality traits of tomato fruits after harvest and highlights the existence of substantial cultivar-to-cultivar variation in the postharvest evolution of the considered traits according to maturity stage at harvest and in response to postharvest manipulations. It also suggests the need for adapting postharvest procedures to the characteristics of each particular genotype to preserve the optimal quality of the fresh product.

International audience; Sensorless control of a permanent magnetsynchronous motor (PMSM) at low speed remains a challenging task. In this paper, a sensorless vector control of PMSM using a new structure of a sliding mode observer (SMO) is proposed. To remove the mechanical sensors, a full‐order (FO‐SMO) is built to estimate the rotor position and speed of PMSM drives. The FO‐SMO, which replaces a sign function by a sigmoid function, can reduce the chattering phenomenon. In order to overcome time delay, we cancel the low pass filter. This sensorless speed control shows great sensitivity to stator resistance and system noise. To improve the robustness of sensorless vector control, a full‐order SMO technique has been used for stator resistance estimation. A novel stator resistance estimator is incorporated into the sensorless drive to compensate for the effects of stator resistance variation. The validity of the proposed FO‐SMO with a 1.1 kw low‐speed PMSM sensorless vector control is demonstrated by experiments. In this paper, experimental results for FO‐SMO, back‐EMF SMO and MRAS techniques were obtained with fixed point DSP‐based (TMS320F240).

Biofortification is the development and/or selection of micronutrient/phytonutrient rich staple crops using efficient traditional breeding techniques or modern biotechnology tools. However, even if in some cases the use of transgenic approach is crucial, consumer concerns about genetically modified organisms is increasing, which shifts most of the efforts toward the use of naturally biofortified crops. The valorization of biofortified crops is of great importance since their differences with currently and ordinary grown cultivars is clearly visible in case of high-pigment and purple tomato and colored potatoes. It has been reported that the consumption of fruit and vegetables, rich in various phytochemicals, is associated with health benefits, such as lower risk of contracting chronic diseases as well as extended shelf life and marketability compared to currently grown cultivars. In this context, the existence of genetic variability in various crops particularly, tomato (high-pigment and purple tomato) and potato (colored potato), enables the development of new crop varieties with both satisfying agronomic traits and increased functional quality. The development of such crops will contribute to satisfy the demand of (1) growers for high-income nutrient-rich crops with increased shelf life, (2) processors for high-value-added processed products with increased marketability, and (3) consumers for nutrient-rich crops and processed products as well, which will increase the intake of various phytochemicals.

Changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of three commercial selections (Crimson sweet, Dumara and Giza) and two new selections (P503 and P403) of watermelon cultivars were investigated at four different fruit ripening stages (white, white-pink, pink and red-ripe). Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant activities (LAA and HAA, respectively) were determined, and their correlations with total vitamin C, phenol, flavonoid, lycopene and β-carotene contents were studied. Ripening stage significantly influenced lycopene and β-carotene contents, as well as the LAA of all investigated watermelon cultivars. Good correlations between LAA and lycopene and β-carotene contents were found using the TEAC assay. At the red-ripe stage of ripeness, P503 cultivar showed the highest amount of lycopene (64.5 mg kg−1 fw), whereas Dumara cultivar showed the highest level of β-carotene (2.1 mg kg−1 fw). Giza cultivar scored first for total phenol (260.1 mg GAE kg−1 fw), flavonoid (260.0 mg RE kg−1 fw) and total vitamin C (204.0 mg kg−1 fw) contents. Although, the HAA of the studied watermelon cultivars was significantly influenced by the ripening stages, it only correlated to the amount of total phenols and flavonoids. These data confirm the important role played by genetic background and ripening stage in determining antioxidant potential of watermelon fruits. They also give valuable insights into the synthesis and accumulation of bioactive compounds in such fruits, and furthermore move us closer to identifying the harvesting period with the highest antioxidant potential.

Changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of an ordinary (Rio Grande) and three high-lycopene (HLY 13, HLY 18 and Lyco 2) tomato cultivars (cvs) were studied at four different fruit ripening stages (green, green-orange, orange-red and red-ripe). Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant activities (LAA and HAA, respectively) were determined and their correlations with ascorbic acid (AsA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), total vitamin C (AsA + DHA), phenolics, flavonoids, total carotenoid and lycopene contents were investigated. The stage of ripening significantly influenced the total carotenoid and lycopene contents, as well as the LAA of all investigated tomato cvs. Good correlations between LAA and both total carotenoid and lycopene contents were found using either the TEAC assay or the FRAP assay. During ripening, cvs HLY 13 and HLY 18 exhibited more than 100% higher total carotenoid and lycopene contents compared to Rio Grande. At the red-ripe stage, cv HLY 18 accumulated the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents. However, Lyco 2 showed the highest levels of DHA and total vitamin C. Although, the HAA of studied tomato cvs were also significantly influenced by the ripening stages, HAA resulted correlated only to the levels of phenolics and flavonoids when the TEAC assay was used. However, using the FRAP assay, the HAA were well correlated to the total vitamin C and DHA contents.

In this study, the antioxidant components and of six high-lycopene (Lyco 1, Lyco 2, HLY 02, HLY 13, HLY 18 and Kalvert) and one ordinary (Donald) tomato cultivars (cvs) grown simultaneously in an open-field of the Southern Italy were investigated. Lycopene, β-carotene, lutein, total phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid (AsA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and total vitamin C (AsA + DHA) contents, as well as hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities (HAA and LAA) were determined. Significant differences were detected among tomato cvs in all studied antioxidant components, as well as in the antioxidant activity of their hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions. High-lycopene tomato cvs showed higher lycopene, β-carotene, HAA and LAA when compared to cv Donald. Cv HLY 18 showed the highest lycopene and β-carotene content with 232.9 mg/kg fresh weight (fw) and 19.4 mg/kg fw, respectively. Except for Kalvert, high-lycopene tomato cvs also obtained higher total vitamin C levels, with cv HLY 13 top ranking with an average of 352.8 mg/kg fw. LAA ranged from 133.5 μM Trolox/100 g fw in cv Donald to 540.1 μM Trolox/100 g fw in cv Lyco 2 and was significantly correlated to lycopene (r = 0.53; p

This study evaluates and compares the composition in bioactives and the antioxidant activity of six different grape seed oils. In addition, the comparison also concerns two different techniques, namely supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction and conventional solvent extraction (Soxhlet method with n-hexane as solvent). Tocopherols, tocotrienols, chlorophylls, carotenoids and total phenol contents, as well as lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant activities were quantified. Significant differences were noticed among grape cultivars for all the studied bioactives, as well as in the antioxidant activities. As a whole, results demonstrate that grape seed oil is a good source of tocols, and in particular of α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol and γ-tocotrienol. These three forms constitute between 72.4 and 80.4%, and between 78.5 and 85.1% of the total tocol contents of oils extracted by n-hexane and SC-CO2, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that SC-CO2 extraction allowed for higher total tocols (362–567 mg/kg) and carotenoids (2.7–4.8 mg/kg) levels associated with higher lipophilic antioxidant activity (4.9–8.1 μmol trolox/g oil), in comparison with the extraction with n-hexane. Conversely, total phenolic content, chlorophylls content and hydrophilic antioxidant activity were not affected by the extraction method. Finally, correlations between bioactive lipophilic components and the lipophilic antioxidant activity were established and discussed.

This study investigates the antioxidant components [lycopene, total phenolics, total flavonoids, ascorbic acid (AsA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA)] as well as antioxidant activities of the hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions (AAHF and AALF) of peel, pulp and seed fractions isolated from red-ripe berries of the ordinary tomato cultivar Rio Grande and the two high-lycopene tomato breeding lines HLT-F61 and HLT-F62 simultaneously grown in an open-field of Northern Tunisia. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found among cultivars for each trait studied. All fractions isolated from the red-ripe berries of HLT lines showed higher lycopene, total phenolics and total flavonoid contents, as well as higher AAHF and AALF, than those isolated from Rio Grande. Regardless of the fraction, HLT-F61 had the highest lycopene content (893.0 mg per kg fw, 280.0 mg per kg fw, and 47.5 mg per kg fw in peel, pulp and seed fractions, respectively) and total phenolics at least 2-fold and 3-fold higher than HLT-F62 and Rio Grande, respectively. Peel and seed fractions from HLT-F61 red-ripe tomato berries had the highest AsA content (345 mg per kg fw and 115 mg per kg fw, respectively), while no significant difference was found in the seed fraction between HLT-F62 and Rio Grande. The HLT-F62 pulp fraction showed the highest content of AsA (186 mg per kg fw) and DHA (151 mg per kg fw) among all the assayed cultivars. Except for the peel fraction, where HLT-F61 had similar AAHF values to HLT-F62, the high-lycopene line HLT-F61 showed higher AAHF values than HLT-F62 and Rio Grande. Regardless of the fraction, the highest AALF values were recorded in HLT-F61 berries. Thus, both HLT tomato lines are promising for the introduction, as advanced hybrids, in either fresh market or processing industry.

This investigation reports the variability of antioxidant components and antioxidant activities of six watermelon cultivars (cvs) (four commercial cvs Aramis, Crimson Sweet, Dumara, Giza, and two new selections P503 and P403 produced by the National Agricultural Research Institute of Tunisia) as influenced by sampling area. All cvs were simultaneously grown in an open-field and subjected to identical horticultural practices in order to minimize the effects of environmental conditions and maximize those related to genotype. Significant differences were found between watermelon cvs for lycopene, phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid (AsA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and total vitamin C (AsA + DHA) contents, as well as in the antioxidant activity of their hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions. P503 cv showed the highest lycopene and flavonoid contents. Crimson Sweet and Giza cvs showed the highest HAA and LAA when TEAC was used as assay method, while the highest HAA and LAA were detected in Giza and Dumara cvs and in P503 cv, respectively, when FRAP assay was used. This study demonstrates that the amount of each specific antioxidant, as well as the HAA and LAA, were both influenced by genotype and sampling area, emphasizing the need to evaluate watermelon biodiversity in order to improve its nutritional value.

This study investigates the antioxidant components (total carotenoids, lycopene, β-carotene, total phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid and total vitamin C) as well as the hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities (HAA and LAA) of tomato genotypes consisting of one ordinary cultivar Rio Grande and the two high-lycopene breeding lines HLT-F71 and HLT-F72. The correlation of nutritional value to L∗, a∗, b∗ colour indexes and a∗/b∗ ratio was also investigated in whole and fresh cut tomato fruits. Except for β-carotene content, significant differences were found among cultivars for antioxidants. The berries of both HLT-lines recorded higher antioxidant contents, HAA and LAA (TEAC and FRAP assays) than Rio Grande. Under controlled conditions, HLT-F72 reached the highest levels of total carotenoids (165.5 mg β-ca Eq per kg fw), lycopene (150.1 mg per kg fw) and total phenolics (549.7 mg GAE per kg fw). However, HLT-F72 exhibited the highest levels of ascorbic acid (193.3 mg per kg fw), total vitamin C (271.6 mg per kg fw) and flavonoids (450.5 mg RE per kg fw). Line HLT-F71 showed the highest HAA (148.0 µM Trolox per 100 g fw and 4.2 mM FRAP per g fw) and LAA values (258.5 µM Trolox per 100 g fw and 3.2 mM FRAP per g fw respectively). Colour readings in red ripe fresh cut tomato berries particularly a∗, b∗ and the ratio a∗/b∗ could represent an indicator not only for lycopene but also for other phytochemicals and resulting antioxidant activities. HLT-Lines may serve as a starting point for the development of semi-determinate growth habit tomato cultivars with higher functional quality.