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Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a serious complication of solid organ transplantation that occurs due to immunosuppression and other risk factors. PTLD may present with involvement of other organs and with unusual presentation. The presentation is often extranodal (e.g., in the gastrointestinal tract, lung, or the central nervous system). Herein, we report on a 1.5-year-old girl who underwent liver transplantation almost 5 months prior to admission. She was on medications such as tacrolimus and prednisolone. Her presentation was started with symptoms of the upper respiratory infection followed by croupy cough and respiratory distress with no response to usual treatments. She had respiratory arrest during broncoscopy. Therefore, emergency tracheostomy was done. Biopsy from the paratracheal mass revealed large B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (PTLD, monomorphic and high grade). This case presentation shows that persistent upper airway symptoms, particularly stridor and croupy cough, in children who underwent liver transplant should be further evaluated; the physician needs to have a high degree of clinical suspicion for the diagnosis of PTLD in this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of alumina content and heat treatment on upconversion properties of codoped (ErF3-YbF3) oxyfluoride glass ceramics were investigated. Results showed that alumina content had an effect on phase separation and viscosity of the glass. Due to the high viscosity of low alumina content glass, the phase separated areas were smaller in these specimens. Increasing the heat treatment temperature led to the incorporation of Er3+ ions into CaF2 crystals and also increased the Yb3+ concentration in them. This increase improved the energy transfer and back transfer process between Er3+ and Yb3+ ions and as result upconversion intensity was increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles were prepared by a modified alkoxide technique under basic and acidic conditions at room temperatures. A simple method for preparing different morphology of TiO2 has been developed. The reaction condition was used to control the crystalline size, phase and morphology of the TiO2 nanostructures. In this process by adjusting the Rw (water to precursor ratio) and pH value the hydrolysis and condensation reactions were controlled. This led to the development of a new process to produce TiO2 nanorod (for the first time by sol-gel method) at high pH value (basic) while the water content was sufficient whereas at low pH value (acidic) nanosphere TiO2 were obtained. The powders were characterized by DTA, XRD, FE-SEM and UV-vis techniques and their physical properties were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objective was to evaluate and highlight the significance of epigastric tenderness in children and adolescents with chest pain. In a 26-months period, patients who were referred for pediatri cardiology evaluation at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences with chief complaint of chest pain were studied. Patients with epigastric tenderness were evaluated endoscopically by gastroenterologist. Patients who had positive findings on endoscopy were appropriately treated. Since there were no serious findings on cardiac evaluation, no other treatment was necessary. The patients were re-evaluated 4 weeks later. Response to therapy was defined as relief of the initial symptoms as well as epigastric tenderness. One hundred thirty-two patients were referred for evaluation of chest pain during this period. Epigastric tenderness was found in 44 (33.3%) of these patients and endoscopy was performed. Endoscopy showed positive findings in 41 (93.2%). Thirty (75%) of these patients had varying degrees of gastritis. Duodenitis was found in six (13.6%) and gasteroduodenitis in five (11.4%). Esophagitis, which was always associated with gastritis, was seen in five (11.4%). Only three (6.8%) had normal endoscopy. Urease test was positive in three (7.3%) of the specimens. Two of the patients did not return for follow up. From the remaining 39 patients who received gastroenterology treatment, resolution of symptoms was seen in 38 (97.4%). Careful history and physical examination must guide the assessment of children and adolescents referred for evaluation of chest pain. Epigastric tenderness must be used as a reliable sign to initiate a gastrointestinal evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Aims: Any alarm symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) should be carefully evaluated. Colonoscopy is a standard diagnostic procedure for evaluating the colonic mucosa and ruling out probable diseases responsible for patient symptoms. We analyzed the colonoscopy findings in patients with and without IBS., Material and Methods: Ninety-six patients with IBS and 101 without IBS were consecutively enrolled in the study. All the patients in the IBS group met the Rome IV criteria, and underwent colonoscopy due to the appearance of red flags. The colonoscopy findings were compared between the 2 groups of patients., Results: The main indications for colonoscopy in the IBS group were progressive abdominal pain (36.7%), rectal bleeding with fresh blood (17.7%), and occult blood in stool (12.5%). In the non-IBS group, the most prevalent indicators were rectal bleeding with fresh blood (37.6%), colorectal cancer surveillance (21.8%), and abdominal pain (13.9%). The most common macroscopic findings in the 2 groups were hemorrhoids, polyps, and anal fissure. There were no statistically significant differences with respect to the microscopic and macroscopic findings between groups., Conclusions: We concluded that the prevalence of organic lesions in the colon of patients with IBS was the same as that in the patients without IBS. The Rome IV criteria accurately predicted IBS. Additional evaluation through colonoscopy in IBS should be based on the presence of alarm features., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Masson Doyma México S.A.)

Background: As a serious neuropsychiatric disease, hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a clinical condition with several types regarding chronicity and clinical diversity that can develop as a complication of both acute and chronic liver failure. This study evaluates changes in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced acute hepatic encephalopathy (AHE) in rat as an animal model., Methods: Both genders of C57BL6, BALB/C mice and Sprague Dawley rats; (10 animals in each group) were compared for induction of AHE to clarify which animal and gender were appropriate. The animals (10 male rats in each group) were categorized in 4 groups according to the dose of the TAA administered (200, 300 and 400 mg/kg of TAA at 24 h intervals for 4 days). A control group was treated with solvent of TAA which was water (5 ml/kg/day). The behavioral, biochemical markers of hepatic failure and histological aspects of thioacetamide (TAA) induced AHE and the correlation between the clinical severity and liver failure biomarkers were evaluated., Results: Rat was shown to be an animal model of choice for AHE while the optimum dosage of TAA to induce AHE was 300 mg/kg/day at 24 h intervals for 4 days. The behavioral score was partially correlated with the rising of some biomarkers and pathological findings., Conclusion: Rat can be introduced as the animal of choice for AHE to study the pathophysiology, pharmacology and the survival rate of disease in liver transplant patients.

Background: Finding more efficient agents with fewer side effects for treatment of burns has always been a concern for researchers. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD), apparently due to its antimicrobial effect, is still one of the most common prescribed agents. Previous studies suggested that Arnebia euchroma (AE) has shown antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigates the healing effect of AE extract in comparison with SSD in second degree burn wounds., Methods: Fort eight female Wistar rats (220±20 g) were divided into four groups. Standard second degree burn wounds were induced on the back of their necks. One group was treated with SSD; two groups were treated with AE cream at concentrations of 10% (AE10) and 20% (AE20) and the control group which received no treatment. The duration of treatment was 28 days., Results: This study revealed that AE and SSD noticeably improved re-epithelization, fibroblasts proliferation, and collagen bundle synthesis and had a noticeable anti-inflammatory effect compared with the control group., Conclusion: Results of the present study revealed that Arnebia euchroma herbal extract was an effective treatment for second degree burn wounds when compared with SSD.

Background: Although breast cancer in men is uncommon, its incidence rate has an increasing trend. Due to its low incidence, there are few studies in this subject and limited information is available. The purpose of this study was to investigate clinicopathological characteristics and survival of male breast cancer (MBC) in Fars Province, south of Iran., Methods: The data for this study were obtained from the population based cancer registry of Vice-Chancellor for Health Affairs of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and Shiraz hospitals between January 1, 1989 and January 1, 2008, including 64 patients with MBC. Demographic, clinical and pathological aspects were investigated. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for the determination of survival rate and Log Rank test for the comparison. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for the multiple analysis., Results: The patients' mean age at the time of diagnosis was 60.3 years (SD=12.7). The most frequent age group (26.6%) was 51-60 years. The most common symptom (96.8%) was a palpable mass. The majority of patients (44.4%) had a symptom duration of less than or equal to 6 months. 56.3% of the patients had a tumor size of 2-4.9 cm. Forty six percent of the cases had axillary lymph node involvement. The median survival time was 10.0 years [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.0-14.0]. The 5 year overall survival rate was 66.0% (95% CI=51.0-81.0%). The median survival time of patients with axillary lymph node involvement was 8.2 years (95% CI=6.7-9.6) and for the cases without involvement was 12.0 years (95% CI=8.4-15.2). In addition to axillary lymph node involvement, positive family history in contrast to negative family history and left tumors in compari-son with right tumors were poorer prognostic factors in univariate analysis respectively (p=0.006, p=0.031). In multiple analysis, axillary lymph node involvement was an independent predictor of poorer survival (Hazard ratio=1.6, 95% CI=1.1-6.4, p=0.030) and the other variables did not have a significant effect., Conclusion: The mean age of MBC in this series is lower than that in western countries. It is compatible to the mean age of female breast cancer which is approximately one decade less than that in developed countries. The survival rate of MBC is relatively lower than that in western countries. Axillary lymph node involvement is an important prognostic factor in the survival of MBC. Multicenter population based studies with greater number of patients are required for better estimation of different aspects of MBC in Iran.

Background: Liver transplantation (LT) is the standard treatment of end-stage liver diseases (ESLD). Invasive fungal infection is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality after transplantation., Objective: To determine the incidence of late-onset (after 6 months of LT) Candida infection in recipients., Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate 50 pediatric patients after LT for 8 years at the LT Unit of Nemazee Hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. We followed the patients until 6 months post-LT for episodes of Candida infection proven by culture., Results: One recipient (2%) developed late-onset esophageal candidiasis with improvement after intravenous amphotricin therapy but finally expired with a diagnosis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)., Conclusions: The incidence of late-onset Candida infection is not significant in pediatric liver recipient, but it still remains a significant problem. Control of Candida colonization would reduce the risk of invasive fungal infections and possibly more fatal complications.

Background: Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving treatment for end-stage liver diseases (ESLD). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the important causes of morbidity after LT., Objective: To evaluate the incidence of late-onset (after 6 months of LT) CMV infection in pediatric recipients., Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted to evaluate 50 pediatric patients who underwent LT for 8 years at the LT Unit of Nemazee Hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. We retrospectively investigated episodes of CMV infection after 6 months of LT proven by CMV antigenemia test., Results: Three recipients (6%) developed late-onset CMV infection. These patients finally responded to ganciclovir., Conclusion: CMV infection is one of the most common post-LT viral infections that usually occurs in the first six months of LT. Our study shows that the incidence of late-onset CMV infection is relatively low, but it still remains a significant problem. Therefore, monitoring and management is crucial for improving the survival of children.

Background: The pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) scoring system has been used widely for prioritizing children awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The aim of the present study was to compare the Child-Turcotte-Pugh scoring system with PELD to predict morbidity and mortality of children scheduled for OLT before the organ was available., Materials and Methods: From 1999 to 2006, 83 infants and children were evaluated and scheduled for OLT. Child and PELD scores were determined according to the initial assessment at the time of listing. Outcome was examined using records and follow-up data., Results: Among 83 patients, 12% were Child A; 53%, Child B; and 35%, Child C. The mean PELD score at listing was 19.8+/-12.8. Patients with Child scores A, B, and C displayed mean PELD scores of 7.1+/-4.9, 15.7+/-9.3, and 30.5+/-11.7, respectively. Child classification and scoring showed a positive correlation with the PELD score (Spearman's correlation coefficient: 0.666, P=.001). A higher PELD score was associated with greater morbidity and mortality., Conclusion: Child classification has several shortcomings; therefore, PELD scores appear to be the best metric to prioritize children listed for OLT.

The Shiraz Organ Transplant Center in southern Iran has been performing all liver transplantations in Iran and certain neighboring countries for 12 years. This study evaluated the 140 operations performed from April 1993 through November 2004. Sixty-one percent of the recipients were men and 39% were women. The average recipient age was 29.9 +/- 14.0 years. One hundred twenty-eight patients has a full-size cadaveric transplant. Most frequent causes of cirrhosis were cryptogenic and viral. An acute rejection episode occurred in 47.5% of cases, and two episodes in 8%. Most frequent short-term complications included respiratory, neurologic, and biliary problems. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year patient survival rates were 92%, 89%, and 85%, respectively. The experience that the Shiraz Organ Transplant Center has had with liver transplantation indicated success comparable to that noted in other reports. The calculated trend suggests that a goal of 100 transplantations for 2005 is within reach.

Biliary tract complications, which occur in 5.8% to 24.5% of adult liver transplant recipients, remain one of the most common problems following transplantation. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of biliary complications and analyze methods of treatment. From 1993 to 2004, 14 cases (10%) among 140 patients who had undergone liver transplantation developed biliary complications, third to respiratory and neurologic complications. In addition to biliary leakage in six cases, obstruction/stenosis occurred in three cases. One case of biliary fistula and one vanishing bile duct syndrome were observed. There was no death or need for retransplantation; all cases were treated surgically without recurrence. Biliary complications remain an important problem in liver transplantation. Endoscopic and radiologic management are effective in the majority of cases. Surgical intervention is obligatory and safe in selected cases.

Fungal colonization was observed in the duodenal biopsy specimens of a nine-year-old girl who complained of anorexia and epigastric pain. Endoscopy revealed gastric redness and Geotrichum candidum was identified in the duodenum by histopathology and tissue culture. Immunologic work-up showed low serum levels of IgA and IgM. She was treated with ranitidine and antacids for gastritis. At follow-up, the levels of immunoglobulins had normalized, no fungal elements were detected, and clinical symptoms had disappeared. Duodenal invasion by G. candidum has not been described so far. Duodenal colonization by G. candidum may occur when mucosal immunity is disturbed and may be the source of dissemination in severe immunodeficiency states.