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The formulation of azan (call to prayer) has been the subject of endless contestation between Shia and Sunni Muslims. It covers the issue of its authentic origin, phrase variations, and underlying arguments. It said that the debate is based not only on legal considerations but also on the perceived historical background with regard to the origins of the call to prayer and the theological implications regarding sahih hadith as an authoritative Islamic reference. The article offers theoretical significance for understanding sectarian discourse and practical insights that go beyond conflict and foster harmony and peace in Shia-Sunni relations by employing a multi-step methodology to investigate the discourse of disagreement in the formulation of adhān phrases within the Shia-Sunni context and its implications for Islamic authority. It begins with establishing a theoretical framework to comprehend sectarian variations, followed by a thorough literature review incorporating scholarly articles, historical records, and religious texts. Building on this, a comparative analysis examines wording and content discrepancies in the adhān between Shia and Sunni traditions. Additionally, the research delves into historical records and manuscripts, tracing the origins of disagreements over the adhān, while a theological analysis explores the religious foundations influencing the variations. The study found that Shia-Sunni debates and tensions over the call to prayer can serve as a scholarly entry point to understanding the differences and root causes between the two. In addition, this article will be an enlightenment to dispel prejudices and tensions among fellow Muslims by acknowledging and appreciating each other's differences.

Mosques are symbols of peace and pluralism. However, some mosques are built over pre-Islamic places of worship or are considered sacred by non-Muslims. This has the potential to trigger interfaith tensions and conflicts. This article argues that mosques should be spaces and symbols of peace, religious tolerance, and multiculturalism. The study uses direct observation and compares textual and material evidence related to several large mosques in different countries. It concludes that mosque construction should consider historical and interfaith sensitivities, uphold the sanctity of places of worship, and avoid all forms of heresy. Mosque architecture and buildings can be a mirror of harmony and pluralism. Mosques are aesthetically adaptive and accommodate local wisdom, culture, and religious traditions. Historically controversial mosques cannot be justified and imitated as Islamic mosques in general. Mosque construction must prioritise peaceful views and rational spiritual understanding to maintain harmony and pluralism.

Puji-pujian (lit. praise poetry) has become a tradition for Muslims since the phase of the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him until our modern phase. The contradiction between accepting and rejecting has also occurred since the apostle is still alive today. In Indonesia Puji-pujian became one of the tools to spread Islam and moral values. So these Puji-pujian became a tradition as religious song and literary art among Javanese Muslims. Uniquely, the form of Javanese literature is still tied to Arabic literature, such as Burdah, Diba’ and Barzanji. That’s why, Javanese poetry or prose of Puji-pujian are much influenced by Arabic literature and even abandon the rules of Javanese literature. And Puji-pujian also became the feature of Javanese Muslim culture since long ago. This research will reveal the culture and history of the formation of Puji-pujian, why it was integrated with Arabic literature, and to find the unique of both of Puji-pujian and Arabic literature in structure and rhyme, why it has the same formation.