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The development of an expert calibration system (ECS) for spectroscopic-based process analytical chemistry would be a significant advancement aimed at automating the creation of high-quality calibration models for standard zero-order and first-order calibrations as well as multidimensional imaging applications. The concept of ECS would seek to reduce the reliance on users' extensive knowledge of chemometrics all the while leveraging their domain knowledge and understanding of specific sample physical and chemical properties. By providing automated tools and guidance, an ECS would aim to streamline the calibration process, improve calibration transfer, enhance operator efficiency, and improve the overall consistency and reliability of analytical results produced using advanced chemometrics and machine earning techniques. In this article, we resurrect the discussion from nearly three decades ago., At the 1995 Instrument Society of America (ISA) Conference in Toronto, Canada, there was a paper presented and published entitled, 'The Design of an Expert Calibration System for Spectroscopic Based […]

* Context.--In the United States, review of digital whole slide images (WSIs) using specific systems is approved for primary diagnosis but has not been implemented for intraoperative consultation. Objective.--To evaluate the safety of review of WSIs and compare the efficiency of review of WSIs and glass slides (GSs) for intraoperative consultation. Design.--Ninety-one cases previously submitted for frozen section evaluation were randomly selected from 8 different anatomic pathology subspecialties. GSs from these cases were scanned on a Leica Aperio AT2 scanner at x 20 magnification (0.25 [micro]m/pixel). The slides were deidentified, and a short relevant clinical history was provided for each slide. Nine board-certified general pathologists who do not routinely establish primary diagnoses using WSIs reviewed the WSIs using Leica Aperio ImageScope viewing software. After a washout period of 2-3 weeks, the pathologists reviewed the corresponding GSs using a light microscope (Olympus BX43). The pathologists recorded the diagnosis and time to reach the diagnosis. Intraobserver concordance, time to diagnosis, and specificity and sensitivity compared to the original diagnosis were evaluated. Results.--The rate of intraobserver concordance between GS results and WSI results was 93.7%. Mean time to diagnosis was 1.25 minutes for GSs and 1.76 minutes for WSIs (P < .001). Specificity was 91% for GSs and 90% for WSIs; sensitivity was 92% for GSs and 92% for WSIs. Conclusions.--Time to diagnosis was longer with WSIs than with GSs, and scanning GSs and uploading the data to whole slide imaging systems takes time. However, review of WSIs appears to be a safe alternative to review of GSs. Use of WSIs allows reporting from a remote site during a public health emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic and facilitates subspecialty histopathology services. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2024;148:715-721; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2023-0105-OA), Whole slide imaging involves high-resolution scanning of glass slides (GSs) prepared from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue to create digital images that can be reviewed through digital platforms. The main components of [...]

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Photosynthesis represents the most important biological process on earth and generates food and energy for most living organisms. Increasing photosynthetic efficiency in crops is a feasible strategy to enhance grain yield. Canopy photosynthesis, the integral of photosynthesis of all photosynthetic tissues of an entire plant canopy, is intrinsically linked to biomass production and crop yield and is influenced by both photosynthetic efficiency at the tissue level and canopy architecture, which determines the light environment at that tissue. This review summarizes current methodologies for measuring photosynthesis via gas exchange, fluorescence, and reflectance spectrum at the field, canopy, and leaf levels. Gas exchange techniques include eddy covariance, canopy gas exchange chambers, and organ-level gas exchange methods, which can measure CO2 and H2O fluxes. Chlorophyll fluorescence methods include solar-induced fluorescence (SIF), laser-induced fluorescence transient (LIFT), pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence, and light induced chlorophyll a fluorescence rise (OJIP transient), which can be used to evaluate photosynthetic efficiency and plant stress responses. One of the commonly used reflectance spectrum methods for studying photosynthesis is the hyperspectral reflectance technique, which can estimate photosynthesis-related traits. High-throughput crop photosynthesis phenotyping can be performed with different combinations of these techniques. This review aims to provide a one-stop resource for researchers working in plant physiology, agronomy, and environmental science and working on either crop management or genetic enhancement to address either food security or the response of plants to global climate change.

This article explores the profound impact of visualism and visual perception in the context of medical imaging diagnostics. It emphasizes the intricate interplay among vision, embodiment, subjectivity, language, and historicity within the realm of medical science and technology, with a specific focus on image consciousness. The study delves into the role of subjectivity in perception, facilitating the communication of opacity and historicity to the perceiving individual. Additionally, it scrutinizes the image interpretation process, drawing parallels to text interpretation and highlighting the influence of personal biases and individuality in medical practice. By revisiting Husserl's conceptualization of "image consciousness" and introducing the notion of "image theme", the paper seeks to establish a theoretical framework for making sense of images within the context of technological interpretation. A key objective is to enhance the phenomenology of technology through a systematic analysis of medical imaging diagnosis, contributing to an expanded epistemological foundation for medical practice. The article recognizes that the construction of medical knowledge incorporates subjective elements, especially within a historical context. The interpretation of images involves both instrumental and expert interpretation, with human subjectivity playing a crucial role. The article asserts that human creativity and conscious engagement are indispensable in interpreting all medical images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current quantitative gene expression detection in genomic and transcriptomic research heavily relies on quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). While existing multiplex gene detection techniques offer simultaneous analysis of multiple targets, we present an alternative assay capable of detecting gene expression simultaneously within a single well. This highly sensitive method utilizes πCode MicroDiscs, featuring unique identification patterns and fluorescent detection. Our study compared this multiplex πCode platform with a qPCR platform for profiling cytokine gene expression. The πCode MicroDisc assay successfully demonstrated the expression of polymerization markers for M1- and M2-like macrophages generated from THP-1-derived macrophages in a qualitative assay. Additionally, our findings suggest a pattern agreement between the πCode assay and the qPCR assay, indicating the potential of the πCode technology for comparative gene expression analysis. Regarding the inherent sensitivity and linearity, the developed πCode assay primarily provides qualitative gene expression to discriminate the polarization of macrophages. This remarkable capability presents substantial advantages for researchers, rendering the technology highly suitable for high-throughput applications in clinical diagnosis and disease monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer imposes a significant burden on our society. According to the 2020 data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), approximately 2.3 million women in 185 countries were diagnosed with breast cancer, and 685,000 women lost their lives to the disease. Medical imaging is essential for the timely detection and the precise staging of breast cancer, playing a crucial role in cancer management. Although there have been notable advancements in medical imaging, there is no single imaging technique that can comprehensively identify and characterize all breast abnormalities. Hence, a combined modality approach may still be required in certain cases. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the imaging techniques used in breast cancer diagnosis, assessing their efficacy, strengths, weaknesses and clinical utility. In order to collect relevant articles on breast cancer detection methods, an extensive search was carried out across databases, including PubMed, Elsevier and Google Scholar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multimodal medical imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of myocarditis, enabling a comprehensive assessment of cardiac structure and function. Materials and Methods: We used multimodal medical imaging technology to diagnose and differential diagnose patients with myocarditis, and analyzed the patient data in detail. Results: Multimodal medical imaging techniques provide a wealth of information to help distinguish myocarditis from other heart diseases. Conclusion: Multimodal medical imaging is of great value in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of myocarditis, but there are still some challenges and limitations in its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a growing global health problem. New methods to diagnose PAD have been explored in recent years. At present, the majority of imaging methods for PAD focus on the macrovascular blood flow, and the exploration of microcirculation and tissue perfusion of PAD remains largely insufficient. In this report, we applied three new imaging technologies, i.e., second near-infrared region (NIR-II, 900–1,880 nm wavelengths) imaging, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG), in a PAD patient with a healthy human subject as control. Our results showed that the PAD patient had poorer tissue perfusion than the control without observed adverse effects. Moreover, compared with the first near-infrared region (NIR-I, 700–900 nm wavelengths) imaging results, NIR-II imaging had a higher signal-to-background ratio and resolution than NIR-I imaging and detected microvessels that were not detected by NIR-I imaging. These observations suggested that NIR-II imaging, OCTA, and LSFG are potentially safe and effective methods for diagnosing PAD.

Introduction: As a result of developments in technology, materials, and illness knowledge, paediatric dentistry has experienced major changes. When dealing with children, comfort, speed, safety, and conservative therapies are paramount. Of course, this also applies to adults, but getting youngsters started with dental appointments and making the experience stress-free for both patients and parents is extremely vital. The introduction and use of new technology caused a paradigm change in the practice of dentistry. This has been marked by the development of new and superior restorative materials that allow us to remove less tooth structure. We have now achieved the therapeutic goals discovered in giving more minimally invasive dentistry. Early dental diagnosis has become increasingly important in recent years. Early detection of dental caries has grown in relevance in recent years as conservative dentistry has remained at the forefront. The dentist should emphasize early identification of dental caries and the least invasive treatment alternatives, especially in paediatric patients. Traditional caries detection methods frequently miss early enamel lesions that have not developed into cavitation. As a result, several innovative strategies for detecting cavities early have been developed. Aim: The purpose of the current literature is to provide broad information regarding new restorative materials and caries detection technologies and summarize recent advances in paediatric dentistry. Conclusion: This overview highlighted a huge variety of current equipment that is either now used or can be utilized in dental diagnostics. Some of these devices are rather pricey and take up a lot of room. Technology evolves so quickly that it is impossible to stay up. As a result, possibly the best answer for each pedodontist or pedodontics clinic is to select the equipment with the greatest cost benefit.