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Introduction: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has emerged as an important imaging modality in non-invasive diagnosis for oral cancer and can provide real-time visualisation of tissue morphology with the required high resolution. This systematic review aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of OCT in the detection of oral cancers, and to explore the potential integration of OCT with artificial intelligence (AI) and other imaging techniques to enhance diagnostic precision and clinical outcomes in oral healthcare. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Central Register, and Web of Science from inception until August 2024. Studies were included if they employed OCT for oral cancer detection, reported diagnostic outcomes, such as sensitivity and specificity, and were conducted on human subjects. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. The synthesis highlights advancements in OCT technology, including AI-enhanced interpretations. Results: A total of 9 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing a total of 860 events (cancer detections). The studies spanned from 2008 to 2022 and utilised various OCT techniques, including clinician-based, algorithm-based, and AI-driven interpretations. The findings indicate OCT's high diagnostic accuracy, with sensitivity ranging from 75% to 100% and specificity from 71% to 100%. AI-augmented OCT interpretations demonstrated the highest accuracy, emphasising OCT's potential in early cancer detection and precision in guiding surgical interventions. Conclusions: OCT could play a very prominent role as a new diagnostic tool for oral cancer, with very high sensitivity and specificity. Future research pointed towards integrating OCT with other imaging methods and AI systems in providing better accuracy of diagnoses, plus more clinical usability. Further development and validation with large-scale multicentre trials is imperative for the realisation of this potential in changing the way we practice oral healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Results and Conclusion Shared anatomical, histological and physiological pathways between the kidney and the eye are well documented, demonstrating that ocular manifestations serve as valuable prognostic indicators in chronic kidney disease (CKD), providing insights into disease severity and progression. Through non‐invasive imaging modalities such as retinal fundus photography, early retinal microvascular alterations indicative of CKD progression can be detected, enabling timely intervention and risk stratification. However, the conclusions drawn from the review primarily demonstrate a strong or independent association between glaucoma or retinopathy and CKD.Multiple shared pathophysiological events have been implicated in the pathogenesis in the alterations at eye and kidney including renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system. Patients with CKD are more likely to experience glaucoma, age‐related macular degeneration, cataracts, uremic optic neuropathy and retinopathy. To establish the role of ocular manifestations in predicting CKD progression, it is crucial to address the limitations of correlation and explore the underlying causality with further research on common disease pathogenesis. Additionally, specific methods for risk stratification based on retinal changes, the effectiveness of timely interventions, and the development of predictive tools combining ocular and renal data are of utmost importance research topics to enlighten the bidirectional causality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral aneurysms are abnormal dilations of blood vessels in the brain that have the potential to rupture, leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage and other serious complications. Early detection and prediction of aneurysm rupture are crucial for effective management and prevention of rupture-related morbidities and mortalities. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on risk factors and predictive indicators of rupture in cerebral aneurysms. Morphological characteristics such as aneurysm size, shape, and location, as well as hemodynamic factors including blood flow patterns and wall shear stress, have been identified as important factors influencing aneurysm stability and rupture risk. In addition to these traditional factors, emerging evidence suggests that biological and genetic factors, such as inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and genetic polymorphisms, may also play significant roles in aneurysm rupture. Furthermore, advancements in computational fluid dynamics and machine learning algorithms have enabled the development of novel predictive models for rupture risk assessment. However, challenges remain in accurately predicting aneurysm rupture, and further research is needed to validate these predictors and integrate them into clinical practice. By elucidating and identifying the various risk factors and predictive indicators associated with aneurysm rupture, we can enhance personalized risk assessment and optimize treatment strategies for patients with cerebral aneurysms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability is a complex condition that can severely affect forearm function, causing pain, limited range of motion, and reduced strength. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the diagnosis and management of DRUJ instability, emphasizing a new classification system that we propose. The review synthesizes anatomical and biomechanical factors essential for DRUJ stability, focusing on the interrelationship between the bones and surrounding soft tissues. Our methodology involved a thorough examination of recent studies, incorporating clinical assessments and advanced imaging techniques such as MRI, ultrasound, and dynamic CT. This approach allowed us to develop a classification system that categorizes DRUJ injuries into three distinct grades. This system is intended to be practical for both clinical and radiological evaluations, offering clear guidance for treatment based on injury severity. The review discusses a range of treatment options, from conservative measures like splinting and physiotherapy to surgical procedures, including arthroscopy and DRUJ arthroplasty. The proposed classification system enhances the accuracy of diagnosis and supports more effective decision making in clinical practice. In summary, our findings suggest that the integration of advanced imaging techniques with minimally invasive surgical interventions can lead to better outcomes for patients. This review serves as a valuable resource for clinicians, providing a structured approach to managing DRUJ instability and improving patient care through the implementation of our new classification system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be a major global health concern, representing a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This review provides a comprehensive examination of CVDs, encompassing their pathophysiology, diagnostic biomarkers, advanced imaging techniques, pharmacological treatments, surgical interventions, and the emerging role of herbal remedies. The review covers various cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases, and congenital heart defects. The review presents a wide range of cardiac biomarkers such as troponins, C-reactive protein, CKMB, BNP, NT-proBNP, galectin, adiponectin, IL-6, TNF-α, miRNAs, and oxylipins. Advanced molecular imaging techniques, including chest X-ray, ECG, ultrasound, CT, SPECT, PET, and MRI, have significantly enhanced our ability to visualize myocardial perfusion, plaque characterization, and cardiac function. Various synthetic drugs including statins, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, and antiarrhythmics are fundamental in managing CVDs. Nonetheless, their side effects such as hepatic dysfunction, renal impairment, and bleeding risks necessitate careful monitoring and personalized treatment strategies. In addition to conventional therapies, herbal remedies have garnered attention for their potential cardiovascular benefits. Plant extracts and their bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins, and alkaloids, offer promising cardioprotective effects and enhanced cardiovascular health. This review underscores the value of combining traditional and modern therapeutic approaches to improve cardiovascular outcomes. This review serves as a vital resource for researchers by integrating a broad spectrum of information on CVDs, diagnostic tools, imaging techniques, pharmacological treatments and their side effects, and the potential of herbal remedies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AL amyloidosis is a rare systemic disease characterized by the deposition of amyloid protein in various organs, including the kidneys, heart, peripheral nervous system, digestive tract, skin, and muscles. Peritoneal involvement in AL amyloidosis is exceptionally rare. We present a unique case of AL amyloidosis with concurrent cardiac, cutaneous, and peritoneal manifestations. The patient initially presented with ascites and respiratory symptoms. An etiological workup revealed multiple myeloma as the underlying cause. This case highlights the importance of considering AL amyloidosis in the differential diagnosis of peritoneal ascites, providing valuable insights for radiologists in recognizing atypical presentations of this disease.

The white dot syndromes are a group of phenotypically similar disorders characterized by multiple lesions at the level of the outer retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid. Common white dot syndromes whose imaging modalities have been described in this article are multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, acute zonal occult outer retinopathy, multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis, punctate inner choroidopathy, serpiginous choroiditis, and birdshot chorioretinopathy. The various imaging modalities help us to better understand the pathophysiology of the various entities and help in diagnosing, monitoring, and prognosticating them. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a comparatively newer tool that helps us to visualize lesions in the choroid that correlate with indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) findings. Even though it is of limited value and cannot replace ICGA, it had gained considerable interest among ophthalmologists. Similarly, the noninvasive nature of modalities such as fundus autofluorescence and OCT makes them appealing and preferable over invasive techniques such as fundus fluorescein angiography and ICGA.

This review examines and summarizes all published work on occupational eye lens doses among medical imaging and interventional staff in Saudi Arabia to ensure their safety. Multiple databases were used, such as PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. Articles between 2013 and 2023 that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Sixty-two publications were initially identified for screening, of which 5 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. After extensive review, it was concluded that although none of the studies reported doses to the eye lens that exceeded the annual limit set by the regulations, there is room for optimization. This review also reveals a dearth of research on this topic in Saudi Arabia.

Jan Endrikat,1,2 Gilda Schmidt,2 Bhagyashree Oak,3 Viplav Shukla,3 Prakirti Nangia,3 Nicolas Schleyer,1 John Crocker,3 Ruud Pijnapppel4 1Radiology, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany; 2Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University Medical School of Saarland, Homburg, Saar, Germany; 3Trinity Life Sciences, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA; 4Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the NetherlandsCorrespondence: Jan Endrikat, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, Berlin, 13353, Germany, Tel +49 175 3095846, Email jan.endrikat@bayer.comPurpose: Women with high breast density (HBD) carry an increased risk for breast cancer (BC). The aim of the study was to provide data on awareness and knowledge gaps among women with vs w/o HBD about BC risk factors (BCRFs), which is the basis for effective communication about screening.Patients and Methods: This was a web-based survey of 3000 women aged ≥ 30 and ≤ 70 from six countries. It comprised of 45 questions. T-tests and chi-square tests with False Discovery Rate adjustments were conducted as applicable, with significant differences reported at α=0.05.Results: Three-thousand women were included in the analysis, 733 (24.4%) had HBD. Overall, 39% of women were familiar with the concept of HBD in the context of BC. Thirty-one percent of women were aware of HBD as BCRF and for 24% of women HBD was personally applicable. A significantly higher proportion of women with HBD were aware of almost all BCRFs compared to women w/o HBD (p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, a significantly higher proportion of women with HBD have undergone screening procedures compared to women w/o HBD (p ≤ 0.05). Women with HBD were significantly better aware of basic facts about BC (p ≤ 0.05). A total of 1617 women underwent mammography, 904 ultrasound and 150 MRI during their last screening. The most relevant source of information about BC was the health care professional, as reported by 63% of women.Conclusion: Overall 39% of women were familiar with HBD as BCRF. Lack of BCRF awareness may contribute to delayed screenings, missed opportunities for early detection, and potentially poorer outcomes for individuals with dense breast tissue. Thus, this information should be communicated more widely.Keywords: breast cancer risk factors, dense breast, screening, imaging modalities, sources of information

Erdheim-Chester Disease (ECD) is a rare form of histiocytosis characterized by xanthomatous infiltration of affected organs. We present a case of a 62-year-old man with ECD initially presenting with constrictive pericarditis. Comprehensive imaging revealed systemic involvement, including the skeleton, orbit, pituitary, lung, kidney, and retroperitoneum, despite the absence of related symptoms. The diagnosis of ECD was eventually confirmed through histopathological evidence from a CT-guided biopsy. The patient responded well to interferon-α2b treatment, with gradual symptom amelioration and improvement in imaging and laboratory findings over a 5-month follow-up period. This case highlights the importance of considering ECD in the differential diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis and the utility of multimodal imaging for accurate diagnosis and management of this rare disease. The patient's positive response to treatment also highlights the potential for effective management of ECD, particularly with early diagnosis and intervention.

Background Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a granulomatous disease that can manifest as conduction defects, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure. The diagnosis of CS is inherently difficult due to variable presentations; as such, endomyocardial biopsy is often required but lacks sensitivity due to patchy myocardial involvement. Moreover, the diagnostic criteria of CS and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy overlap, particularly in right-side dominant or biventricular presentations, which further complicates an already challenging differential diagnosis. Case summary A 53-year-old man with no prior chronic medical conditions presented with ventricular tachycardia (VT) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. He was found to have biventricular cardiomyopathy and late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, resulting in an initial diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was placed, but he was readmitted for recurrent VT 2 months later. Despite an aggressive VT therapy (combination of antiarrhythmic drugs, epicardial and endocardial ablation, and stellate ganglion block), he continued with refractory VT and developed cardiogenic shock. Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation was initiated as a bridge to heart transplantation. Pathology of the explanted heart revealed the underlying disease to be CS. Discussion Cardiac sarcoidosis can mimic arrhythmogenic biventricular cardiomyopathy and may be difficult to distinguish by the proposed diagnostic criteria. High clinical suspicion and thorough investigation are necessary for an earlier diagnosis and initiation of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusion Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) pose diagnostic challenges, and selecting appropriate imaging modalities is crucial for accurate assessment. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy and efficacy of ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in identifying TMDs.A comprehensive meta‐analysis was conducted, including studies that compared US and MRI for TMJ disorder assessments. Fixed‐effects models were utilized to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using the chi‐squared test and I2 statistic. Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies included.Six studies were included, involving a total of 281 participants. The meta‐analysis demonstrated that MRI was statistically somewhat better than US in identifying TMJ disorders. The summary OR was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.46–0.90), and the summary RR was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.68–0.95). Heterogeneity among the studies was low (χ2 = 2.73, df = 5, p = .74; I2 = 0%). Demographic variables revealed variations in sample size, gender ratio and mean age across the studies.This meta‐analysis provides evidence that MRI may be more effective than US in diagnosing TMDs. However, the study is limited by the small number of included studies and variations in demographic variables and study designs. Future research with larger samples and standardised protocols is essential to confirm and strengthen these findings. Understanding the diagnostic accuracy of MRI and US for TMJ disorders will aid clinicians in making informed decisions for effective TMJ disorder assessments and patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Since its approval by the Unites States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2015, cone-beam breast computed tomography (CBBCT) has gained acceptance among radiologists for breast cancer imaging. This review aims to highlight the advancements and benefits of CBBCT in the diagnostic workup of breast disease. It showcases how CBBCT, including both non-contrast (NC-CBBCT) and contrast-enhanced (CE-CBBCT) protocols, complements and often surpasses the performance of more traditional breast imaging modalities such as mammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recent Findings: Studies in clinical settings have shown CBBCT's efficacy in detecting and characterizing breast lesions of differing morphologies, including non-mass enhancement and calcifications—tasks that previously required the use of multiple modalities. In addition, CBBCT significantly enhances patient comfort and efficiency, offering quick acquisition times without the discomfort of breast compression. The technology can be utilized for guiding biopsies, planning surgical interventions, and assessing breast density and tumor characteristics, evidence supporting its integration into clinical practice. Summary: CBBCT holds the potential to shift the imaging paradigm in breast cancer care, indicating a promising future for the modality in terms of enhancing diagnostic accuracy, improving patient experience, and influencing treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a prevalent genetic heart disease with a worldwide prevalence. Its estimated incidence in young individuals is approximately 1 case per 500 population. HCM in adults can be clinically diagnosed through visualization, either via 2D echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, where the maximum thickness of any left ventricular (LV) segment, measured in end-diastolic phase, is 15 mm in the absence of other hypertrophy causes. Aim. To demonstrate the role and diagnostic capabilities of CMR as a powerful diagnostic tool for detecting and evaluating sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk factors in patients with HCM. Materials and methods. From January 2022 to September 2023, 236 CMR examinations were conducted and analyzed at the Diagnostic Radiology Department of Amosov National Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery in patients with suspected HCM. All examinations were performed on a magnetic resonance tomograph “Toshiba Vantage Titan 1.5T” until May 2023, and “Canon Vantage Orian 1.5T” from May to September 2023, with ECG and respiratory synchronization as well as intravenous injection of gadolinium-based contrast agent (Gadovist 1.0) at a dose of 0.1 mL/kg body weight. Statistical and mathematical data processing was performed by using the Statistica 6.0 (StatSoft Inc., USA) application package. Results. The mean age of the examined patients was 41 ± 28 years, there were 142 male (60 %) and 94 (40 %) female patients. Symmetric non-obstructive HCM was identified in 39 patients (16.5 %) and 184 patients (78.0 %) had asymmetric obstructive HCM. Apical HCM was diagnosed in 4 patients (1.5 %), and midventricular HCM – in 9 patients (4.0 %) including one patient with a combination of midventricular and apical forms. Risk factors for SCD were identified in 60 patients (25.4 %) with myocardial thickness exceeding 30 mm, 8 patients (3.3 %) with apical aneurysm, 4 patients (1.6 %) with reduced LV systolic function (LV ejection fraction

Background: The shoulder pain etiology is diverse and many disorders present with similar symptoms and signs. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides good multiplanar delineation even without contrast and absence of radiation hazards. Aim and Objectives: To evaluate the role of MRI in diagnosing causes of shoulder pain and their limitations and pitfalls, if any. Material and Methods: Adescriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken in a tertiary care centre from January 2023 to December 2023 with study population of 100 patients referred to the Department of Radiology at our institute with complaints of shoulder pain. Results: Most patients in the study in our study were in the age group of 41-60 years (44%) with mean age of patients being 45.34 ± 16.10 years. In the present study, most patients were male (72%) and common pathologies observed were joint effusion (64%), rotator cuff tear (50%), tendinopathy (46%), degenerative diseases (42%), and bursitis (34%). Hill Sachs's lesion was observed in 20% of patients, while Bankart's was in 24%. A malignant tumor was present in only one patient. Conclusion: MRI showed high sensitivity and specificity for detecting rotator cuff pathologies. It is also highly sensitive for shoulder injuries arising from soft tissues particularly in cases without known trauma. These findings underscore the clinical relevance of MRI in managing shoulder pain, emphasizing its potential to enhance patient outcomes and optimize treatment strategies.

Introduction: Acute abdomen can sometimes be life-threatening and requires an exact diagnosis and appropriate management to avoid mortality among patients. Multi-detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) provides a specific diagnosis and the whole picture of pathology, especially in patients with inconclusive diagnoses. Aim: To evaluate the accuracy of MDCT in diagnosing non-traumatic acute abdominal and pelvic emergencies. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients who presented with acute abdomen and had inconclusive diagnoses based on clinical examination, laboratory investigations, and other imaging modalities. MDCT was performed with a specific protocol depending on the clinical diagnosis. The MDCT results were compared with intraoperative findings, clinical recovery, and Histopathological Examinations (HPE). Data was entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: The MDCT diagnosis was concordant in 95% of patients and discordant in 5% of patients. Acute appendicitis was the most common cause of acute abdomen (20%). Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of MDCT in diagnosing the aetiology of acute abdomen were 96.49% (CI 87.89% to 99.57%), 97.67% (CI 87.71% to 99.94%), 98.21% (CI 90.45% to 99.95%), 95.45% (CI 84.53% to 99.44%), and 97%, respectively. Conclusion: Since the clinical findings overlap in patients with acute abdomen, making an accurate clinical diagnosis is challenging. In these cases, MDCT provides a diagnosis with high accuracy and specificity in a short duration of time; hence, MDCT should be performed in acute abdominal emergencies for appropriate patient management.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a prevalent genetic heart disease with a worldwide prevalence. Its estimated incidence in young individuals is approximately 1 case per 500 population. HCM in adults can be clinically diagnosed through visualization, either via 2D echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, where the maximum thickness of any left ventricular (LV) segment, measured in end-diastolic phase, is 15 mm in the absence of other hypertrophy causes. Aim. To demonstrate the role and diagnostic capabilities of CMR as a powerful diagnostic tool for detecting and evaluating sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk factors in patients with HCM. Materials and methods. From January 2022 to September 2023, 236 CMR examinations were conducted and analyzed at the Diagnostic Radiology Department of Amosov National Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery in patients with suspected HCM. All examinations were performed on a magnetic resonance tomograph "Toshiba Vantage Titan 1.5T" until May 2023, and "Canon Vantage Orian 1.5T" from May to September 2023, with ECG and respiratory synchronization as well as intravenous injection of gadolinium-based contrast agent (Gadovist 1.0) at a dose of 0.1 mL/kg body weight. Statistical and mathematical data processing was performed by using the Statistica 6.0 (StatSoft Inc., USA) application package. Results. The mean age of the examined patients was 41 ± 28 years, there were 142 male (60 %) and 94 (40 %) female patients. Symmetric non-obstructive HCM was identified in 39 patients (16.5 %) and 184 patients (78.0 %) had asymmetric obstructive HCM. Apical HCM was diagnosed in 4 patients (1.5 %), and midventricular HCM - in 9 patients (4.0 %) including one patient with a combination of midventricular and apical forms. Risk factors for SCD were identified in 60 patients (25.4 %) with myocardial thickness exceeding 30 mm, 8 patients (3.3 %) with apical aneurysm, 4 patients (1.6 %) with reduced LV systolic function (LV ejection fraction <50 %), and 164 patients (69.4 %) with pathological late gadolinium enhancement. Conclusions. CMR is a modern, high-precision and powerful diagnostic method that plays a key role in identifying and assessing SCD risk factors in patients with HCM. CMR helps to identify HCM patients at high SCD risk who may benefit from preventive measures such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric sarcomas, rare malignancies of mesenchymal origin, pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. In this review, we explore the role of radiomics in reshaping our understanding of pediatric sarcomas, emphasizing methodological considerations and applications such as diagnostics and predictive modeling. A systematic review conducted up to November 2023 identified 72 papers on radiomics analysis in pediatric sarcoma from PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, and Scopus. Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 reports were included in this review. The studies, predominantly retrospective, focus on Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma, utilizing diverse imaging modalities, including CT, MRI, PET/CT, and PET/MRI. Manual segmentation is common, with a median of 35 features extracted. Radiomics Quality Score (RQS) and Methodological Radiomics Score (METRICS) assessments reveal a consistent emphasis on non-radiomic features, validation criteria, and improved methodological rigor in recent publications. Diagnostic applications dominate, with innovative studies exploring prognostic and treatment response aspects. Challenges include feature heterogeneity and sample size variations. The evolving landscape underscores the need for standardized methodologies. Despite challenges, the diagnostic and predictive potential of radiomics in pediatric oncology is evident, paving the way for precision medicine advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The shoulder pain etiology is diverse and many disorders present with similar symptoms and signs. MRI) provides good multiplanar delineation even without contrast and absence of radiation hazards. Aim and Objectives: To evaluate the role of MRI in diagnosing causes of shoulder pain and their limitations and pitfalls, if any. Material and Methods: Adescriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken in a tertiary care centre from January 2023 to December 2023 with study population of 100 patients referred to the Department of Radiology at our institute with complaints of shoulder pain. Results: Most patients in the study in our study were in the age group of 41-60 years (44%) with mean age of patients being 45.34 ± 16.10 years. In the present study, most patients were male (72%) and common pathologies observed were joint effusion (64%), rotator cuff tear (50%), tendinopathy (46%), degenerative diseases (42%), and bursitis (34%). Hill Sachs's lesion was observed in 20% of patients, while Bankart's was in 24%. A malignant tumor was present in only one patient. Conclusion: MRI showed high sensitivity and specificity for detecting rotator cuff pathologies. It is also highly sensitive for shoulder injuries arising from soft tissues particularly in cases without known trauma. These findings underscore the clinical relevance of MRI in managing shoulder pain, emphasizing its potential to enhance patient outcomes and optimize treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The primary lesions of the mandible have a wide range of pathological features but similar imaging appearances, which often pose a great diagnostic dilemma. Objective: To devise a diagnostic algorithm using audit information obtained by correlating clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics of mandibular lesions and subsequent histopathological diagnosis available. Methods: A total of 64 cases were taken. Out of the 64 cases, 4 (6 %) had only OPG available, 42 (65 %) cases had only CT and 5 (7.8 %) patients had only MRI available. Results: The most common lesions encountered were Ameloblastoma comprising of 25 cases (39 %), followed by Osteosarcoma-7 (10.9 %) and Odontogenic keratocyst-5 (7.8%). The majority of the cases had both OPG and CT done, whereas in 3 (4%) cases all three imaging modalities were performed. Conclusions: Imaging is very helpful in diagnosis of the primary lesion of the jaw. It gives a clue about the type of periosteal reaction and effect on the surrounding bone (lytic, blastic or mixed tumors). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD), referring to a gradual deterioration in cognitive function, including memory loss and impaired thinking skills, has emerged as a substantial worldwide challenge with profound social and economic implications. As the prevalence of AD continues to rise and the population ages, there is an imperative demand for innovative imaging techniques to help improve our understanding of these complex conditions. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging forms a hybrid imaging modality by integrating the high-contrast of optical imaging and deep-penetration of ultrasound imaging. PA imaging enables the visualization and characterization of tissue structures and multifunctional information at high resolution and, has demonstrated promising preliminary results in the study and diagnosis of AD. This review endeavors to offer a thorough overview of the current applications and potential of PA imaging on AD diagnosis and treatment. Firstly, the structural, functional, molecular parameter changes associated with AD-related brain imaging captured by PA imaging will be summarized, shaping the diagnostic standpoint of this review. Then, the therapeutic methods aimed at AD is discussed further. Lastly, the potential solutions and clinical applications to expand the extent of PA imaging into deeper AD scenarios is proposed. While certain aspects might not be fully covered, this mini-review provides valuable insights into AD diagnosis and treatment through the utilization of innovative tissue photothermal effects. We hope that it will spark further exploration in this field, fostering improved and earlier theranostics for AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Biomaterials play a vital role in targeting therapeutics. Over the years, several biomaterials have gained wide attention in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases. Scientists are trying to make more personalized treatments for different diseases, as well as discovering novel single agents that can be used for prognosis, medication administration, and keeping track of how a treatment works. Theranostics based on nano-biomaterials have higher sensitivity and specificity for disease management than conventional techniques. This review provides a concise overview of various biomaterials, including carbon-based materials like fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon nanofibers, and their involvement in theranostics of different diseases. In addition, the involvement of imaging techniques for theranostics applications was overviewed. Theranostics is an emerging strategy that has great potential for enhancing the accuracy and efficacy of medicinal interventions. Despite the presence of obstacles such as disease heterogeneity, toxicity, reproducibility, uniformity, upscaling production, and regulatory hurdles, the field of medical research and development has great promise due to its ability to provide patients with personalised care, facilitate early identification, and enable focused treatment.

ATTR amyloidosis involving the heart solely despite it being a multisystem disease is quite an enigmatic entity. Here is a case of a 65-year-old man presenting with features of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction who on extensive workup and imaging was found to have cardiac amyloidosis of ATTR hereditary variety despite a negative family history. This sporadic case of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis affecting only the heart was put through profound genetic workup and eventually treated with newer but expensive drugs in the hopes to achieve clinical remission.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be a major global health concern, representing a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This review provides a comprehensive examination of CVDs, encompassing their pathophysiology, diagnostic biomarkers, advanced imaging techniques, pharmacological treatments, surgical interventions, and the emerging role of herbal remedies. The review covers various cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases, and congenital heart defects. The review presents a wide range of cardiac biomarkers such as troponins, C-reactive protein, CKMB, BNP, NT-proBNP, galectin, adiponectin, IL-6, TNF-α, miRNAs, and oxylipins. Advanced molecular imaging techniques, including chest X-ray, ECG, ultrasound, CT, SPECT, PET, and MRI, have significantly enhanced our ability to visualize myocardial perfusion, plaque characterization, and cardiac function. Various synthetic drugs including statins, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, and antiarrhythmics are fundamental in managing CVDs. Nonetheless, their side effects such as hepatic dysfunction, renal impairment, and bleeding risks necessitate careful monitoring and personalized treatment strategies. In addition to conventional therapies, herbal remedies have garnered attention for their potential cardiovascular benefits. Plant extracts and their bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins, and alkaloids, offer promising cardioprotective effects and enhanced cardiovascular health. This review underscores the value of combining traditional and modern therapeutic approaches to improve cardiovascular outcomes. This review serves as a vital resource for researchers by integrating a broad spectrum of information on CVDs, diagnostic tools, imaging techniques, pharmacological treatments and their side effects, and the potential of herbal remedies.

Biomaterials play a vital role in targeting therapeutics. Over the years, several biomaterials have gained wide attention in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases. Scientists are trying to make more personalized treatments for different diseases, as well as discovering novel single agents that can be used for prognosis, medication administration, and keeping track of how a treatment works. Theranostics based on nano-biomaterials have higher sensitivity and specificity for disease management than conventional techniques. This review provides a concise overview of various biomaterials, including carbon-based materials like fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon nanofibers, and their involvement in theranostics of different diseases. In addition, the involvement of imaging techniques for theranostics applications was overviewed. Theranostics is an emerging strategy that has great potential for enhancing the accuracy and efficacy of medicinal interventions. Despite the presence of obstacles such as disease heterogeneity, toxicity, reproducibility, uniformity, upscaling production, and regulatory hurdles, the field of medical research and development has great promise due to its ability to provide patients with personalised care, facilitate early identification, and enable focused treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical microscopy is a ubiquitous tool in the physical and life sciences and in histopathology, where visible light microscopy is used to analyse clinical tissue sections at the micron scale to help diagnose diseases. In recent years, microscope technologies have dramatically evolved, but these have generally come with increased cost and complexity. To widen access to advanced microscopy capabilities, we have developed a cost-effective modular platform for optical microscopy (www.openscopes. com). Many of these instruments can be based around a new low-cost and flexible microscope stand, 'open-Frame', for which the core components are open source. openFrame can support implementations of a wide range of microscope modalities for diverse applications, including research, pathology and training. Unlike many commercial microscopes that are often designed for specific applications and cannot be easily upgraded or adapted for different imaging modalities, openFramebased instruments can be relatively easily maintained, upgraded or adapted to another modality without requiring manufacturer support. To this end, openFramebased instruments are envisaged to operate with opensource software, enabling researchers to assemble and modify their microscopes with minimal challenges presented by proprietary (closed) hardware or software. Here, we describe the implementation of a low-cost, research-grade modular optical microscope applicable to research and pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review embarks on a comprehensive exploration into the intricate world of human cardiovascular anatomy, emphasizing the transformative role of modern imaging modalities. It delves into the various complexities and structures of the cardiovascular system, elucidating the challenges and breakthroughs in depicting these details with precision and clarity. The core of this review synthesizes findings from multiple imaging techniques, including Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT) scans, and echocardiography, among others, highlighting their unique contributions and limitations in the study of cardiovascular anatomy. Significant insights from recent research underscore the pivotal role of these technologies in advancing our understanding of cardiovascular diseases, anomalies, and the dynamic nature of blood flow and heart structure. The review navigates through a series of case studies and clinical scenarios, illustrating the practical implications and the enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities afforded by these advanced imaging options. It culminates in a discussion of the ethical considerations, challenges, and future directions in cardiovascular imaging, advocating for a multidisciplinary approach to harnessing these technologies for better patient outcomes. This review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive perspective on the evolution and current state of cardiovascular imaging, fostering a deeper understanding of the human heart and vascular system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fracture detection plays a crucial role in clinical settings, influencing patient management and treatment decisions. Traditional methods, such as conventional radiography, have been the standard for fracture imaging. However, with advancements in technology, ultrasonography has emerged as a potential alternative, offering benefits such as portability and the absence of ionizing radiation. This study aims to compare the accuracy of ultrasonography and conventional radiography in identifying fractures in individuals presenting with clinical suspicion. The primary objective of this study is to assess and compare the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography and conventional radiography in detecting fractures. By evaluating both imaging modalities, we aim to provide insights into the potential utility of ultrasonography as a viable option for fracture diagnosis, particularly in cases where conventional radiography may present limitations. Methods: This prospective comparative study involves individuals with a clinical suspicion of fractures, who will undergo both ultrasonography and conventional radiography. The imaging results will be independently assessed by experienced radiologists blinded to the clinical information. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy will be calculated for both modalities. Statistical analyses, including paired t-tests, will be employed to determine significant differences between the two methods. Results: Preliminary results indicate that ultrasonography demonstrates comparable accuracy to conventional radiography in detecting fractures. Sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy will be presented, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each imaging modality. Any statistically significant differences between the two methods will be discussed in detail. Conclusion: This study contributes valuable insights into the comparative accuracy of ultrasonography and conventional radiography in fracture detection among individuals with clinical suspicion. The findings aim to guide healthcare professionals in making informed decisions regarding the choice of imaging modality based on the clinical context and available resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review embarks on a comprehensive exploration into the intricate world of human cardiovascular anatomy, emphasizing the transformative role of modern imaging modalities. It delves into the various complexities and structures of the cardiovascular system, elucidating the challenges and breakthroughs in depicting these details with precision and clarity. The core of this review synthesizes findings from multiple imaging techniques, including Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT) scans, and echocardiography, among others, highlighting their unique contributions and limitations in the study of cardiovascular anatomy. Significant insights from recent research underscore the pivotal role of these technologies in advancing our understanding of cardiovascular diseases, anomalies, and the dynamic nature of blood flow and heart structure. The review navigates through a series of case studies and clinical scenarios, illustrating the practical implications and the enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities afforded by these advanced imaging options. It culminates in a discussion of the ethical considerations, challenges, and future directions in cardiovascular imaging, advocating for a multidisciplinary approach to harnessing these technologies for better patient outcomes. This review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive perspective on the evolution and current state of cardiovascular imaging, fostering a deeper understanding of the human heart and vascular system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topic: The goal of this review was to summarize the current level of evidence on biomarkers to quantify diabetic retinal neurodegeneration (DRN) and diabetic macular edema (DME). Clinical relevance: With advances in retinal diagnostics, we have more data on patients with diabetes than ever before. However, the staging system for diabetic retinal disease is still based only on color fundus photographs and we do not have clear guidelines on how to incorporate data from the relatively newer modalities into clinical practice. Methods: In this review, we use a Delphi process with experts to identify the most promising modalities to identify DRN and DME. These included microperimetry, full-field flash electroretinogram, spectral-domain OCT, adaptive optics, and OCT angiography. We then used a previously published method of determining the evidence level to complete detailed evidence grids for each modality. Results: Our results showed that among the modalities evaluated, the level of evidence to quantify DRN and DME was highest for OCT (level 1) and lowest for adaptive optics (level 4). Conclusion: For most of the modalities evaluated, prospective studies are needed to elucidate their role in the management and outcomes of diabetic retinal diseases. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Purpose: To review the evidence for imaging modalities in assessing the vascular component of diabetic retinal disease (DRD), to inform updates to the DRD staging system. Design: Standardized narrative review of the literature by an international expert workgroup, as part of the DRD Staging System Update Effort, a project of the Mary Tyler Moore Vision Initiative. Overall, there were 6 workgroups: Vascular Retina, Neural Retina, Systemic Health, Basic and Cellular Mechanisms, Visual Function, and Quality of Life. Participants: The Vascular Retina workgroup, including 16 participants from 4 countries. Methods: Literature review was conducted using standardized evidence grids for 5 modalities: standard color fundus photography (CFP), widefield color photography (WFCP), standard fluorescein angiography (FA), widefield FA (WFFA), and OCT angiography (OCTA). Summary levels of evidence were determined on a validated scale from I (highest) to V (lowest). Five virtual workshops were held for discussion and consensus. Main Outcome Measures: Level of evidence for each modality. Results: Levels of evidence for standard CFP, WFCP, standard FA, WFFA, and OCTA were I, II, I, I, and II respectively. Traditional vascular lesions on standard CFP should continue to be included in an updated staging system, but more studies are required before they can be used in posttreatment eyes. Widefield color photographs can be used for severity grading within the area covered by standard CFPs, although these gradings may not be directly interchangeable with each other. Evaluation of the peripheral retina on WFCP can be considered, but the method of grading needs to be clarified and validated. Standard FA and WFFA provide independent prognostic value, but the need for dye administration should be considered. OCT angiography has significant potential for inclusion in the DRD staging system, but various barriers need to be addressed first. Conclusions: This study provides evidence-based recommendations on the utility of various imaging modalities for assessment of the vascular component of DRD, which can inform future updates to the DRD staging system. Although new imaging modalities offer a wealth of information, there are still major gaps and unmet research needs that need to be addressed before this potential can be realized. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Purpose: To report accuracy, repeatability, and agreement of Cobb angle measurements on radiographs and/or stereo-radiographs (EOS) compared against one another or against other imaging modalities. Methods: This review follows Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search was conducted on 21 July 2021 using Medline, Embase, and Cochrane. Two researchers independently performed title/abstract/ full-text screening and data extraction. Studies were eligible if they reported Cobb angles, and/or their repeatability and agreement, measured on radiographs and/or EOS compared against one another or against other imaging modalities. Results: Of the 2993 records identified, 845 were duplicates and 2212 were excluded during title/abstract/full-text screening. Two more relevant studies were identified from references of eligible studies, leaving 14 studies for inclusion. Two studies compared Cobb angles from EOS vs CT, while 12 compared radiographs vs other imaging modalities: EOS, CT, MRI, digital fluoroscopy, or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Angles from standing radiographs tended to be higher than those from supine MRI and CT, and angles from standing EOS tended to be higher than those from supine or prone CT. Correlations across modalities were strong (R = 0.78–0.97). Inter-observer agreement was excellent for all studies (ICC = 0.77–1.00), except one (ICC = 0.13 radiographs and ICC = 0.68 for MRI). Conclusion: Differences of up to 11º were found when comparing Cobb angles across combinations of imaging modalities and patient positions. It is not possible, however, to determine whether the differences observed are due to the change of modality, position, or both. Therefore, clinicians should be careful when utilizing the thresholds for standing radiographs across other modalities and positions for diagnosis and assessment of scoliosis.

BackgroundAnomalous papillary muscle (APM) insertion into the mitral valve leaflet is rare but clinically important in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). In this study, we report the detection rate of APM insertion into the mitral valve using preoperative imaging modalities and the surgical outcomes of the patients.MethodsBy retrospectively reviewing the clinical records of patients with HOCM who underwent surgical treatment by a single operation group at our center from January 2020 to June 2023, patients with APM insertion into the mitral valve leaflet were identified. Baseline data, image characteristics, and surgical outcomes were analyzed.ResultsThe incidence of APM insertion into the mitral valve leaflet was 5.1% (8/157). The insertion site was located at A3 in six cases, which was more common than at A2 (n = 2). Preoperative echocardiography was used to identify two patients (25%) with APM insertion. We observed a particular echocardiographic feature for APM in HOCM patients, which was noted as a “lip nevus sign”, with a higher detection rate (62.5%). All patients successfully underwent septal myectomy with concomitant APM excision or mitral valve replacement via the transaortic (n = 5) or transmitral (n = 3) approach. The mean age was 49.0 ± 17.4 years and seven patients (87.5%) were female. Interventricular septum thickness (17.0 mm vs. 13.3 mm, P = 0.012) and left ventricular outflow gradient (117.5 mmHg vs. 7.5 mmHg, P = 0.012) were significantly decreased after surgery. Residual outflow obstruction, systolic anterior motion, and ≥3+ mitral regurgitation were negative. During the follow-up of 26.2 ± 12.2 months, there were no reported operations, adverse events, mitral regurgitation aggravations, recurrences of outflow obstruction, or instances of SAM.ConclusionsPapillary muscles inserted into the mitral valve leaflet are a subtype of subvalvular malformation in HOCM that requires surgical correction. The lip nevus sign on echocardiography is a characteristic of APM insertion in HOCM and may improve the preoperative detection rate. Adequate myectomy with anomalous papillary muscle excision has achieved good results in reducing the outflow gradient and eliminating mitral regurgitation, with good outcomes at short-to-intermediate follow-up.

Background: Breast cancer mainly affects women aged >50 years; however, younger women may also have advanced breast cancer, so early detection is important. Purpose: To collect and review the imaging findings of women aged <30 years with breast cancer to find better diagnostic approaches for the early diagnosis of breast cancer in young women. Material and Methods: In this study, 45 patients aged <30 years with a diagnosis of breast cancer were evaluated. Imaging assessments were performed based on ultrasound, mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Finally, the findings were compared with the pathological results. Results: Predominant findings in ultrasound included irregular spiculated mass in 59.4%. In mammography, irregular high-density mass (46.5%) and suspicious micro calcification (42.8%) were the most common findings. In MRI, the predominant feature was a heterogeneous enhancing mass with an irregular shape and irregular margin (81%) with a 45% plateau and 36% washout kinetic pattern. In the pathology assessment, invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common finding (84.4%). All three modalities—MRI, ultrasonography, and mammography—are valuable, with sensitivities of 100%, 93.3%, and 90%, respectively. Conclusion: Ultrasound, mammography, and MRI are highly sensitive and accurate tools for detecting breast cancer lesions in young women. Regular clinical breast examination with breast self-examination, and in suspected cases, ultrasound as the first imaging modality followed by mammography and/or MRI are the preferred diagnostic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), surprised the world in December 2019 and has threatened the lives of millions of people. Countries all over the world closed worship places and shops, prevented gatherings, and implemented curfews to stand against the spread of COVID-19. Deep Learning (DL) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) can have a great role in detecting and fighting this disease. Deep learning can be used to detect COVID-19 symptoms and signs from different imaging modalities, such as X-Ray, Computed Tomography (CT), and Ultrasound Images (US). This could help in identifying COVID-19 cases as a first step to curing them. In this paper, we reviewed the research studies conducted from January 2020 to September 2022 about deep learning models that were used in COVID-19 detection. This paper clarified the three most common imaging modalities (X-Ray, CT, and US) in addition to the DL approaches that are used in this detection and compared these approaches. This paper also provided the future directions of this field to fight COVID-19 disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]