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Aim of the Study: The aim of the present study was to analyze the accuracy of 0.022 inch slot of stainless steel and ceramic orthodontic brackets marketed by different manufacturers. Materials and Methods: An in vitro study was done on upper left central incisor bracket of MBT 0.022 slot of American orthodontics (AO), 3M Unitek, Ormco with each 20 of stainless steel and ceramic brackets divided into six groups, and the total sample was 120. The brackets were scanned with stereo microscope of Magnus Company and Image Pro plus analysis software was used to evaluate the mesial face and base, distal face and base. Results: Comparison in between the groups of stainless steel showed that 3M Unitek brackets showed higher slot widths as compared to AO and Ormco which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Comparison in between the groups of ceramic brackets of AO brackets showed higher slot widths as compared to Ormco and 3M Unitek ceramic brackets which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: By this study, there was a difference between stated values and measured values of brackets displaying inaccuracies in dimension. A clear impreciseness about the appliance could be needed during the finishing and detailing stage to avoid loss of torque control due to slot oversize and the divergence of slot walls.

When coherent light rays can be incident on an optically rough object it will scatter randomly through all directions. Interference of these scattered rays leads to the formation of a bright spots (constructive interference), and dark spots (destructive interference), these are called Laser Speckles.

To understand the influence of freeze-thaw on the carbonization performance of concrete in severe cold areas, this paper conducted experiments to explore the carbonization law of fly ash concrete under freeze-thaw cycles. First, carbonization tests were conducted under different freeze-thaw cycles and fly ash contents; then PS (Photoshop) and IPP (Image-Pro Plus) were adopted to measure the carbonized area and calculate the ratio of carbonized area (RCA). The experimental results showed that, when the fly ash content was between 10% and 30%, RCA increased slowly; when the fly ash content was 20%, the convergence point showed up; when the fly ash content was 0, the air-entrained fly ash concrete had the best resistance to carbonation. With the help of PS and IPP, this paper calculated the RCA more accurately and found that, the freeze-thaw cycles can aggravate carbonization, and there is a linear relationship between carbonization depth and RCA. The research findings in this paper can provide a reference for the durability evaluation and design of concrete structures in severe cold areas.

In spinning, sizing agent makes originally rigid glass filament yarn soft, smooth, reduces mechanical wear, and alleviates static electricity. In order to produce “stronger, thinner, and more uniform” E(Electronic) fiberglass cloth, the sized filament yarn is required to have good strand integrity and uniform belt-like shape. Currently, the sizing effect can only be evaluated artificially according to the image of cross section or longitudinal section of yarns. The goal of the paper is to find an objective evaluation method for sizing effects on strand integrity and performance of belt-forming of E-glass filament yarn. The image of cross section of yarn is captured by Keyence VK-X110 and analyzed by Image-Pro Plus to obtain the central position and diameter of each filament. The threshold of fiber spacing is set to determine whether filaments are clustered in group. The area of outer enveloping convex polygon containing all the clustered filaments is calculated and fiber-filling rate is calculated accordingly. By using the least square method, the minimum rectangle containing all groups of filaments is obtained to describe the basic contour of yarn cross section. The outer envelope polygon is divided into several equal parts to calculate the coefficient variation of thickness distribution and yarn distribution. These objective values well reflect the strand integrity and feature of belt-forming of yarn, and are consistent with the subjective evaluation. Rank order method is used to compare the sizing morphology of the yarns based on the values. A standard is also suggested for objective grade assessment of sized E-Glass yarns.

At present, there are many methods to measure the diameters of filaments in E-glass yarn, but only the average diameter is reported, which cannot reflect all the filaments in the yarn. The methods based on physical principle are not intuitive, the data based on the longitudinal fiber diameter image measurement method are not comprehensive, the observation on the cross-section image of yarn based on slice-making is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and requires manual measurement or self-developed software application. In this article, Keyence VK-X110 3D laser morphometry microscope was used to quickly obtain the cross-section image of glass filament yarn without making a slice of E-glass yarn, and Image-Pro Plus was used to measure all the filaments' diameters in the yarn automatically. The measurement data and analysis show that under the condition of completely processing all the filaments' image, minor axis of filament cross-section is approximate to the filament diameter. This method is not only able to verify whether glass filament yarn meets the quality criteria of ASTM D578-00, but also provides the diameter distribution of all the filaments in an E-glass yarn. In addition, the data support more comprehensive evaluation standard for the quality of glass filament spinning.

The connection between shear strength and micro-structure of solidified soil is to be done. However, most of the literature is only qualitative analysis between macro and micro. The purpose of this paper is to get the macro-micro relationship. The dredger fill is solidified by the different curing agent mixed with fly ash, and the shear strength index is measured by the direct shear test. The microscopic images are obtained by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The image is dealt with by using Image-Pro Plus (IPP), and the micro-structure parameters are deduced that include mean equivalent particle diameter Dp, mean equivalent pore diameter Db and plane void ratio e. The research shows that there is no linear relation between the internal friction angle and the micro-structure parameters; The cohesion has a good linear relation with three micro-structure parameters; Compared with the other two microstructural parameters, the function of the plane void ratio on the cohesion is greater.

In recent decades, the prevalence of obesity has been rising. One of the major characteristics of obesity is fat accumulation, including hyperplasia (increase in number) and hypertrophy (increase in size). After histological staining, it is critical to accurately measure the number and size of adipocytes for assessing the severity of obesity in a timely fashion. Manual measurement is accurate but time-consuming. Although commercially available adipocyte counting tools, including AdipoCount, Image-Pro Plus, and ImageJ were helpful, limitations still exist in accuracy and time consuming. In the present study, we introduced the protocol of combined usage of these tools and illustrated the process with histological staining slides from adipose tissues of lean and obese mice. We found that the adipocyte sizes quantified by the tool combination were comparable as manual measurement, whereas the combined methods were more efficient. Besides, the recognition effect of monochrome segmentation image is better than that of color segmentation image. Overall, we developed a combination method to measure adipocyte sizes accurately and efficiently, which may be helpful for experimental process in laboratory and also for clinic diagnosis.

Upotreba ambalaže od poli(etilen tereftalata), PET, u industriji pesticida sve je zastupljenija zahvaljujući dobroj dimenzionoj stabilnosti PET, hemijskoj otpornosti, mehaničkim svojstvima i transparentnosti. Imajući u vidu da se u formulaciji pesticida koriste organski rastvarači i jedinjenja petrohemijskog porekla koja mogu biti i toksična, jasno je da je izbor amabalaže za pakovanje pesticida izuzetno važan. U praksi tu odluku donosi proizvođač pesticida bez validne metode koja bi potvrdila opravdanost izbora određenog pakovanja. Takođe, upotreba pesticida upakovanih u plastičnu ambalažu doprinosi porastu ambalažnog otpada od plastičnih materijala. Na osnovu statističkih analiza o kretanju i postupanju sa ambalažnim otpadom u Evropi iz 2019. godine, oko 75 % ambalažnog otpada od plastičnih materijala se reciklira ili koristi kao energent, dok ostatak (oko 25 %) ukupnih količina ambalažnog otpada biva uskladišteno na deponijama, najčešće kao neadekvatno uskladišten ambalažni otpad bez procene rizika na životnu sredinu i uticaja degradacije polimera i ostataka upakovanih proizvoda koji se mogu zadržati u plastičnom materijalu. Cilj ove disertacije bio je ispitivanje mogućnosti i opravdanosti pakovanja organskih rastvarača i pesticida u obliku koncentrata za emluzije (EC) sa aspekta stabilnosti, sigurnosti i reciklabilnosti PET ambalaže uzimajući u obzir promene na PET ambalaži do kojih dolazi pod dejstvom upakovanih pesticida tokom životnog veka proizvoda. Osnova eksperimentalnog rada u disertaciji bila je metoda CIPAC 1.MT.46 koja se koristi za određivanje stabilnosti pesticida u originalnoj ambalaži i podrazumeva skladištenje pesticida na 54 ± 2 °C tokom 14 dana i simulaciju ponašanja proizvoda tokom dve godine roka trajanja („test starenja“). Promene na PET bocama konstatovane tokom „testa starenja“ (promena mase boca, promena stepena kristaliničnosti, promena dimenzija boca izazvane bubrenjem polimernog materijala, kao i sadržaj apsorbovanog rastvarača/pesticida) ukazale su na promene u strukturi PET boca. Udeo kristalne faze je određen metodom analize slike uz primenu softvera Image Pro Plus kao nedestruktivne metode kojom se brzo i efikasno dobijaju informacije o promeni strukture PET ambalaže tokom „veka trajanja" pesticida. Primenom analize slike detektovane su i izdvojene zone na bocama koje su pretrpele promene tokom „testa starenja”, a merenjem transperentnosti i stepena sivoće izdvojenih zona, izvršena je korelacija dobijenih podataka sa sadržajem udela kristalne faze PET-a. Konvencionalna DSC VI metoda za određivanje udela kristalne faze potvrdila je saglasnost sa rezultatima dobijenih određivanjem udela kristalne faze metodom analize slike. Pored promena u strukturi, eksperimentalni rezultati nakon „testa starenja“ ukazali su na različit stepen difuzije i emisije različitih tipova organskih rastvarača i pesticida kroz PET boce, ali i na značajnu količinu organskih rastvarača/pesticida koji su ostali apsorbovani u PET-u čime je potvrđena opravdanost kategorizacije PET ambalaže za pakovanje pesticida kao opasnog otpada koji zahteva poseban tretman. Na osnovu rezultata promena mase boca tokom „testa starenja“ različitih formulacija pesticida sa aktivnom materijom Cipermetrin (CY) u disertaciji je opisan i postupak stvaranja veštačke neuronske mreže sa opštom regresijom (General regression neural network -GRNN) čijom se primenom može predvideti emisija pesticida kroz PET boce. Na osnovu dobijenih eksperimentalnih podataka (promena mase boca sa pesticidima i vremena skladištenja), obučavanja i testiranja neuronske mreže, analizom „osetljivosti" modela veštačke neuronske mreže, dobijeni su pouzdani podaci o proceni emisije pesticida kroz PET ambalažu tokom vremena skladištenja. The use of poly (ethylene terephthalate), PET packaging in the pesticide industry is a consequence of good dimensional stability of PET, chemical resistance, mechanical properties and transparency. Bearing in mind that organic solvents and compounds of petrochemical origin are used in the formulation of pesticides, which can also be toxic, the choice of packaging for pesticide packaging is extremely important. In practice, this decision is made by the pesticide manufacturer without a valid method that would confirm the justification of the choice of a particular package. Also, the use of pesticides packed in plastic packaging contributes to the increase of packaging waste from plastic materials. Based on statistical analyzes on the movement and treatment of packaging waste in Europe in 2019, about 75% of packaging waste from plastic materials is recycled or used as energy, while the rest (about 25%) of total packaging waste is stored in landfills, most often as inadequately stored packaging waste without an environmental risk assessment and the impact of degradation of polymers and residues of packaged products that can be retained in the plastic material. The aim of this dissertation was to examine the possibility and justification of packaging organic solvents and pesticides in the form of emulsion concentrates (EC) from the aspect of stability, safety and recyclability of PET packaging, taking into account changes in PET packaging that occur under the action of packaged pesticides. The basis of experimental work in the dissertation was the method CIPAC 1.MT.46 which is used to determine the stability of pesticides in the original packaging and involves storing pesticides at 54 ± 2 ° C for 14 days and simulates the behavior of the product during two years ("aging test“). Changes in PET bottles observed during the "aging test" (change in the bottle weight, change in the degree of crystallinity, change in the bottle size caused by swelling of the polymer material, as well as the content of absorbed solvent / pesticide) indicated changes in the structure of PET bottles. The crystalline phase was determined by the image analysis method using Image Pro Plus software as a non-destructive method that quickly and VIII efficiently provides information on changes in the structure of PET packaging during the "shelflife" of pesticides. "Aging test", and by measuring the transparency and degree of grayness of the isolated zones, the obtained data were correlated with the content of the crystalline phase of PET. In addition to the changes in the structure, the experimental results after the "aging test" showed a different degree of diffusion and emission of different types of organic solvents and pesticides through PET bottles, but also a significant amount of organic solvents/pesticides that remained absorbed in PET, confirmed justification of categorization of PET packaging for pesticide packaging as hazardous waste that requires special treatment. Based on the results of the bottle mass change during the "aging test" of different pesticide formulations with the active substance Cypermethrin (CI), the dissertation describes the procedure of creating artificial neural networks with general regression (General regression neural network-GRNN) which can predict pesticide emissions through PET bottles. Based on the obtained experimental data (change in weight of pesticide bottles and storage time), training and testing of neural networks, analysis of "sensitivity" of artificial neural network models, reliable data on pesticide emissions through PET packaging during storage time were obtained.

Summary After the preparation of shale sample including polish and water equilibrium experiments, we take advantage of SEM technique to acquire original and dehydrated captures of chip shale processed under different moistures, count pore data and remarkable lengths with Image Pro plus visually and analyze statistical parameters on the basis of SEM pictures, then calculate changing ratio between original and processed parameter values under different moistures, in order to get a visual trend, curves of changing ratio with moisture are drawn, we discover complicated moisture influence pattern of organic pores and inorganic pores, two types of pores get influenced, this pattern can explain the increase of wellhole instability and earthquake risk.

Cell proliferation level is important in clinical diagnosis. Analysis of cell proliferation level can help to judge the development trend of patient's condition, which is helpful for diagnosis. In order to evaluate the level of cell proliferation, it is necessary to calculate the number and proportion of proliferating nuclei. However, when the number of nuclei is large, it will bring a great pressure on doctors, and the accuracy rate will also decline. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a scheme for automatic detection and counting of cell nuclei, which is large in number and densely distributed. Our dataset is obtained from mouse liver cells, a total of 136 samples, each containing 100-300 nuclei and the proliferation of nuclei are stained by immunohistochemical staining, of which 120 are trained using convolution neural network and 16 samples are tested to evaluate the effects of the models. Three models were trained by RetinaNet with backbone networks of Vgg6, ResNet50 and ResNet101 respectively, and compared with Image Pro Plus 6.0. Experiments show that our models achieve higher accuracy compared with 67.2% obtained by manual using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 for detection and counting. It can be seen that in terms of detection accuracy, our models are better than the analysis software widely used in hospitals, effectively solving the problems of long manual detection time and low accuracy. It can effectively help doctors to evaluate the level of cell proliferation, and then quickly make a corresponding diagnosis.

Purpose: The value of virtual touch tissue imaging (VTI) with support of Image-Pro Plus (IPP) for diagnosing malignant thyroid tumors was assessed in the present study. Methods: In this retrospective study, we enrolled 160 patients with 198 thyroid nodules. TI-RADS, VTI grade, and VTI with support of IPP (VTI-IPP) were underwent for each nodule. With the pathological diagnosis as the gold standard, the receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn to evaluate the diagnostic performance of VTI-IPP, VTI, TI-RADS, VTI-IPP combinate with TI-RADS in thyroid carcinoma. Results: VTI-IPP score >2, VTI score >3, TI-RADS score >1, and VTI-IPP combine with TI-RADS score >4 expressed the highest diagnostic value for malignant thyroid nodules, the areas under the curve (AUC) were 0.939, 0.905, 0.925, and 0.967, respectively. The combination indicated the largest AUC, compared with VTI-IPP and TI-RADS, respectively (P = 0.0054 and 0.0009). The performance of VTI-IPP in diagnosing thyroid carcinomas was better than VTI (P = 0.0321). Conclusion: Compare with VTI, VTI-IPP exhibited more excellent value in distinguishing between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. The value of malignant thyroid nodules diagnosis can be improved when VTI-IPP combines with TI-RADS.

Introduction:The Moyers’ probability tables are used in mixed dentition analysis to estimate the extent of space required for the alignment of canines and premolars, by correlating the mesiodistal size of lower incisors with the size of permanent canines and premolars.Objective:This study intended to evaluate the applicability of the Moyer's probability tables for predicting the mesiodistal space needed for the correct location of premolars and permanent canines non-erupted, in adolescents of the city of Cordoba, Argentina, who show different facial biotypes.Materials and Methods:Models and tele-radiographies of 478 adolescents of both genders from 10 to 15 years of age were analyzed. The tele-radiographies were measured manually in order to determine the facial biotype. The models were scanned with a gauged scanner (HP 3670) and measured by using Image Pro Plus 4.5 software.Results:According to this study, the comparison between the Moyer´s probability table, and the table created at the National University of Córdoba (UNC) (at 95%, 75%, and 50%) shows that, in both tables, a higher value of mesiodistal width of lower incisors corresponds to a bigger difference in the space needed for permanent canines and premolars; being the need for space for permanents canines and premolars bigger in the UNC´s table. On the other hand, when contrasting the values of mesiodistal space for permanent canines and premolars associated with each facial biotype, the discrepancies between groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). However, we found differences in the size of the space required according to the mesiodistal width range of the lower incisors for each biotype:a) The comparison of lower-range values, with a mesialdistal width of lower incisors less than 22 mm, the space required for permanent canines and premolars resulted smaller in patients with dolichofacial biotype than in patients with mesofacial and braquifacial biotypes. The latter biotypes have meager differences between them.b) The comparison of mid-range values, with a mesialdistal width of lower incisors from 22 to 25 millimeters, shows that the values of required alignment space are similar in the three facial biotypes.c) Finally, the comparison of upper range values, with a mesialdistal width of lower incisors greater than 25 millimeters, indicates that the space required for dolichofacial biotypes tends to be higher than in mesofacial and brachyfacial biotypes.Conclusion:The Moyer´s probability tables should be created to meet the needs of the population under study, with no consideration of patients’ facial biotypes.

Although the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has been widely used to identify the Microthrix parvicella (M. parvicella), there are a few disadvantages and difficulties, such as complicated process, time consuming, etc. In this work, a series of fluorescent probes, which were modified by long-chain alkane with hydrophobic property and based on the property of M. parvicella utilizing long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), for the labeling of M. parvicella in bulking sludge were designed, synthesized, and characterized. The probes were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, (1)H NMR spectra, and mass spectra, and the photostability and hydrophobic property of probes were investigated. All the results showed that the probes were quite stable and suitable for the fluorescent labeling. The probes had a large stoke shift of 98-137 nm, which was benefit for the fluorescent labeling. In the fluorescent labeling of M. parvicella by the synthesized probes, the probes had excellent labeling effects. By comparison of the images and the Image Pro Plus 6.0 analysis, the optimal concentration of the probes in the activated sludge sample for labeling was 0.010 mmol/L and the probe 3d had the best labeling. In addition, the effect of the duration time of probes was also investigated, and the results showed that the fluorescent intensity of probes hardly changed in a long period of time and it was suitable for labeling.

To study the effect of Al2O3 inclusions on pitting corrosion in steel, our researchers utilized industrial pure iron as the raw material with the addition of a proper amount of pure aluminum powder to form Al2O3 inclusions. Corrosion experiments were performed by exposing the samples to a 6% FeCl3 solution at room temperature (25 °C) for different lengths of time. Microscopic corrosion morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the size change of the inclusions was quantitatively analyzed with Image Pro Plus. The experimental results showed that pitting corrosion arose preferentially around the Al2O3 inclusions, and that pitting corrosion initiated at the junction of the Al2O3 inclusions. The steel matrix dissolved and micro-cracks occurred as the Al2O3 inclusions that were buried shallowly below the surface of the steel matrix promoted corrosion of the steel matrix. As corrosion progressed, the shallowly buried Al2O3 inclusions began to appear on the surface, and the small, shallow inclusions fell off and formed micro pits. Furthermore, the clustered distribution of alumina inclusions had a greater effect on pitting initiation than the alumina inclusions distributed alone.

Nadyr A Damasceno,1 Nadia C Miguel,2 Marcelo Palis Ventura,3 Miguel Burnier Jr,4 Marcos P Avila,5 Eduardo F Damasceno3 1Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, 2Laboratory of Neurohistology and Cell Ultrastructure, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 3Ophthalmology Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil; 4Ophthalmology Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; 5Ophthalmology Department, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania, Brazil Purpose: The aim of study was to evaluate the cross-link using riboflavin and ultraviolet A (UVA) for improving scleral wound healing.Materials and methods: This was an experimental study involving four New Zealand rabbits (eight eyes). Therapy procedure was chosen for the right eye and control procedure for the left one. UVA irradiation of 365nm with a surface irradiance of 3mW/cm2 and a photosensitizer of riboflavin drops were applied for 30minutes on the right eye at 2mm from the limbus. Sclerotomy incision was performed at 2mm from the limbus in both right (on the cross-link-treated area) and left eye. Then, 30 days after surgery, a morphological analysis and histological staining with hematoxylin–eosin and picrosirius red were performed, and the sclerotomy cicatrization of right and left eyes was compared. The variables investigated were as follows: sclerotomy incision pictures and measurements were made using the ImageJ Software. Scleral thickness was measured (employing the anterior optical coherence tomography and the digital caliper). Collagen fiber density stained with picrosirius red staining was measured using the Image Pro Plus software.Results: The morphological analysis showed that in all samples, the right eye presented sclerotomy closure, and in two eyes, among them, there were no visible edges of the sclerotomies incision. The left eye presented sclerotomy closure and incision edges. The Image Pro Plus demonstrated a higher density of collagen fibers in the right eye when compared to the left one. The statistical analysis was significant when compared to the collagen fiber density in the treated eyes with the control eyes.Conclusion: The cross-link procedure resulted in a better sclerotomy wound healing. Keywords: sclerotomy wound healing, cross-linking, ultraviolet A, riboflavin

Calcium hydroxide (CH) is applied to improve disinfection of root canals in most root canal retreatment. This study aimed to analyze the CH removal efficacy using 7 different root preparing files (K file, pre-curved K file, EndoActivator, Ultrasonic file, pre-curved ultrasonic file, F file and needle irrigation alone) with apical transportation. Standardized models of curved canal with such apical transportation or not were set up before applying CH to root canal for 7 days. Seven techniques described above were used for its removal. Then the roots were disassembled and digital photos were taken. The ratio of residual CH in the overall canal surface was calculated using the image analyzer image pro plus 6.0. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test. Results revealed that CH was effectively removed (P0.05) by using all 6 mechanical methods except irrigation alone. In curved root canals with apical transportation, EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file were found to be more effective in removing CH than the other four file (P0.001), while there was no significant difference among EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file groups (P0.05). The percentage of residual CH in the canal with apical transportation was higher than that in the canal without apical transportation (P0.05). In conclusion, CH can be hardly removed completely. Canal with apical transportation will result in insufficient CH removal. EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file are more effective in the curved root canal with apical transportation.

A quantitative method which is named as ‘Wear Area Method’ (WAM) is proposed to characterize the brazed diamond tool wear in this paper. To different diamond grain forms, we present different definitions of their wear area. And with above foundation, the concept ‘Tool Wear Rate’ (TWR) is defined to describe the wear level of tool. Then we propose a corresponding measurement way which depends on the SEM photos and software Image pro plus to get the wear area. Finally, we set a face grinding experiment of sapphire to confirm the availability of this new method.

The traditional anatomical description of the seminal vesicles is based on autopsy and imaging studies. Trans-peritoneal robotic-assisted laproscopic surgery, with its three-dimensional magnified view and miniature articulated working instruments, provides an opportunity to perform accurate dissections of the seminal vesicles even when extremely long and tortuous. We used specimens obtained by robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RLRP) for accurate anatomic assessment of the dimensions of the seminal vesicles. Digital photos of 78 specimens from men (mean age 59 ± 6.1 years) who underwent RLRP were analyzed using the Image Pro Plus software. Seminal vesicle dimensions were correlated with patients’ age, weight, height, prostate weight, sexual function profile (SHIM) and symptom severity score of the lower urinary tract symptoms (IPSS). We found that the length of the seminal vesicles is highly variable (range of 8.5–94.6 mm). The average seminal vesicle length was 31 ± 10.3 mm and its average volume 7.1 ± 5.2 ml. The right seminal vesicle was significantly larger than the left in length, width and volume (P

Peyer's patches (PPs) are typical gut-associated lymphoid tissues that are located along the wall of the small intestine and that serve as the major sites for generation of immunity to intestinal antigens. Their unique micro-organization is crucial for the generation of the immune response. Although many studies have been reported on the functional anatomy of PP, most investigations have relied on the random sampling of these organs, a procedure that is insufficient for the systemic scanning of the whole tissue or organ. By combining a variety of methods, we have accomplished 3D reconstructions of Peyer's patch. The complex reconstruction procedure includes several steps. First, the PP are serially sectioned at a thickness of 10 microm with a cryostat; (b) the serial sections are stained with haematoxylin-eosin; (c) multiple images from the PP are acquired with an automatic microscope and stitched together with Image Pro Plus to generate a composite image for the whole organ; (d) the serial images are reconstructed with Image J, Reconstruct and 3D Studio Max. The combinational approaches that we present here should be of value when extrapolated to the reconstruction of other tissues or organs. Moreover, the 3D model that we have created and our stereological analysis should be extremely helpful for further in vivo microscopic studies of PP with respect to the immune response.

Cavitation damage of the medium carbon steel was performed using the modified vibratory cavitation test set up. Erosion rates were measured by analytical method. The morphology of damage under cavitation action was determined by optical microscopy techniques. Image analysis was used for determination change of the ratio of ferritic phase in the heat treated medium carbon steel during cavitation action. Implementation of image analysis was done by Image Pro Plus Program.

Objetivou-se, com esse trabalho, caracterizar as populações de Apis mellifera da mesorregião do Sertão paraibano, comparando os indivíduos morfometricamente. As medidas tomadas foram: comprimento da asa anterior (CAA) e largura da asa anterior (LAA), ângulos B4, E9, G18, J16, K19, N23, O26 e distância b (Db); comprimento da asa posterior (CAP) e largura da asa posterior (LAP), distância L2 (DL2), L5 (DL5) e ângulo W3, comprimento do fêmur (CF), comprimento da tíbia (CT), comprimento do tarso (CTS) e largura do tarso (LTS) e comprimento da probóscide (CP). Para a comparação das diferentes variáveis estudadas utilizou-se a análise de variância, o teste de Tukey, análise canônica e o teste de Tocher a 5% de significância. Para as medidas realizadas em cada amostra utilizou-se um equipamento de análise de imagens, Programa Image Pro Plus 4.0. As variáveis CTS e LTS, ângulos G18 e K19 e DL2 diferiram significativamente (p

The objective of this study was to create and evaluate a routine (macro) using Image-Pro Plus 4.5 software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, USA) for automatic counting of labeled nuclei by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry. A total of 154 digital color images were obtained from eleven sections of reticular oral lichen planus stained by PCNA immunohistochemistry. Mean density (gray-level), red density, green density, blue density, area, minor axis, perimeter rate and roundness were parameters used for PCNA labeled nuclei discrimination, followed by their outlined presentation and counting in each image by the macro. Mean density and area thresholds were automatically defined based, respectively, on mean density and mean area of PCNA labeled nuclei in the assessed image. The reference method consisted in visual counting of manually outlined labeled nuclei. Statistical analysis of macro results versus reference countings showed a very significant correlation (r s = 0.964, p < 0.001) for general results and a high level (89.8 ± 3.8%) of correctly counted labeled nuclei. We conclude that the main parameters associated with a high correlation between macro and reference results were mean density (gray-level) and area thresholds based on image profiles; and that Image-Pro Plus 4.5 using a routine with automatic definition of mean density and area thresholds can be considered a valid alternative to visual counting of PCNA labeled nuclei. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e avaliar uma macro (rotina informatizada) usando o programa Image-Pro Plus 4.5 (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, EUA) para a contagem automática de núcleos imunopositivos para o antígeno nuclear em célula proliferante (PCNA). Utilizamos 154 imagens microscópicas digitalizadas coloridas obtidas de onze cortes histológicos de líquen plano oral reticular processados por imuno-histoquímica para PCNA. Os parâmetros densidade média (nível de cinza), densidades de vermelho, de verde e de azul, área, eixo menor, taxa de perímetro e redondeza foram usados para a discriminação dos núcleos imunopositivos pela macro, que, no final do processo, apresentava estes núcleos delineados e contados na imagem estudada. A definição dos limites de corte para densidade média e área foi realizada automaticamente em função, respectivamente, da média da densidade e da média da área dos núcleos imunopositivos presentes em cada imagem. Para controle, foi realizado o delineamento manual dos núcleos imunopositivos sobre as imagens digitalizadas e sua contagem visual. A comparação entre os resultados das contagens da macro versus contagens do controle mostrou uma correlação estatística significativa (r s = 0,964, p < 0,001) e uma alta proporção (89,8 ± 3,8%) de núcleos imunopositivos contados coerentemente pela macro. Concluímos que os principais parâmetros associados com a alta correlação entre os resultados da macro e do controle foram os limites de corte para densidade média (nível de cinza) e área baseados no padrão das imagens. Além disso, a análise de imagem usando o Image-Pro Plus 4.5 com definição automática dos limites de corte para densidade média e área pode ser considerada uma alternativa válida para o método visual de contagem de núcleos imunopositivos para PCNA.

The digastric muscle is located in the suprahyoid region on each side and frequently exhibits two muscular bellies (anterior and posterior) linked by an intermediate tendon. The paired digastric muscles act together either depressing the mandible or elevating the hyoid bone; therefore acting as a single muscle with important physiological roles. In the present study, the digastric muscle has been analyzed bilaterally in 74 adult human cadavers. A computerized morphometrical investigation of the digastric muscles has been performed (Image Pro Plus software package, Media Cybernetics, USA) and the resulting quantitative data have been statistically assessed (SPSS 11.0 for Windows, USA). We hereby propose an original morphological classification that encompasses five types (I-V) for the anterior belly (AB); three types (I-III) for the intermediate tendon (IT); and two types (I-II) for the posterior belly (PB) of the human digastric muscle. In each digastric muscle, the aforementioned anatomical types have been characterized according to the muscular bellies and intermediate tendon. Consequently, as a result of the combinations of those diverse types, individual digastric muscles have been considered as pertaining to distinctive morphological patterns (named from A to J). Cases with absence of either AB or PB have been included in patterns K and L and would be more appropriately defined as monogastric muscles. This innovative classification provides clear-cut anatomical parameters for interpreting morphological variants of the digastric muscle with relevant clinical and surgical correlations.

RESUMO: Objectivo: Realizar a medida da área vascular tumoral e a contagem individual dos microvasos, demonstrados por imuno-histoquímica, em imagens de campos microscópicos de carcinoma de células não pequenas dos pulmões, verificando a correlação dessas medidas com a sobrevida dos pacientes. Tipo do estudo: transversal e observacional. Material e métodos: O material foi proveniente de peças cirúrgicas de 107 pacientes com carcinoma de células não pequenas dos pulmões tratados no Pavilhão Pereira Filho â Santa Casa de Porto Alegre. A partir de cortes de tecido incluídos em parafina, foi realizada imuno-histoquímica com o anticorpo monoclonal anti-CD 34 (clone QB-End10; DAKO Corporation). A área vascular tumoral e a contagem de microvasos foram obtidas com o auxílio do programa de computador Image Pro Plus â 3.0. Resultados: A sobrevida média, em cinco anos, nos casos com alta área vascular (utilizando a média das áreas como ponto de corte) foi 21,7 meses±2,5, sendo significativamente menor (P < 0,0001) do que os de baixa área vascular, com 38,9 meses±3,0. O coeficiente de correlação entre a medida de área de microvasos e a contagem numérica destes foi 0,5 (P = = 0,001). A área vascular tumoral apresentou maior correlação com a sobrevida (coef. correlação â 0,48/P=0,001) do que a contagem numérica dos microvasos tumorais (coef. de correlação â 0,2 / P=0,03). Não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre a medida de área de microvasos e classificação histológica do tumor, sistema TNM, estado linfonodal e estadiamento clínico. Conclusão: A medida de área vascular tumoral, estabelecida com auxílio de computador, pode ser utilizada como um factor prognóstico para o carcinoma de células não pequenas dos pulmões.REV PORT PNEUMOL IX (1): 19-32 ABSTRACT: Objective: To accomplish the tumor vascular area measure and the microvessel count, shown by immunohistochemistry, in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) microscopic images, and verify the correlation between these measurements and patients survival. Design: cross-sectional and observational. Material and methods: The material was deriving from 107 NSCLC surgical specimens in Pavilhão Pereira Filho â Santa Casa, Porto Alegre. Immunohistochemistry with anti-CD 34 monoclonal antibody (QB-End10; DAKO Corporation) was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The tumoral vascular area and the microvessel count were obtained by Image Pro Plus â 3.0 program. Results: The 5-year survival rate of high vascular area group (the cut-off was the mean of areas) was 21.7 months±2.5, significantly lower (P < 0.0001) than the low vascular area cases, 38.9 months±3.0. The correlation coefficient between microvessel area and microvessel count was 0.5 (P=0.001). The tumoral vascular area shown higher correlation to survival (correlation coefficient: â0.48 / P=0.001) than the tumoral microvessel count (correlation coefficient: â0.2 / P=0.03). There was not any significant correlation between the microvessel areas and the histological type, the TNM, the lymph nodes status and the clinical staging. Conclusion: The tumoral vascular area measurement, with computed assistance, can be used as a prognostic marker in NSCLC.REV PORT PNEUMOL IX (1): 19-32 Palavras-chave: Angiogénese, CD 34, Imuno-histoquímica, Carcinoma de células não pequenas dos pulmões, Análise de imagem, Key-words: Angiogenesis, CD 34, Immunohistochemistry, NSCLC, Image analysis

To evaluate the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CCSC) by measuring the mean choroidal thickness (MCT) and the lumen area of abnormal choroidal vessels (LAACV).A total of 36 eyes of 18 patients with monocular CCSC were included in this study. The CCSC eyes received PDT with a half dose (3mg/m(2)) of verteporfin and follow-up examinations were carried out for 3 months after PDT. The boundary of choroids and abnormal choroidal vessels (round or ovoid dark regions) were characterized using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. The MCT and LAACV were analyzed by two investigators masked to the diagnosis and the treatment of CCSC using the Image Pro Plus 6.0 software.The MCT of CCSC eyes was significantly greater than that of normal eyes at baseline (P0.0001), but it significantly decreased at the last follow-up examination after PDT (P0.0001). The LAACV of the last follow-up examination was significantly smaller than that of the first follow-up examination (P0.0001). Moreover, the LAACV showed a significant correlation with the MCT in CCSC eyes.The MCT and LAACV are useful for quantitative evaluation of the effects of PDT on CCSC.

In this study the feasibility of using the latest image capture, processing, and analysis techniques in the oyster embryo-larval development (OEL) test was assessed. This initially involved determining whether the OEL test could be carried out in multiwell plates (which would assist in the application of the image analysis technique), based on data from tests with the reference toxicant zinc and industrial effluents. The study then ascertained which of the 31 image analysis parameters of the Image Pro Plus software used was most appropriate for differentiating between the D larvae and non-D larvae at the end of the test procedure in a manner similar to that of visual observations. On the basis of the zinc reference toxicant and effluent test data derived in this study, the OEL test can be effectively carried out in 24 chamber multiwell plates, which provides the opportunity to count objects with image analysis software. The use of the image analysis parameters area and size (length) in combination resulted in mean control abnormalities and EC 50 values in zinc reference toxicant tests which were not significantly different statistically from corresponding values derived using visual observations. Discrimination using the area and length parameters may be improved by the inclusion of other parameters in a suite of measurements which would reduce interference from extraneous material or lighting artefacts. Furthermore, the use of multiwell plates and image analysis can eliminate the variability associated with sub-sampling and inter-operator differences in the counts of D larvae and non-D larvae which is evident with the current visual observation method.

Dentre as variações morfológicas possivelmente associadas ao potencial fisiológico das sementes está o tamanho do embrião. Uma das abordagens atuais da pesquisa sobre análise de imagens de sementes radiografadas é verificar até que ponto a relação entre o grau de desenvolvimento embrionário e o espaço disponível na cavidade interna da semente está associada ao desempenho da semente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a eficiência de diferentes testes na avaliação do vigor de sementes de algodão ao longo do armazenamento, verificar a possível relação entre o espaço livre na cavidade interna e o potencial fisiológico das sementes durante o armazenamento e verificar se há relação entre o espaço livre e o desempenho de sementes de algodão. Diferentes lotes de sementes de algodão, cultivares BRS 293 e FMT 709, foram armazenados em câmara fria e seca (10 °C e 30% de UR do ar) e em ambiente natural, durante oito meses. As avaliações da germinação e do vigor (primeira contagem de germinação, germinação a baixa temperatura, envelhecimento acelerado tradicional e com solução saturada de NaCl, emergência de plântulas em campo e análise computadorizada de imagens de plântulas - SVIS®) foram realizadas a cada dois meses de armazenamento. Para avaliação do espaço livre, as sementes de cada lote foram radiografadas e analisadas por meio dos softwares Tomato Analyzer e Image-Pro® Plus. Os resultados indicaram que os testes de envelhecimento acelerado (tradicional e com solução saturada de NaCl), emergência de plântulas em campo e SVIS® (comprimento de plântulas) são adequados para avaliação do vigor de sementes de algodão, sendo o envelhecimento acelerado tradicional e as análises SVIS® (comprimento de plântulas) sensíveis para detectar redução no potencial fisiológico das sementes durante o armazenamento. No entanto, a queda do vigor das sementes de algodão não está associada ao espaço livre na cavidade interna das sementes. Contudo, há indícios de uma relação inversamente proporcional entre o espaço livre e a germinação de sementes de algodão. One of the morphological variations usually referred as associated to seed physiological potential is the embryo size. A primary interest of image analysis of Xrayed seeds is to identify whether the ratio between the degree of embryo development and the available space in the internal seed cavity is related to seed performance. The objectives of this research were to verify the accuracy of different tests to assess the vigor of cotton seeds during storage, to check the possible relationship between the free space and cotton seed physiological potential during storage and to verify if the relationship between the free space and cotton seed performance exist. Cotton seed lots of BRS 293 and FMT 709 cultivars were stored during eight months under two environments: cold and dry chamber (10 °C and 30% relative air humidity) and laboratory non-controlled condition. Evaluations of seed germination and vigor (germination first count, cool germination, traditional and saturated salt accelerated aging, field seedling emergence and seedling imaging automated analysis - SVIS®) were performed at two months intervals during storage. Free space was evaluated in radiographed seeds from each lot using Tomato Analyzer and Image-Pro® Plus softwares. Results showed that the accelerated aging tests (traditional and with saturated NaCl), field seedling emergence and SVIS® (seedling length) are suitable for evaluate the cotton seed vigor and the traditional accelerated aging and SVIS® (seedling length) are sensitive to detect reductions in seed physiological potential during storage. However, the reduction of cotton seed vigor is not associated with the free space in the internal cavity of the seed. Nevertheless, there is evidence of an inverse relationship between the free space and germination of cotton seed.

Alumina based specimens having different content of alumina based fibers were investigated for possible application as cavitation resistant material. Cavitation damages of the alumina based specimens were tested by the modified vibratory cavitation set up. Erosion rates were measured based on the method developed for metallic samples, mass loss was measured during the experiment. Surface erosion was determined during the experiment simultaneously to mass loss measurements. Image Pro Plus Program was applied for surface analysis during testing. Results indicate that investigated material exhibit excellent mechanical properties and very good resistance to cavitation erosion. Aluminozni materijali, kojima je zbog poboljšanja svojstava dodat različit sadržaj vlakana na bazi aluminijum oksida, korišćeni su u ispitivanjima otpornosti na kavitaciju zbog moguće primene u sličnim uslovima. Kavitaciona oštećenja aluminoznih uzoraka testirana su modifikovanom ultrazvučnom metodom za ispitivanje brzine kavitacione erozije. Merena brzina erozije bazirana je na metodi koja je razvijena za metalne uzorke, a tokom eksperimenta meren je gubitak mase i promena oštećenja površine. Analiza slike primenjena je za površinsku analizu tokom testiranja. Rezultati pokazuju da ispitivani materijal ima odlična mehanička svojstva i veoma dobru otpornost na kavitaciju.

Fluorescence labeling techniques are quite useful to microscopists. Not only can fluorescent probes label sub-cellular structures with a high degree of specificity, they can also do so with a very high degree of sensitivity. This combination of specificity and sensitivity permits observations of cellular events that are not always visible using traditional methodologies, such as brightfield microscopy.

Structural differences such as abnormalities, damage and free spaces in seeds may affect germination. The aim of this study was to study the relationship between eggplant seed morphology and seed germination. Ten seed lots of the eggplant cultivar Embu were evaluated by X-ray image analysis and the germination test. Seed image analysis was performed by Image Pro Plus® software and the whole seed area and free space between the embryo and endosperm were measured. The internal seed area filled by the embryo and endosperm was calculated from the difference between the whole seed and free space areas. Based on these results and visual seed analysis, seeds were classified into three categories and information on germination was obtained for each one. X-ray image analysis provides a perfect view of the internal seed parts and for seed morphology studies. An increase in seed area filled by the endosperm and embryo does not improve seed germination. Mechanical seed damage and deteriorated tissues can adversely affect seed germination. Diferenças estruturais como anormalidades, danos e áreas livres no interior da semente podem afetar diretamente a germinação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a relação existente entre a morfologia interna de sementes de berinjela e a germinação. Para tanto, sementes de berinjela, representadas por 10 lotes (cultivar Embu), foram avaliadas por meio do teste de raios X, sendo posteriormente submetidas ao teste de germinação. As imagens das sementes foram analisadas com o software Image Pro Plus® e o espaço livre entre o embrião e o endosperma de cada semente foi mensurado calculando-se o espaço da cavidade interna das sementes ocupado pelo embrião e endosperma, por diferença; com base nestes dados e na análise visual das sementes, foi realizada a classificação das sementes em três categorias e os resultados foram confrontados com os dados de germinação. Conclui-se que a análise de raios X permite a visualização das partes componentes das sementes de berinjela e, assim, possibilita o estudo da relação entre a morfologia interna e a germinação. A presença de maior área ocupada pelo embrião e endosperma não favoreceu a germinação. Danos mecânicos ou presença de tecidos deteriorados nas sementes podem afetar negativamente a germinação.

SummaryCertain morphological changes at the subcellular level caused by the current techniques forin vitroembryo production seem to affect mitochondria. Many of these, including dysfunctional changes, have been associated with the presence of serum in the culture medium. Thus, the aim of the present work was to assess the mitochondrial dynamics occurring in embryos during the first 4 days of development, in order to analyze the most appropriate time for adding the serum. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs to calculate the embryo area occupied by the different morphological types of mitochondria, and analyzed them with Image Pro Plus analyzer. The results showed hooded mitochondria as the most representative type in 1- to 4-day-old embryos. Swollen, on-fusion, orthodox and vacuolated types were also present. When analyzed in embryos cultured without serum, the dynamics of the different mitochondrial types appeared to be similar, a fact that may provide evidence that the developmental changes control the mitochondrial dynamics, and that swollen mitochondria may not be completely inactive. In contrast, in culture medium supplemented with serum from estrous cows, we observed an increased area of hooded mitochondria by developmental day 4, a fact that may indicate an increased production of energy compared with previous days. According to these results, the bovine serum added to the culture medium seems not to be responsible for the functional changes in mitochondria.

Over the past decades, immunohistochemistry has gained significance and already taken a crucial position in diagnosis of diseases and prognosis of patients. However, manual interpretation of immunohistochemistry and reproducibility of the scoring systems can be highly subjective. In the article, the immunohistochemical staining of survivin in 98 rectal cancers was analyzed by using Image Pro-Plus (IPP) [3 parameters: density mean, area sum, and integrated optical density (IOD)] and the results were compared with visual assessment (2 parameters: intensity and percentage). The correlations between the 2 methods were examined, significant correlations were observed between density mean and staining intensity (Spearman correlation coefficient, rs=0.806, P0.001), IOD and staining intensity (rs=0.914, P0.001), area sum and staining percentage (rs=0.883, P0.001), IOD and staining percentage (rs=0.884, P0.001). There was no significant difference between survivin expression and clinicopathologic variables (P0.05) by visual assessment. However, by IPP analysis, both the density mean and IOD were higher in better-differentiated cancers than in worse differentiated ones (P=0.02 and 0.03). There was a substantial agreement between the 2 methods. Density mean and IOD of IPP were representative parameters to assess the immunostaining quantification, and increased sensitivity in scoring and provided a more reliable and reproducible analysis of protein expression, especially, more information of the protein expression in relation to clinicopathologic variables can be provided by IPP analysis.

The funds utilized were to purchase a microscope to support several projects at Wright State University and at the Materials and Manufacturing Directorate at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/RX). The microscope purchased was the Leica DMI 6000B fully automated inverted microscope for phase and fluorescence with motorized stage with dry and oil immersion objectives, Qlmaging Retiga EXI camera with the RGB liquid crystal color filter slider module, Image Pro Plus 6.2 DMA software, shuttle computer with dual monitors to acquire and analyze the data. Three research projects that are in collaboration between WSU and AFRL/RX that will benefit from this microscope is Biomaterials Research, Biosensor Research and Cancer Biology.

Summary Histological studies of the human recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs) have described differences in fiber length and thickness between the right and left RLNs. This asymmetry is probably involved in the different times of arrival of the stimuli to the laryngeal musculature controlled by each nerve. Histological and structural differences between the right and left RLNs could explain the synchronicity of laryngeal musculature contraction despite the differing nerve lengths. The purpose of this investigation was to shed some light on this paradigm by obtaining estimates of some morphometric parameters, such as intraperineural area, intraperineural perimeter, fiber area, fiber perimeter, fiber density (number of fibers/mm 2 ), and total number of fibers in the right and left RLN of humans. Thus, the right and left RLNs were studied in a total sample of eight human specimens obtained from necropsies. The nerves were analyzed using histology, and the morphometric parameters were measured using Image Pro Plus Software 4.1 (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA). No statistical differences between the two RLNs were observed in the intraperineural area, intraperineural perimeter, density (number of fibers/mm 2 ), and total number of fibers. However, the area and perimeter of fibers of the right RLN were statistically larger when compared with those of the left RLN—21% and 11%, respectively. In conclusion, we show that in humans, the area and perimeter of the right RLN are larger than those of the left RLN. This morphological finding is probably related to the different time of arrival of the stimulus to the laryngeal musculature.

Methods for the investigation of microstructure of construction concretes are presented in this paper. Concrete is a composite material, thus its microstructure consists of bonding agent (cement) and aggregate with predefined grain sizes. Microstructure can be investigated with methods such are: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Image Pro Plus - PC program for image analysis. Phase content and certain properties can be investigated using X-ray diffraction, DTA, TGA and dilatometer. Metods are described using sample of concrete with recycled chamotte filler. U radu je dat pregled instrumentalnih metoda koje se najčešće koriste u ispitivanju mikrostrukture, faznog sastava i intergranularnog prostora konstrukcionih betona. Mikrostrukturu betona, kao kompozitnog materijala, čine vezivo i zrna agregata definisanih veličina i za ispitivanja se mogu primeniti: mikroskopija (SEM i optički mikroskop) i metoda kompjuterske analize slike - Image Pro Plus. Fazni sastav betona i pojedina svojstva mogu se odrediti pomoću X-ray difrakcije (rendgena), diferencijalno termijske analize - DTA, termogravimetrijske analize - TGA i dilatometrijske metode. Prikaz metoda izvršen je na uzorcima betona sa punilom na bazi recikliranih šamotnih opeka.

In the framework of this research, the program Image Pro Plus was applied for determining the polymer-oxidizer interactions in HTPB-based composite propellants. In order to improve the interactions, different bonding agents were used, and their efficiency was analyzed. The determination of the quantity, area and radius of non-bonded oxidizer crystals is presented. The position of formed cracks in the specimen and their area have a great influence on the mechanical properties of composite propellant. The preparation of the composite propellant in order to enable the photographing of their structure by means of stereoscopic and metallographic microscopes with the digital camera is also described as well. . U okviru istraživanja program Image Pro Plus je primenjen za određivanje interakcija između polimera i oksidansa u kompozitnim gorivima na bazi HTPB. U cilju poboljšanja ovih interakcija, korišćeni su različiti vezujući agensi i analizirana je njihova efikasnost. U radu je takođe vršeno određivanje količine, udela, površine i prečnika čestica, koje nisu vezane za polimer. Površina formiranih pukotina i njihova raspodela u uzorku imaju veliki uticaj na mehanička svojstva kompozita. Priprema uzoraka kompozitnih goriva za snimanje njihove morfološke strukture pomoću stereomikroskopa i metalografskog mikroskopa sa digitalnom kamerom je takođe opisana. .

Summary Objectives (a) To validate a method for acquiring reproducible radiographic images and repeatable measurements of digital images. (b) To investigate the clinical and radiographic changes following periodontal surgery and in a periodontally healthy control group. Methods In-vitro study . Sixteen dried human skulls had replicate intra-oral radiographs taken using an extra-oral alignment apparatus under simulated clinical conditions, and measurements were made on the images using Image Pro-Plus ® analysis software. In-vivo study . Seven subjects, aged 38–63 years with chronic periodontitis, were treated using replaced flap surgery. Nine patients with healthy periodontal tissues were recruited as a control group. Clinical measurements and radiographs were taken pre-surgery and 6 months afterwards, and at the same interval for untreated healthy controls using the alignment apparatus. Radiographs were analysed using Image Pro-Plus ® and subtraction radiography. Results Radiographs had a high degree of reliability (ICC 0.98–0.99) for the in-vitro study and intra-operator repeatability of measurements was high (ICC 0.65–0.99) for the in-vivo study. Over this interval there were both significant clinical improvements and in bone gain within infra-bony defects on radiographs. Subtracted images showed that out of 17 surgically treated sites, 13 showed evidence of bone gain, one showed no change, two showed bone loss and one could not be interpreted due to poor alignment. Overall there were no significant clinical or radiographic changes in the control group. Conclusions Radiographic images were highly reproducible. Measurements had a high degree of repeatability. The methods used allowed accurate quantitative and qualitative measurement of change in alveolar bone. This technique would allow accurate measurement of any changes in alveolar bone levels in patients with periodontal disease.

The purposes of this study were to compare the efficacy of irrigation systems by removing a calcium hydroxide paste from the apical third of the root canal and the effect of the patency file. Sixty single rooted human teeth were used in this study. The canals were instrumented by a crown-down manner with .04 taper ProFile to ISO #35. and distilled water were mixed and placed inside the root canals. The teeth were divided into 6 groups according to the root canal irrigation system and the use of patency file as follows: group 1 - conventional method: group 2 - : group 3 - ; group 4 - conventional method, patency: group 4 - , patency; group 6 - , patency. All teeth were irrigated with sodium hypochlorite. After the root canal irrigation, the teeth were split in bucco-lingual aspect. Percentage of the root canal surface coverage with residual until 3 mm from working length was analyzed using Image Pro Plus ver. 4.0. Statistical analysis was performed using the One-way ANOVA, t-test and Scheffe's post-hoc test. Conventional groups had significantly more debris than , groups. There was no significant difference between and groups. Groups with patency file showed more effective in removing paste than no patency groups. but. it was no significant difference. This study showed that and systems were more effective in removing paste from the apical third of the root canal than conventional method.

The purpose of this study is to observe and compare the remineralization tendencies of artificially demineralized enamel by remineralization solutions of different degree of saturations at pH 5.5, using a polarizing microscope and computer programs (Photoshop, Image pro plus, Scion Image, Excel). For this study, 36 sound permanent teeth with no signs of demineralization, cracks, or dental restorations were used. The specimens were immersed in lactic acid demineralization solution for 3 days in order to produce dental caries artificially that consist of surface and subsurface lesions. Each of 9 or 10 specimens was immersed in pH 5.5 lactic acid buffered remineralization solution of three different degrees of saturation (0.25, 0.30, 0.35) for 12 days. After the demineralization and remineralization, images were taken by a polarizing microscope . The results were obtained by observing images of the specimens, and using computer programs, the density of caries lesions were determined. In conclusion, in the group with the lowest degree of saturation, remineralization occurred thoroughly from the surface to the subsurface lesion, whereas in the groups with greater degree of saturation showed no significant change in the subsurface lesion, although there was corresponding increase in the remineralization width on the surface zones.