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Background The Medical University of Warsaw began teaching at the faculty of Public Health at the Division of Health Science in the academic year 2000/2001. Initially, it only offered M.A. studies; however B.A. degrees were introduced in 2003. Student self-assessment of their level of preparedness to embark on a career path upon completion of their studies, as well as their opinion on the degree to which specific education outcomes were achieved in their course of studies can be of high practical significance and can become a launchpad for the improvement and excellence of the quality of education at the faculty of Public Health. Aim of the study The purpose of the study was to compare opinions on achieving education outcomes and self-assessments of the perceived level of readiness to start a job of B.A. graduates at the Faculty of Public Health, Division of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw. Material and methods The anonymous questionnaire consisted of two parts: 1. Students’ self-assessment of reaching the assumed education outcomes; 2. Students’ assessment of reaching the assumed education outcomes in the course of their studies. Each statement was assessed in a 5-point Likert scale. The studied population included 85 B.A. graduates (2015/16) (82 female, 3 males – 96% female). The mean age of students in the studied group was 23 ± 7.2 years. Results The most important result was the high degree of compliance identified between the students' self-assessments and the assessment of the level of education outcomes achieved in the course of their studies. Conclusions Graduate self-assessments and opinions on the level of achieving education outcomes during B.A. studies can help to modify the curriculum in question following the principles of evidence-based education. Such studies should be carried out regularly to adapt to current graduate needs and labour market requirements.

Introduction: Nurses became the largest medical group exposed to direct contact with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this study, we aimed to assess the readiness and motivation for vaccination, as well as the use of sources of information and attitudes toward vaccination depending on the psychological profile. Material and methods: A cross-sectional online survey study was conducted. The study included 145 novice nurses from 8 medical universities who completed 3-year undergraduate studies. Women constituted 97.2% of the respondents (N = 141). The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Brief Resilient Coping Scale, and an original questionnaire were used. Variables were analyzed with descriptive statistics methods. A p-value of

The introduction of vaccines preventing a severe course of COVID-19 disease is particularly important in immunocompromised patients, among whom organ recipients and patients awaiting transplantation constitute a large group. The article is a critical review of 68 recent publications on the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on transplantology worldwide. The study discusses research results concerning various aspects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in transplant patients; it also lists important factors influencing vaccination effectiveness. A suboptimal immune response to 2 doses of vaccine in this group of patients is a major challenge prompting further research. Therefore, this review aims to provide an update on the humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination following solid organ transplantation.

Introduction. Although statistical data demonstrate a systematic decrease in the interest in Public Health among student applicants, growth in the importance of public health professionals in the health system is increasingly recognised. Master’s degree graduates in Public Health, Warsaw Medical University have a broad spectrum of possibilities when choosing their career path. The present study aimed to analyse plans for further education and career path among Master’s degree graduates from the Public Health Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, Warsaw Medical University. Materials and methods. The study involved 86 graduates (women constituted 83% of all) from the second-cycle degree programme in Public Health at the Public Health Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, Warsaw Medical University. The study enrolled second-cycle degree students who graduated in the academic year 2015–2016. Mean age of the study population amounted to 26.88 years (min. 24; max. 52; SD 4.540). The study used a questionnaire developed by the authors at the Department of Teaching and Education Outcomes, Faculty of Health Sciences, Warsaw Medical University, based on the list of educational outcomes adopted by the resolution of Warsaw Medical University Senate. Students filled in the questionnaire after graduation while receiving the certificate evidencing completion of the programme in the Dean’s Office Results. Most respondents graduated from the second-cycle degree programme in Public Health (n = 67.78%) specialising in Management (n = 49.57%). Over 80% of graduates did not intend to commence a third-cycle degree programme (doctoral course). Most study participants worked during their studies (n = 61.71%) and their job was related to the area of public health (n = 37.43%). Graduates saw themselves in a job that is consistent with their major (n = 60.70%), in public sector (n = 33.38%) and in managerial positions (n = 23, 27%). Conclusions. 1. There is a need to show students as early as during their educational cycle a wide range of employment options they have after graduation, for instance by recommending summer internship places. 2. A summer internship database for students should be developed at Warsaw Medical University in order to help Public Health students enter the health system.

Purpose. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is recognized by the healthcare community as the gold standard for the provision of safe and compassionate healthcare. The aim was to describe nurses’ knowled...

Let’s look for leaders – we need them! A survey on the authentic leadership competences among nursing students

Grypa jako choroba zakaźna wystepująca powszechnie stanowi niezmiennie aktualny problem i zagrozenie dla zdrowia i zycia. Zgodnie z danymi WHO kazdego roku na grype choruje do 1,5 miliarda osob, a w wyniku tej choroby umiera nawet 1 milion populacji. Najskuteczniejszą metode zapobiegania grypie stanowią szczepienia ochronne. Wedlug zalecen WHO szczepieniem powinien byc objety jak najwiekszy odsetek światowej populacji. Szczepieniom powinny poddac sie przede wszystkim osoby z grup wysokiego ryzyka oraz male dzieci. Nowe szczepionki przeciwko grypie pojawiają sie na przelomie września i października, i to w tym okresie powinno sie zaszczepic. W Polsce jednak szczyt zachorowan na grype przypada miedzy styczniem a marcem, w związku z czym mozna dokonac szczepienia w poźniejszym terminie. W ciągu ostatnich dwoch lat zapadalnośc na grype w Polsce wzrosla prawie dwukrotnie, a liczba hospitalizacji wzrosla prawie o polowe. Liczba szczepien w Polsce na przestrzeni ostatnich dziesieciu lat spadla prawie trzykrotnie. Aktualne dane podają, ze jedynie 5% spoleczenstwa szczepi sie przeciwko grypie. Warto tez podkreślic, ze koszty spowodowane przez niedocenianą grype w Polsce siegają od 40 do ponad 700 milionow zlotych rocznie.Â

Wstep: Nieswoiste choroby zapalne jelit (NZJ) to choroby autoimmunologiczne, do ktorych zalicza sie chorobe Leśniowskiego-Crohna oraz wrzodziejące zapalenie jelita grubego. Ze wzgledu na stan obnizonej odporności rodzice powinni posiadac wysoki poziom wiedzy na temat mozliwych szczepien, stosowania roznorodnego leczenia, jak i na temat ewentualnych powiklan choroby, jakie mogą dotknąc dziecko. Cel: Ocena wiedzy rodzicow dzieci hospitalizowanych w Instytucie „Pomnik – Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka” na temat nieswoistych zapalen jelit. Material i metody: 45 rodzicow hospitalizowanych dzieci w Klinice Gastroenterologii, Hepatologii i Żywienia Instytutu „Pomnik – Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka” w okresie od kwietnia do czerwca 2015 r. (28 kobiet);Â średni wiek 43 lata. Anonimowe, dobrowolne badania ankietowe: kwestionariusz skladający sie z 25 pytan. Analiza statystyczną: STATISTICA 10.0, poziom istotności p

Wstep: Grypa jest jedną z najcześciej wystepujących chorob zakaźnych, a ze wzgledu na jej powszechne wystepowanie stanowi aktualne i realne zagrozenie zdrowia i zycia ludzi na calym świecie Cel: Ocena wiedzy studentow I i II roku studiow na kierunku Pielegniarstwo Wydzialu Nauki o Zdrowiu  Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego na temat grypy. Material i metody: Badaniem objeto 120 studentow pielegniarstwa (115 kobiet, 5 mezczyzn). Wśrod badanej grupy znalazlo sie 57 studentow I roku studiow oraz 63 studentow II roku. Średnia wieku badanej grupy wniosla 25,72 lat, a najcześciej deklarowany czas pracy zawodowej wynosil ponizej 1 roku. Wyniki: Najwiecej respondentow ocenilo wlasną wiedze na temat grypy jako dobrą (4) lub dośc dobrą (3,5). Średnia samooceny wiedzy na temat grypy w badanej grupie wyniosla ok. 3,68. Przewazająca liczba ankietowanych nie zaszczepila sie przeciw grypie w owczesnym sezonie epidemicznym 2015/2016. Ponad trzy czwarte badanej grupy nie szczepilo sie wcale w ciągu ostatnich 5 lat. Wnioski: 1. W badanej grupie, wiedza studentow pielegniarstwa na temat grypy jest niewystarczająca. 2. Przewazająca wiekszośc badanych studentow nie szczepi sie przeciw grypie. 3. Wystepuje koniecznośc poszerzenia tematyki grypy w ksztalceniu studentow pielegniarstwa oraz promowania szczepien przeciw grypie.

Glycerol is a major by-product of biodiesel production. Per one tone of produced biodiesel, one hundred kilograms of glycerol is produced. Production of glycerol is increasing due to increase of demand for biodiesel. One of methods of glycerol utilization is combustion. Recent experimental studies with use of a diesel engine and a constant volume combustion chamber show that utilization of glycerol as a fuel results in lower NOx emissions in exhaust gases. It combusts slower than light fuel oil, what is explained by higher viscosity and density of glycerol. Glycerol has low cetane number, so to make combustion in a diesel engine possible at least one of the following conditions need to be fulfilled: a pilot injection, high temperature or high compression ratio. The aim of the paper is to compare glycerol to diesel and to assess influence of glycerol doping on gasoline and diesel fuel in dependence of pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio. The subject of this study is analysis of basic properties of flammable mixtures, such as ignition delay times and laminar burning velocities of primary reference fuels (diesel: n-heptane and gasoline: iso-octane). Calculations are performed with use of Cantera tool in Matlab and Python environments. Analyses of influence of glycerol on ignition delay times of n-heptane/air and iso-octane/air mixtures covered wide range of conditions: temperatures from 600 to 1600 K, pressure 10-200 bar, equivalence ratio 0.3 to 14, molar fraction of glycerol in fuel 0-1 in air. Simulations of LBV in air cover temperatures: 300 K and 500 K, pressures: 10, 40, 100, 200 bar and equivalence ratio from 0.3 to 1.9. Physicochemical properties of gasoline, diesel and glycerol are compared.

Introduction and objective Occupational stress-related factors among working municipal police officers in Poland have not been examined in the literature. The purpose of the paper was to evaluate the impact of selected work-related factors on occupational stress in active municipal police officers in Warsaw by using configural frequency analysis (CFA). Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 578 participants, which accounted for 55.1% of all municipal police officers in Warsaw. The majority of study participants were men (72%) (mean age 43 years old). Two groups of workplace-related stress factors were analysed in the study: physical conditions and organisational working conditions causing stress. The study was carried out using the PAPI method (Paper-and-Pencil Interviewing), based on a proprietary questionnaire developed for the study. CFA searches for templates and patterns in contingency tables. Results Municipal police officers who claimed that stress did not affect health, took advantage of psychological/psychiatric advice less often than those who thought so (1.7% vs 10.1%; χ2 = 20.152, df = 2, P = 0.000). Those who declared that they often experienced stress at work were also more prone to claiming that one or two factors affected their level of stress: physical abuse, contact with infectious materials, working at uncomfortable temperatures or working in a noisy environment. In the opinion of the study population, there were some factors which contributed to the occurrence of stress at work, and these factors included: working in a hurry, lack of necessary resources, devices and materials at work, the need to be available at all times and the unpredictability of the work. The municipal police officers from the study population combined two or three methods to cope with stress, such as watching TV, surfing the Internet and talking with their families. Conclusion Due to the specificity of a municipal police officer's occupation, special attention should be paid to the occupational stress risk factors characteristic for this group of professionals, and measures should be taken to reduce the number of stressors. It is important to organise training events devoted to effective methods of coping with stress. There is need to carry out more in-depth studies of occupational stress among municipal police officers.

Cel pracyCelem niniejszej pracy jest poznanie opinii młodzieży w wieku 16-19 lat, uczęszczającej do warszawskich publicznych liceów ogólnokształcących, na temat efektywności profilaktyki samobójstw.MetodaPopulacja badana objęła młodzież, która w roku 2015 była w wieku 16-19 lat (M = 17,29; SD = 0,94). Respondenci uczęszczali do ośmiu warszawskich publicznych liceów ogólnokształcących z ośmiu różnych dzielnic. Badanie było reprezentatywne. W badaniu uczestniczyło 1439 respondentów – 821 dziewcząt (57,1%) i 592 chłopców (41,1%). Badanie przeprowadzono metodą PAPI. Kwestionariusz zawierał 34 pytania.WynikiRespondenci najczęściej nie wiedzieli czy w Polsce istnieje zorganizowany system zapobiegania samobójstwom (42,0%), ale duża część respondentów (39,7%) miała świadomość, że taki system w Polsce nie istnieje. Respondenci uważali działalność szkoły (46,7%), Kościoła (38,3%) i policji (55,9%) za nieskuteczną, jednostek opieki zdrowotnej (47,7%) i mediów (46,6%) za mało skuteczne, natomiast rodzinę (70,9%) za skuteczną w zakresie zapobiegania samobójstwom. Osoby, które upatrują znaczącą rolę kościoła równocześnie wskazują na znaczący udział rodziny w zapobieganiu samobójstwom, a w znacznie mniejszym stopniu innych z wymienionych instytucji.Wnioski1. Ponad 1/3 badanej młodzieży zdaje sobie sprawę, iż w Polsce nie istnieje zintegrowany system zapobiegania samobójstwom. 2. Najważniejszą rolę w prewencji zachowań autodestrukcyjnych, w opinii licealistów, pełni rodzina. 3. Istnieje potrzeba większego zaangażowania szkół, Kościoła, policji, jednostek służby zdrowia oraz mediów w edukację i uświadamianie młodzieży w kwestii profilaktyki zachowań autodestrukcyjnych.

Cel pracyCelem niniejszej pracy jest poznanie opinii młodzieży w wieku 16-19 lat, uczęszczającej do warszawskich publicznych liceów ogólnokształcących, na temat czynników ryzyka samobójstw.MetodaPopulacja badana objęła młodzież, która w roku 2015 była w wieku 16-19 lat (M = 17,29; SD = 0,94). Respondenci uczęszczali do ośmiu warszawskich publicznych liceów ogólnokształcących z ośmiu różnych dzielnic. Badanie było reprezentatywne. W badaniu uczestniczyło 1439 respondentów – 821 dziewcząt (57,1%) i 592 chłopców (41,1%). Badanie przeprowadzono metodą PAPI. Kwestionariusz zawierał 34 pytania podzielone na trzy bloki- dotycząc epidemiologii, czynników ryzyka i profilaktyki zachowań samobójczych.WynikiWedług 37,0% badanych głównym problemem występującym w rodzinie, który może stać się czynnikiem ryzyka popełnienia samobójstwa jest brak zrozumienia przez rodziców. Badani uważali, że konflikty z rówieśnikami stanowią sytuacje związane ze szkołą, które mogą stać się przyczyną powstania myśli samobójczych (48,6%). Ponad połowa badanych (59,1%) uważała, że odrzucenie przez osoby bliskie i ważne stanowi główny czynnik związany z poczuciem osamotnienia, mogący być przyczyną aktu samobójczego.Wnioski1. Istotnym elementem w prewencji zachowań autodestrukcyjnych młodych osób powinien być trening rodzicielski w zakresie okazywania zrozumienia i akceptacji swoim dzieciom. 2. Wskazane jest prowadzenie zajęć, doskonalących umiejętności psychospołeczne młodzieży, w szczególności zdolności rozwiązywania problemów interpersonalnych, w celu zmniejszenia liczby konfliktów z rówieśnikami, występujących w środowisku szkolnym.

Aim The purpose of the study was to adapt and evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Polish language version of the Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire intended for use among Registered Nurses. Design A cross-sectional study where the Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire was administered to a representative group of 3,299 Polish Registered Nurses was carried out between September and November 2017. Methods Linguistic-cultural adaptation of the ALSAQ was carried out according to the WHO guidelines. The following psychometric properties of the ALSAQ were evaluated: content validity (content validity index), theoretical relevance (exploratory and confirmative factor analysis), unidimensionality of subscales (principal component analysis), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test-retest reliability and criterion validity. Findings The content validity analysis revealed a need to reduce the original ALSAQ version from 16-23 items. The factor structure of ALSAQ differed from the original version. A three-factor model was better fitted to the data than a four-factor model. The three distinguished subscales (moral processing, self-awareness, and relational transparency) were characterized by unidimensionality. ALSAQ has a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.84) and test-retest analysis confirmed stability of the measurement for subscales and particular items. Moreover, the ALSAQ-P criterion validity with external variables, being of key importance for shaping the leadership skills (self-efficacy and universal moral foundations) was confirmed. Conclusions Authentic leadership skills in nursing practice are characterized by their individual specificity, which was indicated in the ALSAQ validation. The ALSAQ can be considered a reliable and valid tool for self-assessment of leadership skills in a group of nursing practitioners. The identified standards help measuring strengths and weaknesses of authentic leadership.

Background Evaluation of the predictive validity of selected sociodemographic factors and admission criteria for Master’s studies in Public Health at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw (MUW). Methods For the evaluation purposes recruitment data and learning results of students enrolled between 2008 and 2012 were used (N = 605, average age 22.9 ± 3.01). The predictive analysis was performed using the multiple linear regression method. In the proposed regression model 12 predictors were selected, including: sex, age, professional degree (BA), the Bachelor’s studies grade point average (GPA), total score of the preliminary examination broken down into five thematic areas. Depending on the tested model, one of two dependent variables was used: first-year GPA or cumulative GPA in the Master program. Results The regression model based on the result variable of Master’s GPA program was better matched to data in comparison to the model based on the first year GPA (adjusted R2 0.413 versus 0.476 respectively). The Bachelor’s studies GPA and each of the five subtests comprising the test entrance exam were significant predictors of success achieved by a student both after the first year and at the end of the course of studies. Conclusions Criteria of admissions with total score of MCQs exam and Bachelor’s studies GPA can be successfully used for selection of the candidates for Master’s degree studies in Public Health. The high predictive validity of the recruitment system confirms the validity of the adopted admission policy at MUW. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12909-017-1007-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In many heat devices designers and operators meet the problem of low efficiency of combustion and restricted emission standards. This process should be improved to maximize its efficiency and satisfy additional requirements as, for example, uniform temperature fieldin combustion chamber, low noise level or very low NOx emission. These requirements are satisfied by homogeneous combustion. Such combustion method is particularly attractive for the steel or glass industry or power industry based in particular on natural gas. In this paper factors, which have the biggest influence on performance of flameless combustion, are discussed, among others: momentum of fuel and oxidizer, composition of the mixture, the temperature of the inlet gases. Additionally, blind simulations of combustion in a combustion chamber of a furnace are run to assess how high is the influence of these factors individually. Numerical simulations are performed in a CFD code AVL Fire. The detailed chemical kinetics mechanism GRI-mech 3.0 is used for combustion calculations. Calculations results are correlated with experimental data. Blind simulations and experiment provide similar level of NO X emission (~6-8 ppm). Experiments showed that the effect of the addition of ethylene to fuel on emissions of NO X , CO, THC is not significant. Similarly, numerical simulations predict that influence of ethylene is negligible. CO, THC and CO 2 were on a stable level across all cases. NOX emissions increases when mass flow of air and fuel increases due to higher heat release in the same volume, what results in higher temperature of combustion products. When temperature of fuel increases NO X level decreases.

The health behaviors or health-related behaviors is behavior (or activity) that are part of everyday life, affecting the health of the individual. An example of the behavior of health is also sunbathing, or exposing the body to excessive solar radiation dosage. It may be positive and negative effects on health.Evaluation of knowledge about gymnasium students. The impact of UV radiation on health and health behaviors associated with sunbathing.The study was a diagnostic survey, with author's questionnaire. The sample was comprised students from classes II and III. A total of 312 questionnaires were collected among 181 girls and 131 boys. Used purposeful sampling. Results were considered statistically significant at p0.05.There is a statistically significant relationship between the stated sunbathing to get a sun tan, and sex of the respondent (p = 0.0002). Definitely more girls (77.35%) admit that tans in the sun to get a tan as compared to boys (58.02%).It is recommended that further research aimed at checking the causes and incidence of sunburn among young people. Consideration should be given to create and implement the appropriate health programs taking about tanning that could be implemented under the School Health Promotion Program, or to supplement this knowledge on subjects such as Biology or Nature.