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Lipase is an industrially important enzyme and is usually obtained from microorganisms, especially filamentous fungi, producing it in a high amount. The method commonly used to produce lipase from filamentous fungi is Submerged Fermentation (SmF) with agitation. However, agitation requires energy and high production cost. Hence, reducing the use of agitation is needed. This research aims to observe the influence of agitation speed toward colony growth, lipase productivity, and nutrient absorption from Indonesian Aspergillus aculeatus Ms.11 in broth medium. Aspergillus aculeatus Ms.11 was inoculated into 50 mL fermentation medium, which contains 1% of olive oil and glucose mixture with 1:1 comparison. Incubation was done using varied agitation speed (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 rpm) at 30 °C for 96 h. Relative activity lipase productivity, enzyme-specific activity, and glucose and nitrogen consumption were determined after the incubation. The results show that the highest lipase activity (6.33 U/mL) and lipase specific activity (0.10 U/mg) are observed at 0 rpm, while the highest lipase productivity (0.43 U/mg) is observed at 50 rpm. We concluded that maximum lipase production from Ms. 11 can be obtained using low agitation speed. Further study to optimize carbon and nitrogen sources is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physalis angulata L. is one of the member of Solanaceae which is known have medicinal properties, but it has not been widely cultivated commercially. Propagation of ciplukan plants can be done generatively or vegetatively. Generative propagation is done through seed germination which is the ovulum development after fertilization. The success of the fertilization is determined by the quality of the pollen produced through the microsporogenesis in the anther. The flowering phase is closely related to gametogenesis and embryogenesis. The process of gametogenesis begins with microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. Microsporogenesis is observed through anther development. The aim of this study is to observe microsporogenesis of P.angulata L. The research was carried out by collecting various stages of flower development, providing cross section of anthers by paraffin embedding methods, and analyzing results of qualitative data. The result showed that anthesis in P. angulata L. takes 12-14 days. The 5 stamens are loose and pale yellow in color. The youngest bud to anthesis was observed in diameter and length of buds are respectively±1 mm;±2.3 mm and±9 mm;±9mm. Microsporogenesis occurs in loculi. The anther wall consists of 4-5 tissue layers which are epidermis, endothesium, middle layer, and tapetum. Anther walls formation is included in dycotiledonous type, while tapetum is secretory type. Microspores of P. angulata are originated from microspore mother cell and develops into adult microspore in tetrahedral tetrad microspore which experience simultaneous cytokinesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity stress inhibits plant growth because of the high dissolved salt content in the soil. Silicon (Si) is a beneficial nutrient that helps plants protect against biotic and abiotic stress. The purpose of this study was to determine growth and oxidative defense response to silicon application on rice (Oryza sativa L. 'Sembada Merah') under salinity stress. Research method used a completely randomized design with two factors, calcium silicate doses (0 mM, 2 mM, 4 mM) and salinity stress (0 dS/m: control, 3 dS/m: low, 7 dS/: moderate, 10 dS/:high). The growth parameters included plant height, number of leaves and tillers measured up to 6 weeks after treatment. Oxidative defense response was determined by measuring the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT). We also determined malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline levels. The result showed that high salinity 10 dS/m inhibited the growth of rice 'Sembada Merah' as indicated by decreasing of number of leaves and tillers compared to control. Salinity stress caused oxidative stress by increasing SOD. Application of exogenous Si increase growth on salinity stress of rice 'Sembada Merah' by reducing MDA. Summarized of this study, the control plants without Si application showed a decrease in the growth, while application exogenous Si doses 4 mM caused the plant to maintain growth in high salinity stress. Si application reduces the negative impact of salinity stress by increasing SOD and CAT activity and proline level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decreasing in the number of chili production can be overcome by making a technical improvements to cultivation. These improvements can be done using exogenous growth regulator from Bacillus vallismortis to accelerate plant growth and development. The purpose of this study to determine the potential growth regulator (IAA and GA) from B. vallismortis and obtained appropriate concentration to increase the growth and production of cayenne pepper plants. This research was conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory and Greenhouse of the Indonesian Center of Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD) Bogor. The experimental design of this research is Complete Random Design (CRD). The treatment was given water control, synthetic control, and growth regulator (IAA and GA) from B. vallismortis with concentrations of 1, 3, 5 and 7 ml/L. The application was done by sprayed into the whole body of the plant in the afternoon. The results showed the best concentration in increasing plant height, number of fruit, fruit weight, length and diameter of fruit, shooth and root dry weight compared to controls at the age of 70 days after planting (DAP) was a concentration of 1 mL / L, with the values of 99.88 ± 10.96 cm, 55.34 ± 11.46, 49.11 ± 7.58 g, 2.92 ± 0.15 cm and 0.36 ± 0.03 cm, 22.71 ± 1.57 g, and 3.50 ± 0.31 g, respectively. The growth hormone (IAA and GA) from B. vallismortis has the similar potential to increase growth and production of cayenne plants with the synthetic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yogyakarta, Indonesia is one of the batik centers that is currently growing rapidly. Liquid waste from batik coloring using dyes usually contains heavy metals. Therefore, batik liquid waste treatment using phytoremediation techniques needs to be applied. Thi study aimed to determine the effect of batik liquid waste on the germination and root anatomical structure of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and garden Zinnia (Zinnia violacea Cav.), and to determine the concentration of batik liquid waste which most inhibit the germination. Seeds were germinated in cotton treated with batik liquid waste with a concentration of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% for six days. Parameters observed were the number of germinated seeds, shoots, and root length of sprouts and root anatomy. Cross-section of the root was prepared using the paraffin embedding method. The results showed that batik liquid waste inhibited germination, which was characterized by a decrease in the number of germinated seeds, shoots, and root length as well as browning of roots. The higher concentration of batik liquid waste applied, the root become damaged, as shown by damaged cells, with degraded protoplasts and cell walls, and also cells were not further recognized. At control roots from two species, the roots are rounded in shape, cells grow normally and regularly arranged; the epidermal cells are rectangular, the cortex cells are relatively round, and the stele cells are intact. At a concentration of 25%, the root of T. erecta has tetragonal square in shape with damaged epidermal cells and unclear cells shape, square and clear cortical cells. Furthermore, xylem tissue was separated into two parts with degraded cells turn in black and cannot be further recognized. Meanwhile, at the same concentration of 25%, roots of Z. violacea remains intact, except less developed of vascular bundles clearly appeared. At a concentration of 50%, all parts of the T. erecta root tissues were degraded. At a concentration of 75%, T. erecta seeds died on the fourth day, while Z. violacea seeds did not grow. At a concentration of 100%, the seeds of both species did not germinate. The concentration of batik liquid waste, which most inhibits the germination of T. erecta is 100%, while at Z. violacea, the total inhibition started from 75% of liquid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits belong to a group of perishable commodities that will undergo degradation over short period of time after harvesting. Strawberry (Fragaria spp.) is a fruit with high water contents and need approximately five months from planting to harvesting. Fragaria spp. has a short shelf-life, a week in freezer (0-4°C) and two days in room temperature. Edible coating is one of the substances for slowing degradation process of fruit. This research was conducted to reach better understanding about edible coating made from Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPSs) produced by microalgae Chlorella sp. cultivated in modified BG-11 medium. Edible coating formulated with 30% and 50% EPSs and applied on Fragaria spp. Control and coated strawberries were incubated in room temperature (37°C) and low temperature (3°C). The EPS yield of Chlorella sp. is 2,628 µg/g biomass. Water contents, vitamin C contents, decay index, and mass shrinkage was measured to determine effectiveness of edible coating. Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) method with Arrhenius model was conducted to determine the storage time of Fragaria spp. that is coated with EPSs from microalgae. The result of this research was that edible coating from 50% EPSs Chlorella sp. in temperature 3°C showed the most optimal result than control and another treatment. Thus, this formulation was able to prolong fruit's shelf-life, especially on Fragaria spp. Coated Fragaria spp. reached decaying phase on ten days in low temperature and four days in room temperature. Coated Fragaria spp. had low water contents, high vitamin C contents, and low mass shrinkage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is one of the important rice pest, either in tropical and four seasoned regions. The attack of brown planthopper reached 85.989 ha and 1.969 ha of them considered hopperburn. BPH is a sexual insect, which needs to mate to breed. This research aimed to interrupt the mating process and to decline BPH's offspring. The mating process started with an exchange of the acoustical signal between male and female. These signals propagated through rice stem where male and female aligned. One alternative that can be used in BPH control is disruption in its mating process. The principle used is to disrupt communication between male and female through exposure of acoustical signals in the form of sound waves, so that they are not expected to mate. Sound waves propagated in the different frequencies (0 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz, 300 Hz, dan 200+300 Hz). Sound wave exposure adjusted to BPH's potential mating times (08.00-11.00, 12.00-15.00, 18.00-21.00). Result showed that BPH's offspring after exposure to sound waves with frequencies 0 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz, 300 Hz, 200+300 Hz counted respectively 39,4 ; 10,64 ; 11,4 ; 22,4 ; 2,2. Exposure to sound waves might play a role in disrupting BPH's mating process and reducing the number of its offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gyrinops versteegii is one of the agarwood-producing species from the Thymelaeaceae family. Agarwood is formed tend to the defense mechanism because of pathogen attack. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of the total phenolic content to the agarwood formation in G.versteegii trees induced by Fusarium sp. The research was carried out in agarwood plantation 14-year-old located at Sragen and Karanganyar Regency. The sampling technique was purposive sampling by selecting the G.verteegii tree which has a stem diameter of greater than or equal with 20 cm (≥ 20 cm). The number of tree sample of each location was 9 trees, so the total of tree sample was 18 trees. The wood sample for phenol analysis was carried out with leather lunch 10mm at a diameter of breast-high (DBH=1.3m), those taking 3 samples per tree. Total phenol content was done by spectrophotometry. The result of this research is the total phenolic content of G.versteegii tree growing in Sragen is 0.059 % w / w lower than in Karanganyar which is 0.077 % w / w. Due to the lower of the total phenolics content, the agarwood trees growing in Karanganyar more susceptible and can produce a better quality of agarwood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass produced by microalgae is one of the main sources for producing biofuel, which highly dependable on light intensity since microalgae is an autotroph organism. In laboratory-scale cultivation, light is using to replace the sun light as the main photon energy for microalgae photosynthesis. Variation of light intensity and time interval is mainly used as to manipulate microalgae biomass. The aim of this research was to know the effective light intensity for obtaining high biomass of mixed culture of Glagah and Arthrospira maxima. The mixed culture was cultured in 10 days by using Light Emitting Diode (LED) at 3000, 5000, and 7000 Lux. Thoriq Eko Arif Medium (TEAM) was used as the culture medium. The number of cells and lipid content was measured using Hemocytometer and Bligh and Dyer method, respectively. Then the lipid content per cell were measured based on the cells number and lipid content. The results showed that the highest cell density and dry weight was obtained by using light intensity of 7000 Lux were 385×104 cell.mL−1 on the fifth day and 1.65 mg.mL−1 on the seventh day. The highest concentration of A chlorophyll was resulted by using light intensity of 5000 Lux which was 3.18 µg.gfw−1. Meanwhile the highest B chlorophyll was resulted by using light intensity of 7000 Lux which was 1.41 µg.gfw−1. The intensity light of 5000 Lux was known as to have the highest lipid content there was 0.36 mg.mL−1. The intensity of light of 7000 lux is the most effective way to increase the number of mixed culture cells and lipid content of the Glagah and A. maxima consortium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction amongst microalgae might hold the key to the increase of biomass and lipid production from microalgae culture. A mixed culture of microalgae shows to have a higher biomass and lipid content than a single culture. A local mixed culture from Glagah Beach, Yogyakarta, later called Glagah strain is one of the natural mixed culture. Several microalgae species have a high biomass either lipid content and the biomass and lipid possibly get higher in mixed culture. There were 2 treated microalgae mixed culture in this research, there were natural mixed culture and artificial mixed culture, while Glagah strain as the control. Natural mixed culture was composed of Glagah strain, and 3 different microalgae species, they were Tetraselmis sp., Spirulina sp., Chlorella zofingiensis Dönz, and Bottryococcus sp. Artificial mixed culture was composed only those 4 microalgae species. The aims of this research were know the microalgae density, biomass, and lipid content on the Glagah strain, natural mixed culture, and artificial mixed culture. It used Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) 2N to cultivate the 3 kind of cultures for 10 days. Density, biomass, and lipid content of the microalgae cultures were measured. The result shows that the natural mixed culture had a higher total cells than the artificial mixed culture which are 7,350,00 cells in the seventh day. The natural mixed culture also showed to has a higher lipid content than the artificial mixed culture by 0.004 mg. The natural mixed culture has a higher lipid content than the artificial mixed culture and Glagah strain at the fourth day, which were 0.0015 mg. It can be concluded that the natural mixed culture had rapid growth and higher biomass productivity compared to the artificial mixed culture but still lesser than Glagah strain. The artificial mixed culture had a higher lipid content compared to Glagah strain and natural mixed cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of nano-scale materials such as bacterial lipase that catalyzes lipid breakdown has shown to be potentially effective for hydrocarbons nanoremediation. The activity of the lipase on degradation of those pollutants is highly depends on several factors, such as temperature, pH and ion compounds. The new isolate of Moraxella sp SBE01 was investigated in terms of lipase production, optimal conditions (temperatures, pHs), and also observed regarding the effect of ions on its enzyme activity. The range of temperatures and pH values examined in this research were 20°C-80°C and pH 5.0-12, respectively. The experiment revealed that crude lipase of the strain could be harvested highly at 20 hours incubation. Partially purified lipase using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by dialysis showed its optimum activity was observed at a temperature of 50°C and pH 7 with specific activities were 9.05 and 9.07 U/mg protein, respectively. Ion compounds such as CaO and MgO at 0.1 mM increased that activity of 12.97 and 11.93 U/mg protein respectively. However, Fe2O3 and MnO2 at 0.1 mM decreased that activity of 3.09 and 4.62 U/mg protein, respectively. These particular characters of the partially purified lipase Moraxella sp SBE01 make it promising as a biocatalyst for nanoremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of several biocatalysts produced by bacteria BF2 isolated from crude oil-contaminated river were highly associated to the bioremediation mechanism of that pollutant. The molecular identification and production of key enzymes of the strain such as catalase, lipase, and oxidoreductase, were very important to investigate. Based on 16S rDNA sequence which subjected to BLASTN (NCBI) database queries, the strain was identified of Stenotrophomonas pavanii. This strain was showed the optimal growth in Bushnell Hass Mineral salts (BHMS) medium containing 1 % of crude oil. This strain could also degrade that crude oil in medium, achieving a 62.5 % reduction of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) after 9 days incubation. Therefore, the crude extracts of enzymes obtained at that time were measured of their specific enzyme activities by producing several biocatalysts such as catalase (25.3 U/mg protein), and oxidoreductase (39.2 U/mg protein). These results indicated that the strain effective in removing hydrocarbon in the crude oil pollutant by producing highly enzymes of the catalase, lipase, and oxidoreductase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosurfactant has an important role in improving hydrocarbon degradation. Klebsiella variicola BF1 is a hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria isolated from hydrocarbon polluted river in Wonocolo Village, Bojonegoro, East Java, Indonesia. Biosurfactant characters are strongly influenced by carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sources in the medium. This study aims to observe the ability and characters of bacterial biosurfactant. Based on three biochemical tests including hemolysis, oil spreading, and drop collapse test, the bacteria revealed the ability to produce biosurfactant. This biosurfactant characters were investigated by culturing in Bushnell Hass Mineral Salts (BHMS) with a combination of treatments glucose, crude oil, and crude palm oil (CPO), respectively as carbon sources, while urea, NH4NO3, and yeast extract as nitrogen sources. The highest emulsion activity of biosurfactant of 66.48 % was analyzed at a combination of treatment urea and CPO. However, the highest yield of crude biosurfactant was 10 ± 2 g/L and cells number was 1.7x108 CFU/mL could be seen in each treatment combination of urea and glucose as well as yeast extract and CPO. Overall, the biosurfactant-producing strain characterized in this research demonstrate promising features for the development of efficiently production processes by inducing CPO and suppressing the cells number in the culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]