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This research develops a measure of gender-typicality/atypicality based on the ten personal values (Schwartz, 1992). We use participants from ten rounds of data collected in the European Social Survey (rounds 1-10). The first study builds on the analysis by Fors Connolly et al. (2020) by deconstructing the reported associations between gender differences in values, time and gender equality using country-level difference scores, employing difference score components which allow individual-level analyses alongside aggregate-level analyses (Ilmarinen, 2022). We examine the relationship between gender differences in personal values, gender equality, and changes in gender equality and gender differences in values over time. The second part of the study, explores how individuals´ (in their reproductive years, below 45 years of age) congruence with gender-typical values relates to their likelihood of having children.

Supplemental Material for Is there a g-factor of genderedness? Using a continuous measure of genderedness to assess sex differences in personality, values, cognitive ability, school grades, and educational track by Ville-Juhani Ilmarinen, Mari-Pauliina Vainikainen, and Jan-Erik Lönnqvist in European Journal of Personality

Examinations of the relationship between individuals’ personal characteristics and the social positions that individuals receive in everyday peer networks have often found an association between extraversion and popularity. This thesis assesses the conditions (when) and mechanisms (why) of this association. Four research questions focus on when the link between extraversion and popularity is present. The study examines whether extraversion is already associated with popularity among seven- to eight-year-olds (Study I), if extraversion is associated with popularity in a less talkative and more stereotypically introverted culture as well (i.e. in Finland; Studies I and II), whether the association is more reflective of the popularity of extraverts or the unpopularity of introverts (Studies II and III), and if the size of the surrounding social ecology is an important precondition of this association (Study III). In addition, the study considers two why research questions. Studies II and III examine if dyadic combinations of extraversion could serve as popularity particles that would explain why extraverts are ultimately more popular in the group, whereas Study I evaluates the mediating role of oral fluency between extraversion and popularity among children. The association between extraversion and popularity is found to be highly generalizable, as it is present among young and adult Finns as well as in social networks of varying sizes. In addition, the association is linear and unilateral: introverts are unpopular as much as extraverts are popular, and dyadic combinations of extraversion are not significant in explaining this phenomenon. Finally, the higher oral fluency of extraverts partially explains their popularity in middle childhood. The discussion focuses on the causality of this association and engages with the ontological status of trait extraversion throughout the thesis. The research also highlights the role of popularity and social networks in accounting for the coalescence of extraversion. Yksilön persoonallisuuden ominaisuuksien ja sosiaalisten verkostojen välisten yhteyksien tutkimuksessa on usein havaittu yhteys ulospäinsuuntautuneisuuden (ekstroversio) ja vertaissuosion välillä. Tämä väitöskirja tarkasteli, milloin ja miksi tämä yhteys ilmenee. Väitöskirjassa selvitettiin neljän tutkimuskysymyksen kautta, milloin yhteys ekstroversion ja suosion välillä havaitaan: havaitaanko yhteys jo 7-8 -vuotiailla (Tutkimus I), onko se olemassa myös vähemmän puheliaassa ja stereotyyppisesti sisäänpäin suuntautuneemmassa (introversio) suomalaisessa kulttuurissa (Tutkimukset I ja II), vaikuttaako ympäröivän sosiaalisen verkoston koko yhteyteen (Tutkimus III), ja osoittaako yhteys ekstroverttien korkeaa vai introverttien matalaa suosiota (Tutkimukset II ja III)? Lisäksi tämän yhteyden syitä tarkasteltiin kahden tutkimuskysymyksen avulla. Tutkimuksissa II ja III tarkasteltiin, vaikuttaako muiden introversio tai ekstraversio siihen, että ekstrovertit ovat suositumpia? Lisäksi selvitettiin, onko puheen sujuvuus lapsilla yksi selittäjä tälle yhteydelle (Tutkimus I). Yhteys ekstroversion ja suosion välillä havaittiin hyvin yleistyväksi – se havaittiin suomalaisilla lapsilla ja aikuisilla ja riippumatta verkoston koosta. Lisäksi yhteys ilmensi niin ekstroverttien suosiota kuin introverttien matalaa suosiota, eivätkä nämä yhteydet selittyneet sillä, että ekstrovertit suosisivat toisiaan tai introvertit suosisivat ekstroverttejä. Ekstroverttien sujuvampi puhe kuitenkin osittain selitti tätä yhteyttä 7-8 -vuotiailla. Pohdinnassa perehdytään tämän yhteyden mahdollisiin syysuhteisiin. Lisäksi piirteiden ontologista statusta pohditaan läpi koko väitöskirjan. Tämän ohella perehdytään siihen, voivatko suosio ja vertaisverkostot selittää, miksi piirteet kuten itsevarmuus, sosiaalisuus ja positiivinen emotionaalisuus usein ilmenevät yhdessä, jonka seurauksena ekstroversio-faktori myös havaitaan.

ObjectiveExperience sampling studies on Big Five-related behavior show that people display the whole spectrum of each trait in their daily behavior, and that desirable Big Five statesespecially state Extraversionare related to positive mood. However, other research lines suggest that extraverted and conscientious behavior may be mentally depleting. The present research examined this possibility by extending the time frame of the measured personality processes. MethodA 12-day experience sampling study (N=48; observations=2,328) measured Big Five states, mood, stress, and fatigue five times a day. ResultsExtraverted and conscientious behavior were concurrently related to positive mood and lower fatigue, but to higher fatigue after a 3-hour delay. These relations were not moderated by personality traits. The relation between extraverted behavior and delayed fatigue was mediated by the number of people the person had encountered. Whether the person had a goal mediated the relation between conscientious behavior and delayed fatigue. ConclusionExtraverted and conscientious behavior predict mental depletion after a 3-hour delay. The results help reconcile previous findings regarding the consequences of state Extraversion and provide novel information about the consequences of state Conscientiousness.