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Design thinking, an approach traditionally used to develop or improve products, services, or processes within design and engineering sectors, has emerged as a novel pedagogical approach. As design thinking becomes more widely established within education contexts, it is important to gain deeper insight as to how such learning environments operate. The aim of this study was to explore online design thinking through the lens of psychological safety. We used a qualitative single-case study design to investigate nine students' experiences across a nine-week design-thinking project. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and reflective journal entries, and analysed through reflexive thematic analysis. Our findings suggested that psychological safety is a valuable consideration in the design and implementation of online design-thinking learning environments. Facilitators of psychological safety included having collaborative environments, encouraging leadership, and a focus on team formation. Barriers to psychological safety included difficulties connecting, fear of speaking, and cultural considerations. Our findings also highlighted several outcomes of psychologically safe team climates, including creativity, collaboration, and the development of approaches to working with uncertainty.

Abstract Most COVID-19 vaccines elicit immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. However, Spike protein mutations in emerging strains and immune evasion by the SARS-CoV-2 virus demonstrates the need to develop more broadly targeting vaccines. To facilitate this, we use mass spectrometry to identify immunopeptides derived from seven relatively conserved structural and non-structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins (N, E, Nsp1/4/5/8/9). We use two different B-lymphoblastoid cell lines to map Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I and class II immunopeptidomes covering some of the prevalent HLA types across the global human population. We employ DNA plasmid transfection and direct antigen delivery approaches to sample different antigens and find 248 unique HLA class I and HLA class II bound peptides with 71 derived from N, 12 from E, 28 from Nsp1, 19 from Nsp4, 73 from Nsp8 and 45 peptides derived from Nsp9. Over half of the viral peptides are unpublished. T cell reactivity tested against 56 of the detected peptides shows CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses against several peptides from the N, E, and Nsp9 proteins. Results from this study will aid the development of next-generation COVID vaccines targeting epitopes from across a number of SARS-CoV-2 proteins.

BackgroundMajor histocompatibility complex class-1-related protein (MR1), unlike human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class-1, was until recently considered to be monomorphic. MR1 presents metabolites in the context of host responses to bacterial infection. MR1-restricted TCRs specific to tumor cells have been described, raising interest in their potential therapeutic application for cancer treatment. The diversity of MR1-ligand biology has broadened with the observation that single nucleotide variants (SNVs) exist within MR1 and that allelic variants can impact host immunity.MethodsThe TCR from a MR1-restricted T-cell clone, MC.7.G5, with reported cancer specificity and pan-cancer activity, was cloned and expressed in Jurkat E6.1 TCRαβ− β2M− CD8+ NF-κB:CFP NFAT:eGFP AP-1:mCherry cells or in human donor T cells. Functional activity of 7G5.TCR-T was demonstrated using cytotoxicity assays and by measuring cytokine release after co-culture with cancer cell lines with or without loading of previously described MR1 ligands. MR1 allele sequencing was undertaken after the amplification of the MR1 gene region by PCR. In vivo studies were undertaken at Labcorp Drug Development (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) or Epistem Ltd (Manchester, UK).ResultsThe TCR cloned from MC.7.G5 retained MR1-restricted functional cytotoxicity as 7G5.TCR-T. However, activity was not pan-cancer, as initially reported with the clone MC.7.G5. Recognition was restricted to cells expressing a SNV of MR1 (MR1*04) and was not cancer-specific. 7G5.TCR-T and 7G5-like TCR-T cells reacted to both cancer and healthy cells endogenously expressing MR1*04 SNVs, which encode R9H and H17R substitutions. This allelic specificity could be overcome by expressing supraphysiological levels of the wild-type MR1 (MR1*01) in cell lines.ConclusionsHealthy individuals harbor T cells reactive to MR1 variants displaying self-ligands expressed in cancer and benign tissues. Described “cancer-specific” MR1-restricted TCRs need further validation, covering conserved allomorphs of MR1. Ligands require identification to ensure targeting MR1 is restricted to those specific to cancer and not normal tissues. For the wider field of immunology and transplant biology, the observation that MR1*04 may behave as an alloantigen warrants further study.

Abstract Influenza B viruses (IBVs) cause substantive morbidity and mortality, and yet immunity towards IBVs remains understudied. CD8+ T-cells provide broadly cross-reactive immunity and alleviate disease severity by recognizing conserved epitopes. Despite the IBV burden, only 18 IBV-specific T-cell epitopes restricted by 5 HLAs have been identified currently. A broader array of conserved IBV T-cell epitopes is needed to develop effective cross-reactive T-cell based IBV vaccines. Here we identify 9 highly conserved IBV CD8+ T-cell epitopes restricted to HLA-B*07:02, HLA-B*08:01 and HLA-B*35:01. Memory IBV-specific tetramer+CD8+ T-cells are present within blood and tissues. Frequencies of IBV-specific CD8+ T-cells decline with age, but maintain a central memory phenotype. HLA-B*07:02 and HLA-B*08:01-restricted NP30-38 epitope-specific T-cells have distinct T-cell receptor repertoires. We provide structural basis for the IBV HLA-B*07:02-restricted NS1196-206 (11-mer) and HLA-B*07:02-restricted NP30-38 epitope presentation. Our study increases the number of IBV CD8+ T-cell epitopes, and defines IBV-specific CD8+ T-cells at cellular and molecular levels, across tissues and age.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought about an unexpected transformation in teaching and learning across health professions education, necessitating an unprecedented operational shift. When exploring the factors at play in this shift, it is useful to analyse the pandemic response in terms of the field of disaster scholarship. This paper employs a qualitative case study methodology to review the application of a disaster framework to one health sciences university’s response to the pandemic. It aims to identify the factors that facilitated the university’s dramatic operational shift, with a particular focus on leadership and culture. The research questions were: (1) How does the application of a disaster framework enhance our understanding of a health sciences university’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic? (2) What implications does a disaster preparedness focus have for leaders within health professions education? The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 4 of the university’s senior leaders and focus groups with 53 staff and 48 students across campuses in Ireland and Bahrain. Ciottone’s disaster cycle provided the conceptual lens, and framework analysis was used to guide the data interpretation process. The analysis found that IT infrastructure and digital education, an empowering and supportive organisational culture, and a facilitatory leadership style facilitated the disaster response. The disaster scenario created a window of opportunity for innovation, collaboration, and problem-solving, but posed challenges for maintaining the momentum of change and ensuring student wellbeing. In preparing for future disruptions, consideration should be given to fostering a sense of purpose for students to enhance wellbeing.

Case-based learning has become increasingly adopted as a pedagogical approach in health professions education. The successful implementation of case-based learning programmes can be impacted by factors including resources, organisational attitudes and cultural dynamics. This protocol outlines a methodology for a realist review which aims to elucidate the mechanisms and contexts that influence the implementation of a case-based learning programme in health professions education. This study aims to understand the underlying causal mechanisms and contextual factors which can lead to the success or failure of case-based learning programmes. This review will involve a systematic literature review on case-based learning in health professions education, under a realist synthesis framework. A realist synthesis was chosen as the approach as it is suited to the review of such complex interventions, such as the implementation and delivery of a case-based learning programme. Through an iterative literature search and analysis, relevant literature will be explored in order to develop an understanding of the contextual elements and mechanisms which may affect the success of a case-based learning programme. This review will employ thematic analysis to synthesize findings across studies, iteratively refining a programme theory explaining how case-based learning programmes work, for whom, and in what contexts. This realist review protocol provides a systematic and rigorous approach to examining the complexities of case-based learning and the outcomes produced by its underlying mechanisms and contexts. This review aims to offer valuable insights for educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers to optimize the implementation of case-based learning interventions in medical education.

Abstract Interprofessional education (IPE) during undergraduate education and training has been found to improve collaboration between health care students. This supports interprofessional working in clinical practice to enhance patient safety and care delivery. Undergraduate students from pharmacy and medical programmes worked online in pairs to review notes of hospital patients due to be discharged. Students were tasked to complete a discharge letter and undertake an online consultation with a simulated patient prior to discharge. Online interactions were recorded and assessed using a validated tool to measure interprofessional professionalism. Students undertook this intervention in different pairings with different patient cases for three iterations after receiving feedback and undertaking a reflective exercise. The aim was to investigate the student learning and development that could be used to inform intervention optimisation and scale-up. Qualitative data were collected from different sources. Method triangulation was employed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the student learning and development. Data was collected from written feedback provided by the assessment team, student reflections on their performance, and from semi-structured interviews conducted with the student pairs and one to one with the assessment team. Content and thematic analysis was used to analyse these data and the Kirkpatrick/Barr evaluation model provided a framework to organise the themes. Eighteen students (nine from each professional programme) completed the study and a total of 27 IPE sessions were conducted. The assessment team completed 54 assessment tools and 31 student reflections were received (from a maximum of 36). Students were interviewed in their interprofessional pairs to yield nine interview transcripts and one interview was conducted with the assessment team. Students reported and were observed to improve in interprofessional collaboration over the three iterations following feedback and rehearsal opportunities. Longitudinal observation and assessment of student interprofessional working in changing teams provided the opportunity to capture the influence of interdependence on student performance and assessment of competence.

Abstract Communication distances of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are greatly limited in settings where vegetation coverage is moderate or dense, and power consumption can be an issue in remote environmental settings. A newer innovative technology called “Low Power Wide Area Sensor Networks” (LPWAN) is capable of greater communication distances while consuming less power than traditional WSNs. This research evaluates the design and in-field performance of a LPWAN configuration in headwater catchments to measure environmental variables. The performance of the Beta LPWAN deployment indicate reduced signal strength in topographic valleys, but better actual than modelled data transmission performance. System performance during extreme cold temperatures (below – 15 ºC) resulted in increased sensor down time. The configuration of antennae combinations provides the greatest improvement in signal strength and system performance. This technology facilitates remote collection of physically-based, spatially-distributed information within regions with limited accessibility, ultimately advancing data collection capabilities into areas that are not feasible to visit regularly.

Genes involved in distinct diabetes types suggest shared disease mechanisms. Here we show that One Cut Homeobox 1 (ONECUT1) mutations cause monogenic recessive syndromic diabetes in two unrelated patients, characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, pancreas hypoplasia and gallbladder agenesis/hypoplasia, and early-onset diabetes in heterozygous relatives. Heterozygous carriers of rare coding variants of ONECUT1 define a distinctive subgroup of diabetic patients with early-onset, nonautoimmune diabetes, who respond well to diabetes treatment. In addition, common regulatory ONECUT1 variants are associated with multifactorial type 2 diabetes. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells revealed that loss of ONECUT1 impairs pancreatic progenitor formation and a subsequent endocrine program. Loss of ONECUT1 altered transcription factor binding and enhancer activity and NKX2.2/NKX6.1 expression in pancreatic progenitor cells. Collectively, we demonstrate that ONECUT1 controls a transcriptional and epigenetic machinery regulating endocrine development, involved in a spectrum of diabetes, encompassing monogenic (recessive and dominant) as well as multifactorial inheritance. Our findings highlight the broad contribution of ONECUT1 in diabetes pathogenesis, marking an important step toward precision diabetes medicine.

Abstract Background Interprofessional education (IPE) has been identified as a strategy towards improving competence at interprofessional working and collaboration within teams. Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) provide a framework for translating competencies into elements of clinical practice, some of which in healthcare are inherently interprofessional. However, it is challenging to reconcile that entrustment decisions about student competence in an interprofessional activity are made about an individual without considering the dynamics and tensions between interprofessional team members and the task itself. This can influence students’ development and demonstration of competence at interprofessional collaboration. Methods In this study, undergraduate medical and pharmacy students worked in pairs online (Zoom) to undertake the hospital discharge process (a professional activity reliant on interprofessional collaboration) for a simulated patient, producing a hospital discharge letter and completing a consultation with the simulated patient. The online sessions were recorded and interprofessional behaviours were assessed using a validated scale completed by an interprofessional assessment team. Students undertook this IPE intervention three times after receiving feedback and a period of reflection each time. Results Eighteen students participated across the entire intervention and 27 one-hour online IPE sessions were completed and recorded. Students demonstrated statistically significant improvements in interprofessional behaviours across the three iterations (p

Objectives In an increasingly global society, there is a need to develop culturally competent doctors who can work effectively across diverse populations. International learning opportunities in undergraduate healthcare programmes show various benefits. In medical education, these occur predominantly towards the end of degree programmes as electives, with scant examples of programmes for preclinical students. This study set out to identify the multicultural learning experiences following an early year international medical student exchange programme between the UK and Malaysian campuses of one UK medical school.Setting Two cohorts of international exchange programme for second year medical students in the UK and Malaysia.Design Interpretivist qualitative design using semistructured interviews/focus groups with students and faculty.Methods Participants were asked about their learning experiences during and after the exchange. Data were recorded with consent and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.Results Four themes were identified: (1) overall benefits of the exchange programme, (2) personal growth and development, (3) understanding and observing a different educational environment and (4) experiencing different healthcare systems.Conclusion The international exchange programme highlighted differences in learning approaches, students from both campuses gained valuable learning experiences which increased their personal growth, confidence, cultural competence, giving them an appreciation of a better work–life balance and effective time management skills. It is often a challenge to prepare healthcare professionals for work in a global multicultural workplace and we would suggest that exchange programmes early on in a medical curriculum would go some way to addressing this challenge.

Aquatic environments are polluted with a multitude of organic micropollutants, which challenges risk assessment due the complexity and diversity of pollutant mixtures. The recognition that certain source-specific background pollution occurs ubiquitously in the aquatic environment might be one way forward to approach mixture risk assessment. To investigate this hypothesis, we prepared one typical and representative WWTP effluent mixture of organic micropollutants (EWERBmix) comprised of 81 compounds selected according to their high frequency of occurrence and toxic potential. Toxicological relevant effects of this reference mixture were measured in eight organism- and cell-based bioassays and compared with predicted mixture effects, which were calculated based on effect data of single chemicals retrieved from literature or different databases, and via quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs). The results show that the EWERBmix supports the identification of substances which should be considered in future monitoring efforts. It provides measures to estimate wastewater background concentrations in rivers under consideration of respective dilution factors, and to assess the extent of mixture risks to be expected from European WWTP effluents. The EWERBmix presents a reasonable proxy for regulatory authorities to develop and implement assessment approaches and regulatory measures to address mixture risks. The highlighted data gaps should be considered for prioritization of effect testing of most prevalent and relevant individual organic micropollutants of WWTP effluent background pollution. The here provided approach and EWERBmix are available for authorities and scientists for further investigations. The approach presented can furthermore serve as a roadmap guiding the development of archetypic background mixtures for other sources, geographical settings and chemical compounds, e.g. inorganic pollutants.

Stargardt disease (STGD1), known as inherited retinal dystrophy, is caused by ABCA4 mutations. The pigmented Abca4-/- mouse strain only reflects the early stage of STGD1 since it is devoid of retinal degeneration. This blue light-illuminated pigmented Abca4-/- mouse model presented retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor degeneration which was similar to the advanced STGD1 phenotype. In contrast, wild-type mice showed no RPE degeneration after blue light illumination. In Abca4-/- mice, the acute blue light diminished the mean autofluorescence (AF) intensity in both fundus short-wavelength autofluorescence (SW-AF) and near-infrared autofluorescence (NIR-AF) modalities correlating with reduced levels of bisretinoid-fluorophores. Blue light-induced RPE cellular damage preceded the photoreceptors loss. In late-stage STGD1-like patient and blue light-illuminated Abca4-/- mice, lipofuscin and melanolipofuscin granules were found to contribute to NIR-AF, indicated by the colocalization of lipofuscin-AF and NIR-AF under the fluorescence microscope. In this mouse model, the correlation between in vivo and ex vivo assessments revealed histological characteristics of fundus AF abnormalities. The flecks which are hyper AF in both SW-AF and NIR-AF corresponded to the subretinal macrophages fully packed with pigment granules (lipofuscin, melanin, and melanolipofuscin). This mouse model, which has the phenotype of advanced STGD1, is important to understand the histopathology of Stargardt disease.

T cells expressing either alpha-beta or gamma-delta T cell receptors (TCR) are critical sentinels of the adaptive immune system, with receptor diversity being essential for protective immunity against a broad array of pathogens and agents. Programs available to profile TCR clonotypic signatures can be limiting for users with no coding expertise. Current analytical pipelines can be inefficient due to manual processing steps, open to data entry errors and have multiple analytical tools with unique inputs that require coding expertise. Here we present a bespoke webtool designed for users irrespective of coding expertise, coined ‘TCR_Explore’, enabling analysis either derived via Sanger sequencing or next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. Further, TCR_Explore incorporates automated quality control steps for Sanger sequencing. The creation of flexible and publication ready figures are enabled for different sequencing platforms following universal conversion to the TCR_Explore file format. TCR_Explore will enhance a user’s capacity to undertake in-depth TCR repertoire analysis of both new and pre-existing datasets for identification of T cell clonotypes associated with health and disease. The web application is located at https://tcr-explore.erc.monash.edu for users to interactively explore TCR repertoire datasets.

Flexible magnetic sensors with high sensitivity have a wide variety of medical and industrial uses, however, making such sensors robust and flexible at the same time can be challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate a high sensitivity flexible magnetic sensor that exhibits self-healing under an applied alternative magnetic field, with complete performance recovery.

Koh, Papanikolaou et al. discuss the application of artificial intelligence in cancer imaging. The authors highlight opportunities for exploiting machine learning algorithms in this field, and outline barriers in their implementation and how these might be addressed.

Various surface modification strategies are being developed to endow dental titanium implant surfaces with micro- and nano-structures to improve their biocompatibility, and first of all their osseointegration. These modifications have the potential to address clinical concerns by stimulating different biological processes. This study aims to evaluate the biological responses of ananatase-modified blasted/etched titanium (SLA-anatase) surfaces compared to blasted/acid etched (SLA) and machined titanium surfaces. Using unipolar pulsed direct current (DC) sputtering, a nanocrystalline anatase layer was fabricated. In vitro experiments have shown that SLA-anatase discs can effectively promote osteoblast adhesion and proliferation, which are regarded as important features of a successful dental implant with bone contact. Furthermore, anatase surface modification has been shown to partially enhance osteoblast mineralization in vitro, while not significantly affecting bacterial colonization. Consequently, the recently created anatase coating holds significant potential as a promising candidate for future advancements in dental implant surface modification for improving the initial stages of osseointegration.

Abstract Whereas strong demand is a key factor driving high inflation in the US, inflation in the Euro Area is mainly due to adverse external supply shocks (in Europe, energy prices are much higher due to the war in Ukraine). Standard monetary policy response to such shocks is to accommodate first-round effects, to fight spiralling inflationary expectations in order to prevent second-round effects. Long run inflation expectations — as measured by the survey of professional forecasters — still seem to be well anchored. The ECB’s announced tightening intends to dampen rising household’s inflation expectations. Given the current high uncertainty about the economic outlook, a soft landing calls for modest, data-dependent steps, allowing for a reversal in case the outlook worsens.

Using a season-long field manipulation with an established model fish system on the Great Barrier Reef, this study demonstrates that limiting motorboat activity on reefs leads to faster growth and survival of more fish offspring compared to reefs experiencing busy motorboat traffic. Noise mitigation and abatement could therefore present a valuable opportunity for enhancing ecosystem resilience.

The micro- and nanostructures, chemical composition, and wettability of titanium surfaces are essential for dental implants’ osseointegration. Combining hydrophilicity and nanostructure has been shown to improve the cell response and to shorten the healing time. This study aimed to investigate the biological response to different wettability levels and nanotopographical modifications in aged and non-aged titanium surfaces. By plasma etching titanium surfaces with the fluorine gas 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234yF), additional nanostructures were created on the sample surfaces. Furthermore, this treatment resulted in sustained superhydrophilicity and fluoride accumulation. We examined the effect of various nanostructuring processes and aging using scanning electron microscopy, roughness analyses, and wettability measurement. In addition, all the surface modifications were tested for their effects on fibroblast adhesion, proliferation, and viability as well as osteoblast differentiation. Our study indicates that the plasma etching, with 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, of the machined and SLA surface neither favored nor had an adverse effect on the biological response of the SAOS-2 osteoblast cell line. Although the fluorine-plasma-etched surfaces demonstrated improved fibroblast cell viability, they did not lead to improved early osseointegration. It is still unclear which surface properties mainly influence fibroblast and osteoblast adhesion. Further physiochemical aspects, such as electrostatic interaction and surface tension, are crucial to be analyzed along with wettability and roughness.

Program PKM ini bertujuan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh mitra, di mana siswa belum memiliki pengetahuan mengenai potensi bencana di daerahnya. Siswa belum pernah dibekali pengetahuan dalam bentuk pelatihan dalam menghadapi bencana. Sekolah juga belum memiliki sarana dan prasarana mitigasi bencana seperti rambu-rambu dan peta jalur evakuasi. Solusi yang ditawarkan berupa Kegiatan Sekolah Siaga Bencana (SSB). Metode pelaksanaan dibagi ke dalam tiga tahapan yaitu tahapan persiapan, pelaksanaan kegiatan, dan monitoring dan evaluasi program. Tahapan persiapan meliputi observasi awal, studi awal, menyiapan dan pemasangan rambu-rambu mitigasi serta penyusunan modul kegiatan. Untuk tahapan pelaksanaan kegiatan meliputi pemberian materi, simulasi bencana dan evaluasi. Tahapan selanjutnya adalah evaluasi program. Melalui kegiatan ini diketahui bahwa indeks kesiapsiagaan siswa SMA Negeri 11 Luwu menghadapi bencana dalam kategori Tinggi sebesar 34,5%, kategori Sedang sebesar 62,1% dan kategori Rendah sebesar 3,4%.

Mass coral bleaching events coupled with local stressors have caused regional-scale loss of corals on reefs globally. Following the loss of corals, the structural complexity of these habitats is often reduced. By providing shelter, obscuring visual information, or physically impeding predators, habitat complexity can influence predation risk and the perception of risk by prey. Yet little is known on how habitat complexity and risk assessment interact to influence predator-prey interactions. To better understand how prey's perception of threats may shift in degraded ecosystems, we reared juvenile Pomacentrus chrysurus in environments of various habitat complexity levels and then exposed them to olfactory risk odours before simulating a predator strike. We found that the fast-start escape responses were enhanced when forewarned with olfactory cues of a predator and in environments of increasing complexity. However, no interaction between complexity and olfactory cues was observed in escape responses. To ascertain if the mechanisms used to modify these escape responses were facilitated through hormonal pathways, we conducted whole-body cortisol analysis. Cortisol concentrations interacted with habitat complexity and risk odours, such that P. chrysurus exhibited elevated cortisol levels when forewarned with predator odours, but only when complexity levels were low. Our study suggests that as complexity is lost, prey may more appropriately assess predation risk, likely as a result of receiving additional visual information. Prey's ability to modify their responses depending on the environmental context suggests that they may be able to partly alleviate the risk of increased predator-prey interactions as structural complexity is reduced.

We assess relationships among 192 species in all 12 monocot orders and 72 of 77 families, using 602 conserved single-copy (CSC) genes and 1375 benchmarking single-copy ortholog (BUSCO) genes extracted from genomic and transcriptomic datasets. Phylogenomic inferences based on these data, using both coalescent-based and supermatrix analyses, are largely congruent with the most comprehensive plastome-based analysis, and nuclear-gene phylogenomic analyses with less comprehensive taxon sampling. The strongest discordance between the plastome and nuclear gene analyses is the monophyly of a clade comprising Asparagales and Liliales in our nuclear gene analyses, versus the placement of Asparagales and Liliales as successive sister clades to the commelinids in the plastome tree. Within orders, around six of 72 families shifted positions relative to the recent plastome analysis, but four of these involve poorly supported inferred relationships in the plastome-based tree. In Poales, the nuclear data place a clade comprising Ecdeiocoleaceae+Joinvilleaceae as sister to the grasses (Poaceae); Typhaceae, (rather than Bromeliaceae) are resolved as sister to all other Poales. In Commelinales, nuclear data place Philydraceae sister to all other families rather than to a clade comprising Haemodoraceae+Pontederiaceae as seen in the plastome tree. In Liliales, nuclear data place Liliaceae sister to Smilacaceae, and Melanthiaceae are placed sister to all other Liliales except Campynemataceae. Finally, in Alismatales, nuclear data strongly place Tofieldiaceae, rather than Araceae, as sister to all the other families, providing an alternative resolution of what has been the most problematic node to resolve using plastid data, outside of those involving achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophs. As seen in numerous prior studies, the placement of orders Acorales and Alismatales as successive sister lineages to all other extant monocots. Only 21.2% of BUSCO genes were demonstrably single-copy, yet phylogenomic inferences based on BUSCO and CSC genes did not differ, and overall functional annotations of the two sets were very similar. Our analyses also reveal significant gene tree-species tree discordance despite high support values, as expected given incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) related to rapid diversification. Our study advances understanding of monocot relationships and the robustness of phylogenetic inferences based on large numbers of nuclear single-copy genes that can be obtained from transcriptomes and genomes.