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BACKGROUND: Social integration (i.e., reciprocal interactions with peers and community members) is a notable challenge for many homeless-experienced adults with serious mental illness (SMI). In this study, we examine a range of housing services offered to homeless-experienced adults with SMI and identify the impacts of supportive services on participants social integration outcomes, with the goal of improving services in transitional and permanent housing settings for homeless-experienced adults with SMI. METHODS: Through semi-structured interviews with homeless-experienced adults with SMI (n = 30), we examine the impacts of housing and service settings on participants social integration. Participants received services in a variety of housing settings, including transitional housing with congregate/shared living (n = 10), transitional housing with individual quarters (n = 10), and permanent supportive housing (n = 10). RESULTS: Participants expressed caution in developing social relationships, as these could pose barriers to recovery goals (e.g., substance use recovery). For many, social integration was secondary to mental and physical health and/or housing stability goals. Individual quarters gave individuals a place of respite and a sense of control regarding when and with whom they socialized. Meeting recovery goals was strongly related to connecting to and receiving a range of supportive services; interviews suggest that proximity to services was critical for engagement in these resources. CONCLUSIONS: Programs serving homeless experienced adults with SMI should seek to understand how individuals conceptualize social integration, and how social relationships can either support or hinder participants recovery journey.

OBJECTIVES: Cancer is a leading cause of death in unhoused adults. We sought to examine the association between housing status, stage at diagnosis and all-cause survival following cancer diagnosis at a public hospital. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study examining new cancer diagnoses between 1 July 2011 and 30 June 2021. SETTING: A public hospital in San Francisco. EXPOSURE: Housing status (housed, formerly unhoused, unhoused) was ascertained via a county-wide integrated dataset that tracks both observed and reported homelessness. METHODS: We reported univariate analyses to investigate differences in demographic and clinical characteristics by housing group. We then constructed Kaplan-Meier curves stratified by housing group to examine unadjusted all-cause mortality. Finally, we used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to compare the hazard rate of mortality for each housing status group, adjusting for demographic and clinical factors. RESULTS: Our cohort included 5123 patients with new cancer diagnoses, with 4062 (79%) in housed patients, 623 (12%) in formerly unhoused patients and 438 (9%) in unhoused patients. Unhoused and formerly unhoused patients were more commonly diagnosed with stage 4 disease (28% and 27% of the time, respectively, vs 22% of housed patients). After adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics, unhoused patients with stage 0-3 disease had a 50% increased hazard of death (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.9; p

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), the most common blood-borne infection, disproportionately affects people experiencing homelessness (PEH); however, HCV interventions tailored for PEH are scarce. This study utilized a community-based participatory approach to assess perceptions of HCV treatment experiences among HCV-positive PEH, and homeless service providers (HSP) to develop and tailor the "I am HCV Free" intervention which integrates primary, secondary, and tertiary care to attain and maintain HCV cure. Four focus groups were conducted with PEH (N = 30, Mage = 51.76, standard deviation 11.49, range 22-69) and HSPs (n = 10) in Central City East (Skid Row) in Los Angeles, California. An iterative, thematic approach was used to ensure the trustworthiness of the data. Barriers and facilitators emerged from the data which have the potential to impact initiating HCV treatment and completion across the HCV care continuum. Understanding and addressing barriers and strengthening facilitators to HCV treatment will aid in HCV treatment completion and cure for PEH.

There are two dominant approaches to implementing permanent supportive housing (PSH), namely place-based (PB) and scattered-site (SS). Formal guidance does not distinguish between these two models and only specifies that PSH should be reserved for those who are most vulnerable with complex health needs. To consider both system- and self-selection factors that may affect housing assignment, this study applied the Gelberg-Anderson behavioral model for vulnerable populations to compare predisposing, enabling, and need factors among people experiencing homelessness (PE) by whether they were assigned to PB-PSH (n = 272) or SS-PSH (n = 185) in Los Angeles County during the COVID-19 pandemic. This exploratory, observational study also included those who were approved but did not receive PSH (n = 94). Results show that there are notable differences between (a) those who received PSH versus those who did not, and (b) those in PB-PSH versus SS-PSH. Specifically, PEH who received PSH were more likely to be white, US-born, have any physical health condition, and have lower health activation scores. PEH who received PB- versus SS-PSH were more likely to be older, Black, have any alcohol use disorder, and have higher health activation scores. These findings suggest that homeless service systems may consider PB-PSH more appropriate for PEH with higher needs but also raises important questions about how race may be a factor in the type of PSH that PEH receive and whether PSH is received at all.

BackgroundLong-acting (LA) antiretrovirals may provide meaningful benefit to people who use drugs and people experiencing homelessness (PEH) who face disproportionate structural and psychosocial barriers in adhering to daily oral HIV antiretroviral therapy or pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), but their use in these populations has not been studied.SettingThe Maria X. Martinez Health Resource Center is a low-barrier (eg, no appointment) community-based clinic serving San Francisco PEH.MethodsA multidisciplinary care model with robust monitoring and outreach support was developed to provide LA antiretroviral therapy (ART) and LA-PrEP to eligible patients experiencing difficulties adhering to oral antiretrovirals. Feasibility was assessed by evaluating the rates of HIV viremia and on-time injections among patients receiving LA antiretrovirals over the first 24 months of program implementation.ResultsBetween November 2021 and November 2023, 33 patients initiated LA-ART or LA-PrEP (median age, 37 years; 27% transgender/nonbinary; 73% non-White; 27% street homeless; 52% sheltered homeless; 30% with opioid use disorder; 82% with methamphetamine use disorder). Among 18 patients with HIV, 14 initiated LA-ART injections with detectable viremia (median CD4 count, 340 cells/mm 3 ; mean log 10 viral load, 3.53; SD, 1.62), 8 had never previously been virally suppressed, and all but 1 achieved or maintained virologic suppression (mean, 9.67 months; SD, 8.30). Among 15 LA-PrEP patients, all remained HIV negative (mean, 4.73 months; SD, 2.89). Of 224 total injections administered, 8% were delayed >7 days.DiscussionThe implementation of LA antiretrovirals is feasible in low-barrier, highly supportive clinical settings serving vulnerable PEH. Expansion of such programs will be critical in ending the HIV epidemic.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 70-80% of people experiencing homelessness in the United States use tobacco. Smoking cessation programs specifically for this population have been found to be less effective for African American participants. The purpose of this study was to explore discrimination experiences and their impact on smoking habits and readiness to quit cigarette smoking while experiencing homelessness. METHODS: In the qualitative phase of this mixed methods study, five focus groups were conducted for African Americans residing in a homeless shelter in Skid Row, Los Angeles, CA. Using a semi-structured interview guide, we asked participants about discrimination experiences, how smoking habits were impacted by these experiences, and tools needed to successfully abstain from cigarette smoking. Qualitative descriptive content analysis was used to explore discrimination experiences and its association with readiness to quit cigarette smoking. RESULTS: Of the 17 participants, 14 (82.4%) were male, and the average age was 46.8 years. Using a qualitative In Vivo coding method, three themes were revealed: Experiencing Discrimination while Black, The Psychosocial Fabric-Why Quitting Cigarette Smoking is a Challenge, and The Lesser of Two Evils-Choosing to Smoke over More Harmful Options. Participants discussed working in the blue-collar workforce while Black, identifying as a double minority, smoking to cope with stress, early exposure to cigarettes, smoking being a central part of ones belonging to a group, and the legality of cigarette smoking. DISCUSSION: Our findings show that African Americans experiencing homelessness (1) may experience discrimination in multiple settings, regardless of housing status, (2) could have grown up around cigarette smoking and remain surrounded by it while experiencing homelessness, and (3) may experience a calming effect with smoking, which slows some from reacting negatively to adverse situations. CONCLUSION: Barriers to successfully abstaining from smoking are multifactorial among African Americans experiencing homelessness and should be addressed individually. Future research should explore the cultural tailoring of interventions that support cessation efforts unique to minoritized populations to improve smoking cessation programs offered to this population.

BackgroundDeep-rooted racial residential segregation and housing discrimination have given rise to housing disparities among low-income Black young adults in the US. Most studies have focused on single dimensions of housing instability, and thus provide a partial view of how Black young adults experience multiple, and perhaps overlapping, experiences of housing instability including homelessness, frequent moves, unaffordability, or evictions. We aimed to illuminate the multiple forms of housing instability that Black young adults contend with and examine relationships between housing instability and mental health outcomes.MethodsUsing baseline data from the Black Economic Equity Movement (BEEM) guaranteed income trial with 300 urban low-income Black young adults (aged 18-24), we conducted a three-stage latent class analysis using nine housing instability indicators. We identified distinct patterns by using fit indices and theory to determine the optimal number of latent classes. We then used multinomial logistic regression to identify subpopulations disproportionately represented within unstable housing patterns. Finally, we estimated associations between housing experience patterns and mental health outcomes: depression, anxiety, and hope.ResultsWe found high prevalence of housing instability with 27.3% of participants reporting experiences of homelessness in the prior year and 39.0% of participants reporting multiple measures of housing instability. We found the 4-class solution to be the best fitting model for the data based on fit indices and theory. Latent classes were characterized as four housing experience patterns: 1) more stably housed, 2) unaffordable and overcrowded housing, 3) mainly unhoused, and 4) multiple dimensions of housing instability. Those experiencing unaffordable and overcrowded housing and being mainly unhoused were more than four times as likely to have symptoms of depression (Unaffordable: aOR = 4.57, 95% CI: 1.64, 12.72; Unhoused: aOR = 4.67, 95% CI:1.18, 18.48) and more than twice as likely to report anxiety (Unaffordable: aOR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.03, 5.04; Unhoused: aOR = 3.36, 95% CI: 1.12, 10.05) compared to the more stably housed pattern. We found that hope scores were similarly high across patterns.ConclusionsHigh prevalence of housing instability and mental health challenges among low-income Black young adults demands tailored interventions to reduce instability, given widening racial disparities and implications for future well-being into adulthood.

Medical Respite Programs (MRPs) characterize a care model that has been developed to address the health care and social needs of persons experiencing homelessness by providing post-acute hospital care in a safe environment. Although this model has been shown to reduce hospitalizations, improve health outcomes and increase access to health services, prior studies of MRP programs and outcomes have been limited to individual sites and may not generalize to the population of individuals receiving MRP care. This study protocol describes a mixed method design to collect organizational, provider, and patient-level data from a sample of MRPs.

BackgroundLoneliness is more common in older adults and those who face structural vulnerabilities, including homelessness. The homeless population is aging in the United States; now, 48% of single homeless adults are 50 and older. We know little about loneliness among older adults who have experienced homelessness. We aimed to describe the loneliness experience among homeless-experienced older adults with cognitive and functional impairments and the individual, social, and structural conditions that shaped these loneliness experiences.MethodsWe purposively sampled 22 older adults from the HOPE HOME study, a longitudinal cohort study among adults aged 50 years or older experiencing homelessness in Oakland, California. We conducted in-depth interviews about participants perceived social support and social isolation. We conducted qualitative content analysis.ResultsTwenty participants discussed loneliness experience, who had a median age of 57 and were mostly Black (80%) and men (65%). We developed a typology of participants' loneliness experience and explored the individual, social, and structural conditions under which each loneliness experience occurred. We categorized the loneliness experience into four groups: (1) "lonely- distressed", characterized by physical impairment and severe isolation; (2) "lonely- rather be isolated", reflecting deliberate social isolation as a result of trauma, marginalization and aging-related resignation; (3) "lonely- transient", as a result of aging, acceptance and grieving; and (4) "not lonely"- characterized by stability and connection despite having experienced homelessness.ConclusionsLoneliness is a complex and heterogenous social phenomenon, with homeless-experienced older adults with cognitive or functional impairments exhibiting diverse loneliness experiences based on their individual life circumstances and needs. While the most distressing loneliness experience occurred among those with physical impairment and mobility challenges, social and structural factors such as interpersonal and structural violence during homelessness shaped these experiences.

The main objective of this research was to qualitatively examine the impacts of Housing First (HF) specifically on those participants who identified themselves as female in response to question asking what their gender was. The data analyzed are from a larger, muti‐site, randomized controlled trial. χ2 analysis was used to compare the life changes (coded as positive, neutral, or negative) experienced by 64 females (42 HF and 22 TAU). An in‐depth qualitative analysis was conducted on 45 of these participants (23 HF and 22 TAU). Significantly more female HF participants reported making positive life changes from baseline to 18‐month than those in TAU. Relative to females in TAU, female HF participants reported a number of specific positive changes, including enhanced safety, improved recovery in mental illness, greater reductions in drug use, and individual changes. The implications of findings for strengthening HF programs to meet the unique needs of female participants are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: We examined the impact of duration and number of homelessness episodes on health outcomes for unsheltered homeless young adults. METHODS: We analyzed the 2018/2019 Los Angeles County homeless youth demographic surveys. We addressed five summary health outcomes: physical health, mental health, substance use disorder, tri-morbidity, and any condition. Respondents were classified into three homeless trajectory groups: (1) short-term-homeless < 1 year in one episode, (2) episodic-homeless < 1 year and multiple episodes, and (3) long-term-homeless continuously for > 1 year. Weighted bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models tested the relationship between homeless trajectory group and health, with controls for sociodemographic factors and structural exposures. RESULTS: Mental health and substance use were high among unsheltered young adults compared to national rates. Long-term homeless respondents were significantly more likely than short-term to report a mental health condition (53.3% vs. 39.8%, p < .001), substance use disorder (25.5% vs. 18.3%, p < .001), and physical conditions (26.0% vs. 15.6%, p = .008). Episodic respondents were more likely to report a mental health condition (50.5%, p < .001). In multivariate models, long-term respondents had twice the odds of tri-morbidity (odds ratio [OR] = 2.14, p < .05) and any health condition (OR 2.00, p < .01) as short term and significantly higher odds of a physical health condition (OR = 1.64, p < .05). DISCUSSION: Youth with longer durations and more frequent episodes of homelessness have substantially poorer health outcomes. The association of longer duration to poorer health persisted in multivariate models. Longer duration of unsheltered homelessness may drive the onset of physical and mental health problems.

OBJECTIVES: Many cisgender women affected by homelessness and substance use desire pregnancy and parenthood. Provider discomfort with patient-centered counseling about reproductive choices and supporting reproductive decisions of these women poses barriers to reproductive healthcare access. METHODS: We used participatory research methods to develop a half-day workshop for San Francisco-based medical and social service providers to improve reproductive counseling of women experiencing homelessness and/or who use substances. Guided by a stakeholder group comprising cisgender women with lived experience and providers, goals of the workshop included increasing provider empathy, advancing patient-centered reproductive health communication, and eliminating extraneous questions in care settings that perpetuate stigma. We used pre/post surveys to evaluate acceptability and effects of the workshop on participants attitudes and confidence in providing reproductive health counseling. We repeated surveys one month post-event to investigate lasting effects. RESULTS: Forty-two San Francisco-based medical and social service providers participated in the workshop. Compared to pre-test, post-test scores indicated reduced biases about: childbearing among unhoused women (p

We conducted a cross-sectional study, examining the mediation effects of depression and anxiety on the association between discrimination and readiness to quit cigarette smoking among African American adult cigarette smokers experiencing homelessness. Using a convenience sample, participants were recruited from a homeless shelter in Southern California. Scores of discrimination, depressive, and anxiety symptoms, and readiness to quit smoking were analyzed using linear regression modeling. We enrolled 100 participants; 58 participants were male. In the final model, discrimination had no association with readiness to quit (b = 0.02; 95% CI [-0.04, 0.08]; p = 0.47). The indirect effects of depression (b = 0.04, [0.01, 0.07]; p = 0.02) and anxiety (b = 0.03; [0.01, 0.05]; p = 0.04) reached statistical significance; the direct effects of depression (b = -0.01; [-0.09, 0.04]; p = 0.70) and anxiety (b = -0.00; [-0.09, 0.06]; p = 0.86) did not. Future studies should explore these associations to enhance smoking cessation programs for this population.

BackgroundGetting and maintaining Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) cure is challenging among people experiencing homelessness (PEH) as a result of critical social determinants of health such as unstable housing, mental health disorders, and drug and alcohol use.ObjectivesThe purpose of this exploratory pilot study was to compare a registered nurse/community health worker (RN/CHW)-led HCV intervention tailored for PEH, "I am HCV Free," with a clinic-based standard of care (cbSOC) for treating HCV. Efficacy was measured by sustained virological response at 12 weeks after stopping antivirals (SVR12), and improvement in mental health, drug and alcohol use, and access to healthcare.MethodsAn exploratory randomized controlled trial design was used to assign PEH recruited from partner sites in the Skid Row Area of Los Angeles, California, to the RN/CHW or cbSOC programs. All received direct-acting antivirals. The RN/CHW group received directly observed therapy in community-based settings, incentives for taking HCV medications, and wrap-around services, including connection to additional healthcare services, housing support, and referral to other community services. For all PEH, drug and alcohol use and mental health symptoms were measured at month 2 or 3 and 5 or 6 follow-up, depending on HCV medication type, while SVR12 was measured at month 5 or 6 follow-up.ResultsAmong PEH in the RN/CHW group, 75% (3 of 4) completed SVR12 and all three attained undetectable viral load. This was compared with 66.7% (n = 4 of 6) of the cbSOC group who completed SVR12; all four attained undetectable viral load. The RN/CHW group, as compared to the cbSOC, also showed greater improvements in mental health, and significant improvement in drug use, and access to healthcare services.DiscussionWhile this study shows significant improvements in drug use and health service access among the RN/-CHW group, the sample size of the study limits the validity and generalizability of the results. Further studies using larger sample sizes are necessitated.

This report seeks to discuss sequelae of chronic cellulitis that is commonly treated in the ambulatory setting, as exacerbated by the conditions of living outside. Further we hope to identify etiologic factors that contribute to complication development. Additionally, this article will touch on unique treatment plan considerations for unhoused patients with the intention to educate providers and reduce mortality and morbidity relating to pedal skin and soft tissue infections in this population. This piece examines the case of a 52-year-old man with a history of chronic diseases, substance use disorder, and recurrent cellulitis. We highlight systemic issues in healthcare delivery for unhoused patients, including inadequate discharge planning, limited access to medication, and challenges in shelter placement. The discussion section emphasizes the importance of accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment plans for cellulitis in houseless individuals, the importance of a multidisciplinary approach incorporating social work services, and addressing chronic illnesses, substance use disorder, and housing issues. The report advocates for heightened awareness of bilateral cellulitis in unhoused populations, emphasizing the need for comprehensive, individualized treatment plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Continuity of primary care (CPC) is associated with reduced mortality and improved health status. This study assessed the level of CPC and changes in CPC over 6 years among adults with experience of homelessness and mental illness who received a Housing First intervention. Methods Participants were adults (≥18 years old) with a serious mental disorder and experiencing chronic homelessness enrolled between October 2009 and June 2011 in the Toronto site of the Canadian At Home/Chez Soi study and followed until March 2017. Participants were randomized to Housing First with intensive case management (HF-ICM), Housing First with assertive community treatment (HF-ACT), or treatment as usual. For this report, 280 intervention group participants (HF-ICM, n = 193 and HF-ACT, n = 87) were analysed using data from health records. The main outcome was CPC measured by the Continuity of Care Index as a continuous and categorical variable among participants during 3 consecutive 2-year periods. Results Most HF-ICM participants had low levels of CPC, with 68%–74% of this group having low CPC across all time periods. Similarly, most HF-ACT participants had low levels of CPC, with 63%–78% of this group having low CPC across all time periods. Conclusions Among this group of individuals with mental illness who were experiencing homelessness, CPC remained low over 6 years of follow-up. This study highlights that housing and mental health interventions may need to place greater emphasis on improving CPC using effective strategies that are specifically geared towards this important goal among their clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients who frequently present to Emergency Department (ED) experience complex health and social needs. While research has examined interventions that aim to decrease frequent ED attendances, there is a need to understand the types of interventions provided to patients by hospital clinicians during presentations. Using qualitative content analysis, 82 management plans were evaluated to understand the scope and type of interventions provided by clinicians for patients frequently presenting to the ED at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia. Patients often presented to the ED due to mental and psychological distress, substance use and physical health concerns alongside psychosocial vulnerabilities. The goals of care documented in plans focussed on management of health issues, aggression within the ED, and coordinating care with community services. Recommended interventions addressed presenting needs with multi-disciplinary approach to respond to distress and aggression. Finally, the plans provided insight into service coordination dynamics between the ED and community-based health and social care services. The plans recommended interventions that sought to provide holistic care for patients in collaboration with relevant community-based services. The findings suggest that clinicians in the ED can provide appropriate and meaningful care for patients who experience frequent presentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To develop easy to use and validated predictive models to identify beneficiaries experiencing homelessness from administrative data. DATA SOURCES: We pooled enrollment and claims data from enrollees of the California Whole Person Care (WPC) Medicaid demonstration program that coordinated the care of a subset of Medicaid beneficiaries identified as high utilizers in 26 California counties (25 WPC Pilots). We also used public directories of social service and health care facilities. STUDY DESIGN: Using WPC Pilot-reported homelessness status, we trained seven supervised learning algorithms with different specifications to identify beneficiaries experiencing homelessness. The list of predictors included address- and claims-based indicators, demographics, health status, health care utilization, and county-level homelessness rate. We then assessed model performance using measures of balanced accuracy (BA), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve [AUC]). DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: We included 93,656 WPC enrollees from 2017 to 2018, 37,441 of whom had a WPC Pilot-reported homelessness indicator. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The random forest algorithm with all available indicators had the best performance (87% BA and 0.95 AUC), but a simpler Generalized Linear Model (GLM) also performed well (74% BA and 0.83 AUC). Reducing predictors to the top 20 and top five most important indicators in a GLM model yields only slightly lower performance (86% BA and 0.94 AUC for the top 20 and 86% BA and 0.91 AUC for the top five). CONCLUSIONS: Large samples can be used to accurately predict homelessness in Medicaid administrative data if a validated homelessness indicator for a small subset can be obtained. In the absence of a validated indicator, the likelihood of homelessness can be calculated using county rate of homelessness, address- and claim-based indicators, and beneficiary age using a prediction model presented here. These approaches are needed given the rising prevalence of homelessness and the focus of Medicaid and other payers on addressing homelessness and its outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Persons who experience homelessness (PEH) have high rates of depression and incur challenges accessing high-quality health care. Some Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities offer homeless-tailored primary care clinics, although such tailoring is not required, within or outside VA. Whether services tailoring enhances care for depression is unstudied. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether PEH in homeless-tailored primary care settings receive higher quality of depression care, compared to PEH in usual VA primary care. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of depression treatment among a regional cohort of VA primary care patients (2016-2019). PARTICIPANTS: PEH diagnosed or treated for a depressive disorder. MAIN MEASURES: The quality measures were timely follow-up care (3 + completed visits with a primary care or mental health specialist provider, or 3 + psychotherapy sessions) within 84 days of a positive PHQ-2 screen result, timely follow-up care within 180 days, and minimally appropriate treatment (4 + mental health visits, 3 + psychotherapy visits, 60 + days antidepressant) within 365 days. We applied multivariable mixed-effect logistic regressions to model differences in care quality for PEH in homeless-tailored versus usual primary care settings. KEY RESULTS: Thirteen percent of PEH with depressive disorders received homeless-tailored primary care (n = 374), compared to usual VA primary care (n = 2469). Tailored clinics served more PEH who were Black, who were non-married, and who had low income, serious mental illness, and substance use disorders. Among all PEH, 48% received timely follow-up care within 84 days of depression screening, 67% within 180 days, and 83% received minimally appropriate treatment. Quality metric attainment was higher for PEH in homeless-tailored clinics, compared to PEH in usual VA primary care: follow-up within 84 days (63% versus 46%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.61, p = .001), follow-up within 180 days (78% versus 66%; AOR = 1.51, p = .003), and minimally appropriate treatment (89% versus 82%; AOR = 1.58, p = .004). CONCLUSIONS: Homeless-tailored primary care approaches may improve depression care for PEH.

BackgroundOlder adults experiencing chronic homelessness (i.e., prolonged homelessness and a disabling condition) have low rates of advance care planning (ACP) despite high rates of morbidity and mortality. Rehousing of homeless-experienced individuals into permanent supportive housing (PSH) may present an opportunity to introduce ACP; but this is unknown. Therefore, we explored staff and resident perceptions of conducting ACP in PSH.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with PSH staff (n = 13) and tenants (PSH residents) (n = 26) in San Francisco. We used the capability (C), opportunity (O), motivation (M), behavior (COM-B) framework within the Behavior Change Wheel model and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to inform interviews, categorize themes, and guide qualitative thematic analysis.ResultsThe mean age of PSH residents was 67 (SD = 6.1) years and 52% were women. Of staff, 69% were women. Important COM-B barriers included ACP complexity (C), complicated relationship dynamics (O), resource limitations (O), pessimism (M), variable staff confidence (M), and competing priorities (M). Facilitators included easy-to-use documents/videos, including the PREPARE for Your Care program (C), stability with housing (O), exposure to health crises (O), potential for strong relationships (O), and belief that ACP is impactful (M). Recommendations included adapting materials to the PSH setting, providing staff trainings/scripts, and using optional one-on-one or group sessions.ConclusionsWe identified behavioral determinants related to ACP for formerly chronically homeless older adults in PSH. Future interventions should include using easy-to-use ACP materials and developing resources to educate PSH residents, train staff, and model ACP in groups or one-on-one sessions.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic intersected with a housing crisis for unsheltered Veterans experiencing homelessness (VEHs); congregate settings became high risk for viral spread. The VA Greater Los Angeles responded by creating the Care, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Service (CTRS), an outdoor, low-barrier-to-entry transitional housing program on VA grounds. This novel emergency initiative offered a protected outdoor environment (sanctioned encampment) where VEHs lived in tents and had access to three meals a day, hygiene resources, and health and social services. OBJECTIVE: To identify contextual factors that supported and impeded CTRS participants access to healthcare and housing services. DESIGN: Multi-method, ethnographic data collection. PARTICIPANTS: VEHs residing at CTRS, CTRS staff. APPROACH: Over 150 hours of participant observation were conducted at CTRS and at eight town hall meetings; semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 VEHs and 11 staff. Rapid turn-around qualitative analysis was used to synthesize data, engaging stakeholders in iterative participant validation. Content analysis techniques were used to identify key factors that impacted access to housing and health services among VEHs residing in CTRS. KEY RESULTS: Staff varied in their interpretation of CTRS mission. Some conceptualized access to health services as a central tenet, while others viewed CTRS as an emergency shelter only. Regardless, staff burnout was prevalent, which lead to low morale, high turnover, and worsened access to and quality of care. VEHs endorsed trusting, long-term relationships with CTRS staff as paramount for facilitating access to services. Though CTRS addressed basic priorities (food, shelter, etc.) that traditionally compete with access to healthcare, some VEHs needed on-site healthcare services, at their tents, to access care. CONCLUSIONS: CTRS provided VEHs access to basic needs and health and housing services. To improve access to healthcare services within encampments, our data suggest the value of longitudinal trusting relationships, adequate staff support, and on-site health services.

IntroductionNovel strategies are needed to address barriers to COVID-19 vaccination among people experiencing homelessness (PEH), a population that faces increased COVID-19 risk. Although growing evidence suggests that financial incentives for vaccination are acceptable to PEH, their impact on uptake is unknown. This study aimed to assess whether offering $50 gift cards was associated with the uptake of the first doses of COVID-19 vaccine among PEH in Los Angeles County.MethodsVaccination clinics began on March 15, 2021; the financial incentive program was implemented from September 26, 2021 to April 30, 2022. Interrupted time-series analysis with quasi-Poisson regression was used to evaluate the level and slope change in the number of weekly first doses administered. Time-varying confounders included the weekly number of clinics and the weekly number of new cases. Demographic characteristics were compared for PEH vaccinated before and after the implementation of the incentive program using chi-square tests.ResultsOffering financial incentives was associated with the administration of 2.5 times (95% CI=1.8, 3.1) more first doses than would have been expected without the program. Level (-0.184, 95% CI= -1.166, -0.467) and slope change (0.042, 95% CI=0.031, 0.053) were observed. Individuals who were unsheltered, aged

Limited research has examined the mental health of individuals experiencing homelessness in Hawai'i, which bears the nation's second highest homelessness rate. Mental health, substance use, treatment need, and health data were collected from 162 unhoused individuals in Hawai'i County by visiting community locations where they congregate (e.g., beaches, vacant buildings). 77% of participants were Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (NH/PI) with participants demonstrating severe rates of mental and substance use disorders including 57% experiencing major depressive disorder (MDD), 56% experiencing generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and 64%, 74%, and 12% experiencing alcohol, methamphetamine, and opioid use disorders, respectively-heightening overdose risk. Treatment need was high (62%) but health was poor (85% reporting fair/poor health), with MDD and GAD predicting reduced general health (p

Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar las barreras y los facilitadores en el acceso y la utilización de los centros de atención primaria para las personas en situación de sinhogarismo. Diseño: Estudio cualitativo, enfoque teórico-metodológico fenomenológico. Entre el 19 de mayo y el 27 de julio de 2023. Emplazamiento: Centro de Atención Primaria Besòs y Menjador Solidari Gregal (Barrio del Besòs i el Maresme, Barcelona). Participantes: Personas en situación de sinhogarismo que acuden al Menjador Solidari Gregal y profesionales del Centro de Atención Primaria Besòs. Método: Muestreo intencionado teórico. Entrevistas semiestructuradas individuales, grupales y observación no participante abierta. Análisis temático del contenido, triangulación por análisis independiente de tres miembros del equipo investigador y triangulación de métodos. La saturación del discurso se alcanzó a través de la variabilidad del discurso y de las técnicas. Resultados: Once entrevistas individuales, tres entrevistas grupales y dos observaciones. Se identificaron diferentes barreras y facilitadores. Las mismas se clasifican en cinco categorías: 1) concepto e identificación de las personas en situación de sinhogarismo; 2) factores personales de las personas en situación de sinhogarismo; 3) conductas y actitudes de los profesionales; 4) factores estructurales relacionados con la normativa del sistema sanitario, y 5) factores organizativos internos de los centros de atención primaria. Conclusiones: Las personas en situación de sinhogarismo enfrentan múltiples barreras para acceder a la atención primaria, si bien también existen facilitadores, como las relaciones de confianza y el trabajo multidisciplinar e intersectorial, que pueden potenciarse desde los centros de atención primaria para contribuir a la equidad en salud. Abstract: Objective: To identify barriers and facilitators for the access and use of primary care centers for people experiencing homelessness. Design: Qualitative study, phenomenological theoretical-methodological approach. Between May 19 and July 27, 2023. Location: Besòs Primary Health Care Center and Gregal social dining (Besòs and Maresme neighborhood, Barcelona). Participants: People experiencing homelessness attending the Gregal social dining and professionals from the Besòs Primary Health Care Center. Method: Theoretical purposive sampling. Individual and group interviews and open non-participant observation. Thematic content analysis, triangulation by independent analysis of three members of the research team and triangulation of methods. Discourse saturation was achieved through variability of discourse and techniques. Results: Eleven individual interviews, three group interviews and two observations. Different barriers and facilitators were identified. These were classified into five categories: (1) concept and identification of people experiencing homelessness; (2) personal factors of people experiencing homelessness; (3) behaviors and attitudes of professionals; (4) structural factors related to health system regulation, anf (5) internal organizational factors of primary health care centers. Conclusions: People experiencing homelessness face multiple barriers to access primary health care, although there are also facilitators such as trusting relationships and multidisciplinary and intersectoral work that can be enhanced from primary health care centers to contribute to health equity.

Sleep problems are common among United States (U.S.) veterans and are associated with poor health, mental health, and functioning. Yet, little is known about insufficient sleep and factors contributing to sleep disparities among veterans experiencing homelessness. We conducted semi-structured interviews to better understand the clinical, environmental, and structural factors contributing to insufficient sleep among veterans and to improve care for this population. Interviews were conducted with 13 providers caring for veterans experiencing homelessness, including physicians, psychologists, nurses, social workers, and peer support specialists. Providers worked at a West Coast VA institution serving a large population of veterans experiencing homelessness. Interviews were analyzed for themes pertaining to sleep using the social-ecological model as a framework. On an individual level, factors influencing sleep included psychiatric disorders and use of substances. On an interpersonal level, factors included safety concerns while sleeping. On an environmental level, factors included noise and proximity to others as barriers to sleep. On the organizational level, logistical issues scheduling sleep clinic appointments and lack of transportation to attend sleep clinic appointments were identified as treatment barriers. These findings can inform future research studying the impact of sleep on health and housing outcomes and interventions addressing sleep among veterans experiencing homelessness.

ObjectivesPeople experiencing homelessness (PEH) have been especially impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, likely due to increased vulnerabilities stemming from chronic diseases, substance use, and mental health conditions.DesignA case-control study to assess the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among PEH and associations with key variables.SampleA convenience sample of 97 PEH in Skid Row, Los Angeles.MeasurementsA structured questionnaire assessing socio-demographic, mental health, drug and alcohol use, health care access, pandemic stress, and other COVID-19-specific questions.ResultsWe found high anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG titers among five of 15 PEH who reported no prior COVID-19 diagnosis or being vaccinated, suggesting undiagnosed and/or asymptomatic COVID-19. While anti-RBD IgG titers across vaccination categories were not statistically significant (p = .069), participants vaccinated with Janssen had the lowest mean anti-RBD IgG titers. In multivariable analysis, we found negative associations between level of SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers with the Janssen vaccine and depression; thus, a need for integrated care for PEH with depression and COVID-19.ConclusionsFurther research is warranted to confirm the immune response, initial and over time, to SARS-CoV-2 infection and to COVID-19 vaccinations, particularly among PEH whose immune systems may be impacted by multiple health conditions.

IntroductionSubstance use, including methamphetamine use, is a contributing factor in HIV acquisition and treatment. Stimulant use is linked to mental health yet there is limited data from youth in community-based settings.DesignOne hundred marginally housed or homeless transitional age youth (TAY) were recruited at Larkin Street Youth Services and completed a survey on mental health and substance use.MethodsWe conducted secondary data analysis using multivariable logistic regression models to identify the correlates of methamphetamine use among TAY.ResultsThe participants' mean age was 22. Of those who reported methamphetamine use in the past 3 months, 64% were Gay, Bisexual, or Pansexual. Factors independently associated with methamphetamine use were; living with HIV (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.18, 95% CI = 1.11-9.15), depressive symptoms (aOR = 6.02, 95% CI = 1.46-24.78), symptoms of PTSD (aOR = 13.38, 95% CI = 1.59-112.73), polysubstance use in the past 3 months (aOR = 50.02, 95% CI = 9.72-257.46) and a history of injection drug use (aOR = 8.38, 95% CI = 1.87-37.53).ConclusionsResults from this study suggest a need to develop, adapt, and rapidly implement comprehensive interventions that address the combined epidemics of substance use, HIV, and mental health among TAY.Clinical relevanceThis article examines factors associated with methamphetamine use among transitional age youth (TAY) experiencing homelessness or housing instability. Several factors were associated with use, including depression, PTSD, HIV status, polysubstance use, and injection drug use. These findings highlight the need for nurses to assess for methamphetamine use among youth as well as associated mental health and physical health problems. Nurses should link TAY who are using methamphetamine to evidence-based treatment programs to address substance use and comorbid conditions.

There is an emerging literature on research interviews to inform arts projects, but little on opera. This case study illustrates how research data informed an opera on Veteran recovery. Deidentified interviews were selected from 280 adults with a history of depression at 10-year follow-up to a randomized trial. Interviews were used to inform characters, storyline, and libretto. Ethical strategies included: changing details and merging stories and characters to create two Veterans and one spouse as leads, a storyline, and choral passages, with a focus on recovery from post-traumatic stress and homelessness. To engage a broad audience and address stigma, accessible composition techniques (melody, harmony) were used. We found that qualitative/mixed data can inform libretto and composition for an opera on Veteran recovery, through integrating art and health science.

ObjectivesLimited information exists about violent deaths among people experiencing homelessness (PEH) across the United States. Using data from a national reporting system, we describe characteristics of suicides, homicides, and other deaths classified as violent among PEH in the United States.MethodsWe obtained data on demographic characteristics, mechanisms of injury, and circumstances surrounding violent deaths from January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2018, in 31 states from the National Violent Death Reporting System.ResultsOf 122 113 violent deaths in 31 states during 2016-2018, 1757 (1.4%) occurred among PEH and 3952 (3.2%) occurred among people for whom homelessness status was unknown or missing. Of all violent deaths among PEH, 878 were suicides (1.1% of all suicides), 458 were homicides (1.6% of all homicides), 352 were of undetermined intent (2.8% of all deaths of undetermined intent), and 59 were the result of legal interventions (3.8% of all deaths due to legal interventions). Hanging/suffocation/strangulation was the most common mechanism of suicide among PEH (44.4%), followed by deaths due to firearms (21.6%). Firearms were the most common mechanism of homicide deaths among PEH (48.0%). Black PEH were more likely to die by homicide than by suicide, and White PEH were more likely to die by suicide than by homicide. Among the 843 suicide victims for whom additional information was known, 345 (40.9%) had a history of suicidal thoughts or plans, 245 (29.1%) had disclosed intent to die by suicide, and 183 (21.7%) were receiving treatment for a mental health condition.ConclusionsEfforts to reduce mortality and improve health outcomes among PEH should consider the high rates of violent deaths in this population.

BackgroundHIV outbreaks among people who inject drugs (PWID) and experience homelessness are increasing across the USA. Despite high levels of need, multilevel barriers to accessing antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention persist for this population. The Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program (BHCHP) initiated a low-threshold, outreach-based program to support engagement in PrEP services among PWID experiencing homelessness.MethodsTo inform dissemination efforts, we explored patient and provider perspectives on key program components. From March to December 2020, we conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with current and former BHCHP PrEP program participants and prescribers, patient navigators, and outreach workers (i.e., providers). Thematic analysis explored perspectives on key program components.ResultsParticipants (n = 21) and providers (n = 11) identified the following five key components of BHCHP's PrEP program that they perceived to be particularly helpful for supporting patient engagement in PrEP services: (1) community-driven PrEP education; (2) low-threshold, accessible programming including same-day PrEP prescribing; (3) tailored prescribing supports (e.g., on-site pharmacy, short-term prescriptions, medication storage); (4) intensive outreach and navigation; and (5) trusting, respectful patient-provider relationships.DiscussionFindings suggest that more patient-centered services formed the basis of BHCHP's innovative, successful PrEP program. While contextual challenges including competing public health emergencies and homeless encampment "sweeps" necessitate ongoing programmatic adaptations, lessons from BHCHP's PrEP program can inform PrEP delivery in a range of community-based settings serving this population, including syringe service programs and shelters.

BackgroundBuprenorphine is an effective treatment for opioid use disorders. A previous randomized trial comparing emergency department (ED)-initiated buprenorphine to standard care showed dramatic improvement in follow-up. This is encouraging, but must be replicated to understand the generalizability of buprenorphine treatment.ObjectivesEvaluate the efficacy of an ED-initiated buprenorphine protocol similar to a previous randomized trial in a different population.MethodsThis ED-based descriptive study described the results of a project implementing an opioid use disorder treatment protocol that included buprenorphine. Patients with opioid use disorder were offered treatment with buprenorphine, a buprenorphine prescription whenever possible, and a follow-up visit to a clinic providing addiction treatment. The primary outcome was engagement in formal addiction treatment 30 days after the index visit.ResultsOf the 210 patients who accepted referral for outpatient medication-assisted treatment, 95 (45.2%) achieved the primary outcome. Two-thirds of these patients received a buprenorphine prescription at discharge; 40% were homeless. A regression analysis revealed one statistically significant predictor of the primary outcome: patients who were housed were 2.49 times more likely to engage in opioid use disorder treatment than patients who were homeless (p = 0.02).ConclusionsIn this descriptive study of an ED-initiated buprenorphine protocol, follow-up was less than that reported in a previous randomized controlled trial. Two important differences between our study and the randomized trial are the high rate of homelessness and the fact that not every patient received a prescription for buprenorphine. The efficacy of ED-initiated treatment may depend on certain population characteristics.

Mobile crisis services for people experiencing distress related to mental health or substance use are expanding rapidly across the US, yet there is little evidence to support these specific models of care. These new programs present a unique opportunity to expand the literature by utilizing implementation science methods to inform the future design of crisis systems. This mixed methods study will examine the effectiveness and acceptability of the Street Crisis Response Team (SCRT), a new 911-dispatched multidisciplinary mobile crisis intervention piloted in San Francisco, California. First, using quantitative data from electronic health records, we will conduct an interrupted time series analysis to quantitatively examine the impacts of the SCRT on people experiencing homelessness who utilized public behavioral health crisis services in San Francisco between November 2019 and August 2022, across four main outcomes within 30 days of the crisis episode: routine care utilization, crisis care reutilization, assessment for housing services, and jail entry. Second, to understand its impact on health equity, we will analyze racial and ethnic disparities in these outcomes prior to and after implementation of the SCRT. For the qualitative component, we will conduct semi-structured interviews with recipients of the SCRTs services to understand their experiences of the intervention and to identify how the SCRT influenced their health-related trajectories after the crisis encounter. Once complete, the quantitative and qualitative findings will be further analyzed in tandem to assist with more nuanced understanding of the effectiveness of the SCRT program. This evaluation of a novel mobile crisis response program will advance the field, while also providing a model for how real-world program implementation can be achieved in crisis service settings.

BackgroundIn the context of increasing injection-related HIV outbreaks across the United States, particularly among people who inject drugs (PWID) experiencing homelessness, there is an urgent need to expand access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention. Peer-based interventions for PrEP could be helpful for promoting PrEP uptake, yet the social experiences of using PrEP among PWID experiencing homelessness have not been thoroughly explored.MethodsTo better understand social experiences surrounding PrEP use among PWID experiencing homelessness, we conducted qualitative interviews from March-December 2020 with current and former PrEP patients of an innovative, low-threshold program implemented by Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program (BHCHP) in Boston, MA. Thematic analysis of coded interview data explored participants' perspectives and experiences with PrEP disclosure and discussions within their social networks.ResultsAmong interviews with 21 participants, we identified the following four interrelated aspects of their social experiences using PrEP: (1) participants' were aware of increasing HIV transmission within their social networks, which motivated their PrEP use and disclosure; (2)  participants generally avoided disclosing their PrEP use within public spaces or casual conversations; (3)  participants expressed greater willingness to discuss PrEP with their close social contacts; and (4)  some participants self-identified as leaders or expressed interest in leading the dissemination of PrEP information within their social networks.ConclusionsFindings highlight the significance of PrEP disclosure and discussions within the social networks of PWID experiencing homelessness, suggesting a need for continued social network and intervention research-particularly to establish the feasibility and acceptability of peer-based interventions for promoting PrEP-with this marginalized population.

ObjectiveTo investigate the differential associations of homelessness with emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations by race, ethnicity, and gender.Data sourcesCalifornia Medicaid enrollment and claims.Study designWe identified beneficiaries experiencing homelessness (BEH) and those who did not (NBEH) using diagnosis and place of service codes and residential addresses. Outcomes include four ED visit measures and four hospitalization measures. We compared the use of these services by BEH to NBEH overall and by race, ethnicity, and gender groups in regression models controlling for covariates.Data collectionWe used a sample of Medicaid beneficiaries who met eligibility criteria for a California Medicaid demonstration program in 2017 and 2018 but were not enrolled in the program. We identified 473,069 BEH, and the rest (1,948,422) were considered NBEH. We used the 2018 data for utilization analyses and most covariates. We constructed lagged measures of health conditions using 2017 data.Principal findingsWe found that homelessness was significantly associated with 0.34 more ED visits (p

BackgroundInternationally, strategies focusing on reducing alcohol-related harms in homeless populations with severe alcohol use disorder (AUD) continue to gain acceptance, especially when conventional modalities focused on alcohol abstinence have been unsuccessful. One such strategy is the managed alcohol program (MAP), an alcohol harm reduction program managing consumption by providing eligible individuals with regular doses of alcohol as a part of a structured program, and often providing resources such as housing and other social services. Evidence to the role of MAPs for individuals with AUD, including how MAPs are developed and implemented, is growing. Yet there has been limited collective review of literature findings.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review to answer, "What is being evaluated in studies of MAPs? What factors are associated with a successful MAP, from the perspective of client outcomes? What are the factors perceived as making them a good fit for clients and for communities?" We first conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, Social Services Abstracts, and Google Scholar. Next, we searched the gray literature (through focused Google and Ecosia searches) and references of included articles to identify additional studies. We also contacted experts to ensure relevant studies were not missed. All articles were independently screened and extracted.ResultsWe included 32 studies with four categories of findings related to: (1) client outcomes resulting from MAP participation, (2) client experience within a MAP; (3) feasibility and fit considerations in MAP development within a community; and (4) recommendations for implementation and evaluation. There were 38 established MAPs found, of which 9 were featured in the literature. The majority were located in Canada; additional research works out of Australia, Poland, the USA, and the UK evaluate potential feasibility and fit of a MAP.ConclusionsThe growing literature showcases several outcomes of interest, with increasing efforts aimed at systematic measures by which to determine the effectiveness and potential risks of MAP. Based on a harm reduction approach, MAPs offer a promising, targeted intervention for individuals with severe AUD and experiencing homelessness. Research designs that allow for longitudinal follow-up and evaluation of health- and housing-sensitive outcomes are recommended.

BackgroundPersons who experience homelessness remain at increased risk for three viral blood-borne infections: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). We assessed the yield of testing and linkage to care programs targeting this population for these infections in the United States (US).MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central for peer-reviewed articles through August 27, 2020. Additionally, we searched the grey literature. Two individuals independently reviewed all relevant studies to check for eligibility and extracted data for each step in the care cascade. We used random-effects model to generate weighted pooled proportions to assess yield at each step. Cumulative proportions were calculated as products of adjacent-step pooled proportions. We quantitatively synthesized data from the studies that focused on non-drug injecting individuals.ResultsWe identified 24 studies published between 1996-2019 conducted in 19 US states. Seventeen studies screened for HIV, 12 for HCV, and two screened for HBV. For HIV, 72% of approached were recruited, 64% had valid results, 4% tested positive, 2% were given results, and 1% were referred and attended follow-up. Of positives, 25% were referred to treatment and started care. For HCV, 69% of approached were recruited, 63% had valid results, 16% tested positive, 14% were given results, and 3% attended follow-up. Of positives, 30% were referred for treatment and 19% started care. The yield at each care cascade step differs widely by recruitment strategy (for example, for HIV: 71.6% recruited of reached under service-based with zero yield under healthcare facility-based and outreach).ConclusionsA very large proportion of this population reached for HIV and HCV care were lost in the follow-up steps and never received treatment. Future programs should examine drop-out reasons and intervene to reduce health disparities in this population.

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Introduction: People experiencing unsheltered homelessness (PEUH) have higher disease burden yet limited access to healthcare. COVID-19 introduced even greater risk for PEUH aged 65+ years with an underlying chronic health condition and were temporarily housed in hotels/motels for Project RoomKey (PRK). This study aimed to characterize a PRK cohort who received primary care from a street medicine program. Methods: This observational case series study included a sample of 35 PRK participants receiving primary care from a street medicine team at a single site from July to September 2020. We used the HOUSED BEDS assessment tool for taking history on PEUH. Results: Participants were 63% male, 40% Hispanic/Latino/a, 40% white, 94% English-speaking, and 73% had chronic health conditions. Assessment revealed: average Homelessness (H) of 4 years; 76% had no prior social service Outreach (O); average Utilization (U) was 4 emergency department visits in prior 6-months; 68% received Salary (S) from government income; Food access or Eat (E) was commonly purchased (29%) or donated (26%); clean water to Drink (D) for 59% of participants; 86% had access to a Bathroom (B); Encampment (E) was varied and 38% reported safety concerns; Daily routine (D) showed 76% could access a telephone, 32% received social support from family; 79% reported past or current Substance use (S). No participants contracted COVID-19 during study period. Conclusions: This study describes health and demographic characteristics of PRK participants in Southern California. Findings inform policies to continue PRK that includes onsite healthcare such as via street medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psychiatric disorders and homelessness are related, but temporal associations are unclear. We aimed to explore the overlap between hospital-based psychiatric disorders and sheltered homelessness. Methods: This population-based cohort study was conducted using the Danish registers e.g., the Danish Homeless Register and the Danish National Patient Register. The study cohort included all individuals aged 15 years or older, living in Denmark at least one day during 2002–2021 (born 1984–2006). First psychiatric diagnosis was used to define psychiatric disorder and first homeless shelter contact to define homelessness. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and cumulative incidences were estimated. Results: Among 1 530 325 individuals accounting for 16 787 562 person-years at risk aged 15–38 years, 11 433 (0.8%) had at least one homeless shelter contact. Among 1 406 410 individuals accounting for 14 131 060 person-years at risk, 210 730 had at least one psychiatric disorder. People with any psychiatric disorder had increased risk of sheltered homelessness relative to individuals with no psychiatric disorder [IRR 9.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.8–9.6]. Ten years after first psychiatric disorder, 3.0% (95% CI 2.9–3.1) had at least one homeless shelter contact. Individuals experiencing homelessness had increased risk of any psychiatric disorder compared to individuals with no homeless shelter contact (IRR 7.0, 95% CI 6.7–7.4). Ten years after first homeless shelter contact, 47.1% (45.3–48.0) had received a hospital-based psychiatric diagnosis. Conclusion: Strong bidirectional associations between psychiatric disorders and homelessness were identified. Health and social care professionals should be aware of and address these high risks of accumulated psychiatric and social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This research stems from the scarcity of official data regarding the homeless population and the challenging realities faced by this group, such as social invisibility and precarious access to healthcare services. The main objective is to conduct a narrative review to understand the interconnection between chronic pain (CP), depression, and sleep disorders in this population, identifying key factors that play a role in these conditions. CONTENTS: The study employs a qualitative narrative review, conducting a comprehensive search in the Web of Science and Scopus databases without temporal restrictions. It utilizes English descriptors related to homelessness, depression, and sleep disorders. Globally, over 100 million people are homeless, with Brazil particularly affected by this phenomenon due to the economic crisis. The prevalence of CP in this group is linked to precarious living conditions, discrimination, and exposure to violence. The impairment of sleep quality, depression, and the bidirectional relationship between CP and depressive disorders are highlighted. Social vulnerability, lack of access to health resources, and the adversities of living conditions contribute to the complexity of challenges faced by the homeless population, negatively impacting overall health. CONCLUSION: Individuals experiencing homelessness face increased vulnerability to injuries, CP, depression, and sleep disorders. The bidirectional relationship between pain and depression is exacerbated by the adversities they endure. It is crucial to implement specific and effective health policies to improve living conditions, promoting equity and social justice for this vulnerable and marginalized population.

Surveys of people who experience homelessness can portray their life and healthcare experiences with a level of statistical precision; however, few have explored how the very same surveys can deliver qualitative insights as well. In responding to surveys, people experiencing homelessness can use the margins to highlight health and social concerns that investigators failed to anticipate that standard question batteries miss. This study describes the unprompted comments of a large national survey of Veterans with homeless experiences. The Primary Care Quality-Homeless Services Tailoring (PCQ-HOST) survey presented 85 close-ended items to solicit social and psychological experiences, health conditions, and patient ratings of primary care. Amongst 5377 Veterans responding to the paper survey, 657 (12%) offered 1933 unprompted comments across nearly all domains queried. Using a team-based content analysis approach, we coded and organised survey comments by survey domain, and identified emergent themes. Respondents used comments for many purposes. They noted when questions called for more nuanced responses than those allowed, especially sometimes or not applicable on sensitive questions, such as substance use, where recovery status was not queried. On such matters, the options of no and yes failed to capture important contextual and historical information that mattered to respondents, such as being in recovery. Respondents also elaborated on negative and positive care experiences, often naming specific clinics or clinicians. This study highlights the degree to which members of vulnerable populations, who participate in survey research, want researchers to know the reasons behind their responses and topics (like chronic pain and substance use disorders) that could benefit from open-ended response options. Understanding patient perspectives can help improve care. Quantitative data from surveys can provide statistical precision but may miss key patient perspectives. The content that patients write into survey margins can highlight shortfalls of a survey and point towards future areas of inquiry. Veterans with homeless experience want to provide additional detail about their lives and care experiences in ways that transcend the boundaries of close-ended survey questions. Questions on substance use proved especially likely to draw comments that went beyond the permitted response options, often to declare that the respondent was in recovery. Respondents frequently clarified aspects of their care experiences related to pain, pain care, transportation and experiences of homelessness.

BackgroundHomeless street sweeps are frequent operations in many cities in the USA in which government agencies move unhoused people living in public outdoor areas. Little research exists on the health impact of street sweeps operations.ObjectiveThis study was created at the request of community advocacy groups to investigate and document the health impacts of street sweeps from the perspective of healthcare providers.DesignThis is a qualitative study using data gathered from open-ended questions.ParticipantsWe recruited 39 healthcare providers who provided health and wellness services in San Francisco for people experiencing homelessness (PEH) between January 2018 and January 2020.InterventionsWe administered a qualitative, open-ended questionnaire to healthcare providers using Qualtrics surveying their perspectives on the health impact of street sweeps.ApproachWe conducted qualitative thematic analysis on questionnaire results.Key resultsStreet sweeps may negatively impact health through two outcomes. The first outcome is material loss, including belongings and medical items. The second outcome is instability, including geographic displacement, community fragmentation, and loss to follow-up. These outcomes may contribute to less effective management of chronic health conditions, infectious diseases, and substance use disorders, and may increase physical injuries and worsen mental health. Providers also reported that sweeps may negatively impact the healthcare system by promoting increased usage of emergency departments and inpatient hospital care.ConclusionsSweeps may have several negative consequences for the physical and mental health of the PEH community and for the healthcare system.

ObjectivesIn the setting of a 50% increase in opioid overdose deaths, the coronavirus disease 2019 crisis opened housing opportunities in the form of Shelter in Place (SIP) hotels to homeless San Francisco residents. Many who entered SIP hotels had opioid use disorder. In fall 2020, Community Behavioral Health Services Pharmacy partnered with SIP hotel medical staff to launch a pilot project, where on-site SIP medical providers prescribed buprenor-phine (BUP) and clinical pharmacists hand-delivered BUP to SIP residents to increase BUP initiation and engagement.MethodsA retrospective chart review of 3 patients living in SIP hotels starting BUP to demonstrate the feasibility of a SIP hotel BUP delivery program.ResultsIn all 3 cases, patients were able to start and continue BUP with on-site medical staff visits and delivery of medications by pharmacists. Each case highlights different barriers that were overcome by this system.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that this system of onsite medical care with pharmacist delivery is possible and has the potential to allow for greater outreach and increased ease of obtaining medications for patients.

BackgroundThe homeless population is aging, with early onset of cognitive and functional impairments. It is unclear whether older homeless adults receive caregiving assistance that could prevent long-term disability.ObjectiveWe describe characteristics of older homeless-experienced adults with caregiving need and determine factors associated with having unmet need.Design and participantsCross-sectional analysis of a longitudinal study, Health Outcomes in People Experiencing Homelessness in Older Middle Age (HOPE HOME), examining health, life course events, and functional status among older homeless-experienced (i.e., currently and recently homeless) adults. We recruited 350 homeless adults (July 2013-June 2014) and an additional 100 (August 2017 to July 2018) in Oakland, California; this study includes 303 participants who completed caregiving interviews.MeasurementsWe defined caregiving need as difficulty with activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), falls, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score < 10, or Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) exam impairment. We defined unmet need as having caregiving need and reporting not receiving caregiving assistance in the last 6 months. Using logistic regression, we analyzed associations between respondent characteristics and unmet caregiving need.ResultsAmong 303 participants, the mean age was 61.3 ± 5.0 years; 73% were men and 82% were Black. Eighty-one percent had caregiving needs, and in 82% of those, their caregiving needs were unmet. Better self-rated health (AOR 2.13, CI [1.02-4.46], p = 0.04) and being a man (AOR 2.30, CI [1.12-4.69], p = 0.02) were associated with higher odds of unmet need. Moderate or high-risk substance use (AOR 0.47, CI [0.23, 0.94], p = 0.03) was associated with lower odds of unmet need.ConclusionsOlder homeless-experienced adults have high prevalence of unmet caregiving need. Interventions that increase caregiving access for homeless-experienced individuals may help avoid poor health outcomes and costly long-term-care needs due to untreated disabilities.

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of engaging unhoused peer ambassadors (PAs) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination efforts to reach people experiencing unsheltered homelessness in Los Angeles County.MethodsFrom August to December 2021, vaccinated PAs aged ≥18 years who could provide informed consent were recruited during vaccination events for same-day participation. Events were held at encampments, service providers (eg, housing agencies, food lines, and mobile showers), and roving locations around Los Angeles. PAs were asked to join outreach alongside community health workers and shared their experience getting vaccinated, receiving a $25 gift card for each hour they participated. Postevent surveys evaluated how many PAs enrolled and how long they participated. In October 2021, we added a preliminary effectiveness evaluation of how many additional vaccinations were attributable to PAs. Staff who enrolled the PAs estimated the number of additional people vaccinated because of talking with the PA.ResultsA total of 117 PAs were enrolled at 103 events, participating for an average of 2 hours. At events with the effectiveness evaluation, 197 additional people were vaccinated over 167 PA hours ($21.19 gift card cost per additional person vaccinated), accounting for >25% of all vaccines given at these events.DiscussionRecruiting same-day unhoused PAs is a feasible, acceptable, and preliminarily effective technique to increase COVID-19 vaccination in unsheltered settings. The findings can inform delivery of other health services for people experiencing homelessness.

BackgroundPeople with HIV experiencing homelessness have low rates of viral suppression, driven by sociostructural barriers and traditional care system limitations. Informed by the capability-opportunity-motivation-behavior (COM-B) model and patient preference research, we developed POP-UP, an integrated drop-in (nonappointment-based) HIV clinic with wrap-around services for persons with housing instability and viral nonsuppression in San Francisco.MethodsWe report HIV viral suppression (VS;

BackgroundThe Veterans Health Administration (VA) Grant and Per Diem case management "aftercare" program provides 6 months of case management for homeless-experienced veterans (HEVs) undergoing housing transitions. To standardize and improve aftercare services, we will implement critical time intervention (CTI), an evidence-based, structured, and time-limited case management practice. We will use two strategies to support the implementation and sustainment of CTI at 32 aftercare sites, conduct a mixed-methods evaluation of this implementation initiative, and generate a business case analysis and implementation playbook to support the continued spread and sustainment of CTI in aftercare.MethodsWe will use the Replicating Effective Programs (REP) implementation strategy to support CTI implementation at 32 sites selected by our partners. Half (n=16) of these sites will also receive 9 months of external facilitation (EF, enhanced REP). We will conduct a type 3 hybrid cluster-randomized trial to compare the impacts of REP versus enhanced REP. We will cluster potential sites into three implementation cohorts staggered in 9-month intervals. Within each cohort, we will use permuted block randomization to balance key site characteristics among sites receiving REP versus enhanced REP; sites will not be blinded to their assigned strategy. We will use mixed methods to assess the impacts of the implementation strategies. As fidelity to CTI influences its effectiveness, fidelity to CTI is our primary outcome, followed by sustainment, quality metrics, and costs. We hypothesize that enhanced REP will have higher costs than REP alone, but will result in stronger CTI fidelity, sustainment, and quality metrics, leading to a business case for enhanced REP. This work will lead to products that will support our partners in spreading and sustaining CTI in aftercare.DiscussionImplementing CTI within aftercare holds the potential to enhance HEVs' housing and health outcomes. Understanding effective strategies to support CTI implementation could assist with a larger CTI roll-out within aftercare and support the implementation of other case management practices within and outside VA.Trial registrationThis project was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as "Implementing and sustaining Critical Time Intervention in case management programs for homeless-experienced Veterans." Trial registration NCT05312229 , registered April 4, 2022.

ImportanceThe population of homeless older adults is growing and experiences premature mortality. Little is known about factors associated with mortality among homeless older adults.ObjectiveTo identify the prevalence and factors associated with mortality in a cohort of homeless adults 50 years and older.Design, setting, and participantsIn this prospective cohort study (Health Outcomes in People Experiencing Homelessness in Older Middle Age [HOPE HOME]), 450 adults 50 years and older who were homeless at baseline were recruited via venue-based sampling in Oakland, California. Enrollment occurred in 2 phases, from July 2013 to June 2014 and from August 2017 to July 2018, and participants were interviewed at 6-month intervals.ExposuresBaseline and time-varying characteristics, including sociodemographic factors, social support, housing status, incarceration history, chronic medical conditions, substance use, and mental health problems.Main outcomes and measuresMortality through December 31, 2021, based on state and local vital records information from contacts and death certificates. All-cause mortality rates were compared with those in the general population from 2014 to 2019 using age-specific standardized mortality ratios with 95% CIs.ResultsOf the 450 included participants, median (IQR) age at baseline was 58.1 (54.5-61.6) years, 107 (24%) were women, and 360 (80%) were Black. Over a median (IQR) follow-up of 55 (38-93) months, 117 (26%) participants died. Median (IQR) age at death was 64.6 (60.3-67.5) years. In multivariable analyses, characteristics associated with mortality included a first episode of homelessness at 50 years and older (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.13-2.32), homelessness (aHR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.23-2.68) or institutionalization (aHR, 6.36; 95% CI, 3.42-11.82) at any follow-up compared with being housed, fair or poor self-rated health (aHR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.13-2.40), and diabetes (aHR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.06-2.26). Demographic characteristics, substance use problems, and mental health problems were not independently associated. All-cause standardized mortality was 3.5 times higher (95% CI, 2.5-4.4) compared with adults in Oakland. The most common causes of death were heart disease (n = 17 [14.5%]), cancer (n = 17 [14.5%]), and drug overdose (n = 14 [12.0%]).Conclusions and relevanceThe cohort study found that premature mortality was common among homeless older adults and associated factors included late-life homelessness and ongoing homelessness. There is an urgent need for policy approaches to prevent and end homelessness among older adults in the US.

Mental health concerns have been well studied among youth experiencing homelessness, yet few studies have explored factors that contribute to well-being in this population. The current cross-sectional study examined rates and correlates of well-being among youth experiencing homelessness. This is a descriptive, secondary analysis of the baseline data from a clinical intervention study. Ninety-nine youth (aged 16-25) who were experiencing homelessness were recruited in Chicago. Approximately 40% of the sample reported average or above average well-being relative to existing benchmarks. Having medical insurance, a mobile phone, and a history of more severe childhood trauma were unique cross-sectional predictors of worse well-being (all ps