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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a critical disease in the disorder of amino acid metabolism, which mostly emerges in children. The most common method used in PKU treatment is the detection of L-phenylalanine (PHEA) as the biomarker of PKU. In the present work, a new molecularly imprinted electrochemical electrode based on WS2 nanoflowers (NFs) on N,B-doped graphene (WS2 NFs/N,B-GR) is presented for PHEA assay in milk samples. First of all, WS2 NFs/N,B-GR was synthesized via a high-efficiency hydrothermal synthesis. Cyclic voltammetry was applied to the electrochemical cell, including PHEA as a template molecule and pyrrole as a monomer, to form PHEA-imprinted electrochemical electrodes. Then, the structural and morphological features of WS2 NFs and WS2 NFs/N,B-GR were investigated in detail by various analytical methods. The limit of quantification and limit of detection values were obtained as 1.0 × 10-11 and 3.0 × 10-12 M, respectively, by a PHEA-imprinted electrochemical electrode. Finally, a PHEA-imprinted electrochemical sensor having a high degree of selectivity, stability, and reusability is presented in the literature for early diagnosis of PKU. © 2022 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Herein, electrochemical tau protein immunosensor based on manganese sulfide nanoparticles/graphene oxide/polyaniline (MnS/GO/PANI) and magnetite-incorporated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@Fe3O4) was constructed. After the modification of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with MnS/GO/PANI, the immobilization and conjugation of anti-Tau capture antibody and antigen Tau protein were successfully completed on MnS/GO/PANI/GCE, respectively. Then, the conjugation of anti-Tau secondary antibody was carried out to AuNPs@Fe3O4 as signal amplification via amino-gold affinity and the eventual immunosensor was accomplished by the distinctive interactions of electrode platform and signal amplification. Final immunosensor demonstrated the quantification limit (LOQ) of 1.0x10(-13) M and the detection limit (LOD) of 1.0x10(-14) M.

5-Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) is an intermediate produced by dehydrating sugars, such as fructose, sucrose, and glucose, in an acidic medium or during the Maillard reaction. It also occurs due to the storage of sugary foods at inappropriate temperatures. In addition, HMF is seen as a quality criterion in products. In this study, a novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on graphene quantum dots incorporated NiAl2O4 (GQDs-NiAl2O4) nanocomposite was presented for the selective determination of HMF in coffee samples. Various microscopic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical methods were carried out for the structural characterizations of GQDs-NiAl2O4 nanocomposite. The molecularly imprinted sensor was prepared by multi-scanning using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the presence of 100.0 mM pyrrole monomer and 25.0 mM HMF. After method optimization, the sensor revealed linearity towards HMF in the range of 1.0-10.0 ng L-1 with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.30 ng L-1. The developed MIP sensor's high repeatability, selectivity, stability, and fast response ability can provide reliable HMF detection in beverages, such as coffee, which is heavily consumed.

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi (Prill and Delacr.) (Fod) is a causal agent of wilt disease of carnation (Dianthus caryophyflus L.) with its different physiological races. Although eleven physiological races of Fod have been reported in the world, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic tool was developed for identification of Fod races 1, 2, 4, and 8, which are the most commonly found in many countries. On the other hand, there is no information about which races are found in Turkey. A total of 91 isolates were collected from plants with Fusarium-like symptoms in the most grown carnation areas in Antalya, İzmir, Isparta and Yalova provinces and all isolates were identified using molecular methods. As a conclusion, the results showed that Fod isolates collected from the most carnation grown provinces of Turkey consist mostly of race 1, 2 and 8. This is the first study reporting Fod races causing wilt disease on carnation plants in Turkey.

A sensitive and fast sandwich-type electrochemical SARS-CoV?2 (COVID-19) nucleocapsid protein immunosensor was prepared based on bismuth tungstate/bismuth sulfide composite (Bi2WO6/Bi2S3) as electrode platform and graphitic carbon nitride sheet decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and tungsten trioxide sphere composite (g-C3N4/Au/WO3) as signal amplification. The electrostatic interactions between capture antibody and Bi2WO6/Bi2S3 led to immobilization of the capture nucleocapsid antibody. The detection antibody was then conjugated to g-C3N4/Au/WO3 via the affinity of amino-gold. After physicochemically characterization via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis were implemented to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the prepared immunosensor. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (SARS-CoV-2 NP) in a small saliva sample (100.0 µL) took just 30 min and yielded a detection limit (LOD) of 3.00 fg mL?1, making it an effective tool for point-of-care COVID-19 testing. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.

WOS: 000432227100003 The host resistance level of pure line materials was assessed in the genepool for the purpose of breeding. The highest resistance to the pathogen was observed in bell-type pepper. Moreover, genetic diversity of pure lines was investigated using selected inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. Generally, genetic markers showed genetic diversity, so that long-type pure lines were separated from the other accessions. This is the first report on host reactions of Turkish pure lines as breeding material. These results provide significant information for future pepper breeding programs. TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [113O882, COST 1208] Supported by COST 1208 actions through TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey), Project No. 113O882.

Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria, cause serious yield losses in protected growing areas in Turkey. They also show a'co-infection' profile in fields' soil microflora. In this study, we designed multiplex primers for detecting all three species simultaneously. Additionally, the confidence and definition of this method were tested by using mixed and large populations related to these species at different biological stages. We suggest this effective tool be used to easily identify three root-knot nematodes that will be beneficial for designing crop rotation modelling in protected growing areas in Turkey as well as quarantine requirements.

Biber dünyada domates ve karpuzdan sonra enfazla yetiştirilen sebze türüdür. Virüs hastalıkları biber üretiminisınırlandıran en önemli etmenler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu hastalıklarınbaşında domates lekeli solgunluk virüsü (Tomato Spotted Wilt Virüs=TSWV)gelmektedir. Hastalığın kontrolünde en güvenilir yöntem dayanıklı çeşitlerinkullanılmasıdır. Bu çalışmada TSWV’ye dayanıklı yeni sivri biber çeşitleriningeliştirilebilmesi için ebeveyn olarak kullanılabilecek hatların ıslahıamaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada TSWV’ye dayanıklı üç adet genotip ile bu hastalığakarşı hassas ve uzun yıllar ticari olarak kullanılan Serademre 8 çeşidimateryal olarak kullanılmıştır. Islah metodu olarak pedigri yöntemiuygulanmıştır. Hassas ebeveyn ile dayanıklı genitörler arasında yapılanmelezlerden geliştirilen üç populasyon beş dönem kendilenmiş ve biyolojikolarak testlenmiştir. Testleme sonucunda dayanıklı olarak belirlenen bireylerbir sonraki generasyona aktarılarak kendilenmeye devam edilmiştir. Dayanıklıbireylerin belirlenmesinde her dönem biyolojik test yapılırken molekülertestler sadece F1 ve F5 kademelerindeki bitkilereuygulanmıştır. Biyolojik testlerde mekanik inokülasyon yöntemi, molekülertestlerde ise Tsw geni ile bağlantılıCAPS moleküler işaretleyicisi (SCAC568) kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmadasivri biber ıslah çalışmalarında kullanılabilecek özelliklere sahip TSWV’yedayanıklı 10 adet hat geliştirilmiştir. Elde edilen TSWV’ye dayanıklı hatlarınbir kısmı sivri biber ıslah çalışmalarında kullanılması amacıyla özel sektörtohum firmalarına devri yapılmıştır., Pepperis widely grown vegetable crops after tomato and watermelon in the world. Oneof the most important diseases on pepper production is caused by Tomato spottedwilt virus (TSWV). The best way for the control of this disease is to useresistant varieties. This study aimed to improve TSWV resistant lines to use asa parent in long type pepper breeding studies. Three genotypes resistant toTSWV were crossed with the susceptible Serademre 8 used to be commercial.Pedigree method was applied as the breeding method. Three populations wereself-pollinated for five generations. The progenies for each of populationswere tested against TSWV. Mechanical inoculations were performed in eachgeneration and the selected resistant plants were grown for self-pollination toachieve next generation. Molecular tests were applied to the plants in stages F1and F5. Virulent strain isolated from infected pepper plants wasused as a disease material in the mechanical inoculations. CAPS marker (SCAC568)linked to the TSWV resistance gene (Tsw)was used in the molecular test for verification of mechanical test. In thisstudy, 10 lines resistant to TSWV with good features were developed. Some ofthe obtained TSWV resistant lines have been transferred to private sector seedcompanies for use in pepper breeding programs.

Mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco) and lemon (C.limon L.) are among the most cultivated Citrus species in the world.Amongdifferent approaches, gamma radiation is widely used to induce mutations in citrus breeding studies. Gamma radiation causes DNAdamage, randomly inducing several mutations in the genome. Molecular techniquesarewidely used to detect such induced mutationsand genetic diversity in plants.In this study, simple sequence repeats (SSR), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and single-strandconformation polymorphism (SSCP) markers were used to detectthe induced mutations andgenetic diversityin someirradiatedmandarin and lemon genotypes in comparison with standard citrus varieties. The irradiated genotypes used in this study derived frompopulationsthat had been originally obtained with gamma radiation with different gray doses applied on Yerli Mandarin and AntalyaYerliYuvarlak lemon varieties. Out of 82 primers (22 SSCP, 30 ISSR and 30 SSR) tested, 55 primers (9 SSCP, 24 ISSR and 22 SSR primers)successfully amplified a total number of 363 amplicons.A single band with an approximate size of 500 nucleotides was determinedusing the primer ISSR 868 as differentiating between seedy parent and irradiated seedless mandarin genotypes. The polymorphisminformation content (PIC) values of SSCP, ISSR, and SSR markers ranged from 0.61–0.99, 0.31–0.96, and 0.33–0.96, respectively. Clusteranalysis classified lemons and mandarins into 2 subgroups as mutant and commercial lemon genotypes. ISSR markers were foundto be more effective to determine the genetic differences among the varieties in comparison to SSCP and SSR markers. The resultsclearly showed that SSCP, SSR and ISSR markers are important tools to distinguish mutant genotypes andconfirmed their usefulness forphylogenetic studies.&nbsp

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an increasingly important fruit crop that is widely cultivated in Turkey. Typical bacterial blight symptoms were observed since spring of 2011 in pomegranate orchards located in Antalya Province. Symptoms were characterized by dark brown, angular to irregularly shaped spots on leaves and fruit; cankers on stems, branches, and trunks; and split trunks. The pathogen was isolated from leaf spots on naturally infected plants showing typical symptoms onto yeast dextrose chalk agar. Bright yellow bacterial colonies were consistently isolated. Bacterial strains were characterized as gram negative, oxidase negative, catalase positive, tobacco hypersensitivity positive, and able to produce acid from L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucose, and D-mannitol but not from D-xylose. Pathogenicity of the representative bacterial strain Serik-4 was performed on 2-year-old pomegranate plants cv. Hicaz. Leaves were sprayed until runoff with bacterial cell suspensions containing 107 CFU/ml. Inoculated plants were covered with transparent plastic bags to maintain moisture for 48 h. Negative control plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water. Plants were then incubated in a greenhouse at 30°C for 14 days. Symptoms on leaves included dark brown, angular to irregularly shaped water soaked lesions along the veins of the inoculated plants 10 days after inoculation. No lesions developed on the control plants. The symptoms on inoculated plants were similar to those on naturally infected plants. Yellow bacterial colonies were re-isolated from the inoculated plants and identified as the same as the original strain by conventional tests and FAME analysis, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Fatty acid methyl ester profiling of the representative strain Serik-4 using GC-MIDI (Microbial Identification Inc, Newark, DE) identified the genus of the bacterium as Xanthomonas. The identity of Serik-4 was further confirmed by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene with the universal primers 27F and 1492R (3) and sequence analysis (GenBank Accession No. KM007073). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of Serik-4 was 99% identical to the corresponding gene sequences of the Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae strain present in the NCBI database (JQ067629.1). High incidence of bacterial blight caused by X. axonopodis pv. punicae on pomegranate has been previously reported in India (2), Pakistan (1), and South Africa (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial blight on pomegranate caused by X. axonopodis pv. punicae in Turkey. References: (1) M. A. Akhtar and M. H. R. Bhatti. Pakistan J. Agric. Res. 13:95, 1992. (2) R. Chand and R. Kishun. Indian Phytopathol. 44:370, 1991. (3) D. J. Lane. Page 115 in: Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics, 1991. (4) Y. Petersen et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 39:544, 2010.

Young olive trees showing wilting and trunk cankers were observed in an orchard in Antalya province, Turkey. The aerial symptoms associated with reddish brown cankers expanding from the root collar to the stem were leaf discolouration, defoliation, and twig dieback. A Phytophthora sp. was consistently isolated from necrotic root and crown tissues of symptomatic trees. The causal agent of the disease was identified as Phytophthora inundata by morphological characteristics and comparison of sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested by stem inoculation and soil infestation using olive saplings. At the end of the experiments, lesions developed on both stems and roots, and root weight reduction occurred. This is the first report of P. inundata causing disease of olive trees in Turkey.

Botrytis cinerea(teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana)causes gray mold disease on vegetable crops in greenhouses. Profound knowledgeon pathogen diversity is necessary for efficiently disease management. In thisstudy, forty-two B. cinerea isolatescollected from 36 different greenhouses in Antalya province of Turkey wereinvestigated. Twelve SRAP (sequence-related amplified polymorphism) and 18 ISSR(inter simple sequence repeat) primers producing high polymorphic fragmentswere used to genetic diversity of B.cinerea isolates infecting dill, basil, lettuce, bean, cucumber, tomato,pepper and eggplant. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averageanalysis (UPGMA) was used to evaluate of combined ISSR and SRAP data showing asimilarity range 0.15-0.90 among the isolates. Cophenetic correlation of thetree was high level (r=0.93). Interestingly, cluster analysis showed adivergent group consisting of lettuce isolates which were genetically differentfrom the other isolates. On the other hand, transposable elements (Flipper and Boty) were detected amongisolates from all the hosts. Isolates containing only the Fliper element were detected. The results showed that geneticallycharacterized B. cinerea populationsby a high level of genetic diversity were associated with genotype flow and theevolutionary potential of B. cinerea.In further studies, the newly tested molecular markers are useful and can besuggested for analyzing of genetic diversity and population structure of thispathogen on different hosts., Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph:Botryotinia fuckeliana) örtüaltısebze yetiştiriciliğinde kurşuni küf hastalığı etmenidir. Patojende oluşanfarklılıkların bilinmesi hastalıkla mücadelenin etkinliğini arttırmaktadır.Çalışmada, Türkiye’nin Antalya ilinde yer alan 36 farklı seradan 42 adet izolatkullanılmıştır. On iki SRAP (sequence-related amplified polymorphism) primerkombinasyonu ve 18 ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) primeri dereotu,fesleğen, marul, fasulye, hıyar, domates, biber ve patlıcandan elde edilen B. cinerea izolatlarının genetikfarklılıklarının belirlenmesinde oldukça yüksek polimorfizm sağlamışlardır.ISSR ve SRAP markırlardan elde edilen sonuçlar UPGMA (The unweighted pair-groupmethod with arithmetic average analysis) analizine göre izolatlar arasında 0.15-0.90oranında değişen benzerlik elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, cophenetic correlationdeğeri r=0.93 ile oldukça yüksek bulunmuştur. Cluster analizi sonuçlarıdeğerlendirildiğinde marul izolatları diğer izolatlara göre oldukça uzakkümelenmiştir. Ayrıca, tüm izolatlar için tranpozabl elementler (Flipper ve Boty) araştırılmış ve sadece Flipperelement tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen genetik karakterizasyon sonuçlarınagöre, B. cinerea populasyonundaoldukça yüksek seviyede genetik farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Bu durum, B.cinerea’nın evrimselleşmepotensiyeli ve gen akışlarından kaynaklanabilir. Farklı konukçulardan eldeedilen bu patojenin genetik farklılıklarının belirlenmesinde kullanılanmoleküler markırlar, ileride yapılacak çalışmalara da ışık tutmaktadır.

Lemon ( Citrus limon L. Burm. F.; Rutaceae) is one of the most important commercial and nutritional fruits in the world. Therefore, it needs to be improved for the diverse needs of consumers and crop breeders. Breeders have attempted to eliminate undesirable characteristics in plants and develop new varieties with desired characteristics that meet the needs of farmer and consumer by using different breeding techniques. In lemon breeding, seedlessness or with fewer seeds, resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, acidity, yield, quality and early- or late-ripening are the most desired features and topics. Lemon improvement through conventional breeding is time consuming and cumbersome. Moreover, it has obstacles such as the high degree of heterozygosis due to frequent gene mutations either in reproductive or somatic cells and long juvenility in conventional breeding. In recent years, both conventional and molecular breeding techniques have been used to obtain new lemon varieties. In particular, the use of molecular techniques is rapidly increasing in an attempt to reduce the difficulties faced in conventional breeding like specific reproductive physiology of lemon and protracted length of time. In this chapter, conventional and advanced lemon breeding techniques are evaluated and discussed. In addition, emergent methods and technologies are evaluated to advance basic and applied lemon-breeding methods and to suggest directions for future research.

Botrytis cinerea is a polyphagous fungal pathogen causing gray mold disease. Moreover, it is one of the most destructive infections of small fruit crops such as pepper (Capsicum annnum L.). C. sativum is a species belonging to the Solanaceae family and Turkey is one of the main producers in the World. In the present work, aiming to obtain information useful for pest management, fifty B. cinerea isolates collected from Turkey and a reference isolate (B05.10) were characterized using molecular markers and fungicide resistance genes. Morphological and molecular (ITS1- ITS4) identification of B. cinerea isolates, the degree of virulence and mating types were determined. Since one or several allelic mutations in the histidine kinase (Bos1) and ?-tubulin genes generally confer the resistance to fungicides, the sequences of these target genes were investigated in the selected isolates, which allowed the identification of two different haplotypes. Mating types were also determined by PCR assays using primer specific for MAT1-1 alpha gene (MAT1-1-1) and MAT1-2 HMG (MAT1-2-1) of B. cinerea. Twenty-two out of 50 isolates (44 %) were MAT1-2, while 38% were MAT1-1. Interestingly, out of whole studied samples, 9 isolates (18%) were heterokaryotic or mixed colonies. In addition, cluster and population structure analyses identified five main groups and two genetic pools, respectively, underlining a good level of variability in the analysed panel. The results highlighted the presence of remarkable genetic diversity in B. cinerea isolates collected in a crucial economical area for pepper cultivation in Turkey and the data will be beneficial in view of future gray mold disease management.

The aim of this study was to diagnos bacterial speck of tomato (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) pathogen using biochemical andmolecular methods and to determine genetical diversity of Pst isolates by using ISSR and SRAP molecular markers. In thestudy, survey studies were carried out in West Mediterranean Region to collectbacterial pathogen of tomato (Pst).10 Pst isolates were collected duringsurvey studies. After isolation, the pathogen was diagnosed with biochemicaland molecular diagnostic methods. Besides, genetic diversities of Pst isolates were determined using ISSRand SRAP molecular markers. As a result, bacterial speck of tomato was seendepending on the climatic conditions at the region and Pst was successfully detected by using classical and molecularmethods. ISSR and SRAP markers were successively used for analyzing geneticdiversity of Pst isolates and theseprimers could be efficiently used to separate isolates of disease agent., Buçalışmanın amacı, Batı Akdeniz Bölgesi örtüaltı domates yetiştiriciliğindeönemli olan Bakteriyel Benek (Pst) hastalık etmeninin klasik vemoleküler yöntemlerle tanılanması ve Pst izolatlarının genetik farklılıklarının ISSR ve SRAP markırlarıkullanılarak moleküler yöntemlerle belirlenmesidir. Çalışma kapsamında, BatıAkdeniz Bölgesi’nde domates yetiştiriciliğinde ortaya çıkan hastalık etmeninin(Pst izolatlarının)toplanması için survey çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Survey çalışması süresincegüdümlü örnekleme yapılmış ve 10 tane Pstizolatı toplanmıştır. Patojen izole edildikten sonra biyokimyasal ve moleküleryöntemlerle tanılanmıştır. Pst izolatları arasındaki genetikselfarklılıklar ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) ve SRAP (Sequence-RelatedAmplified Polymorphism) moleküler markırlar ile belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.Sonuç olarak, patojenin bölgede iklim şartlarına bağlı olarak görüldüğü veklasik ve moleküler olarak başarıyla tespit edilebildiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Each novel makes an effort to explain what the author wants to say by means of the specific style of narration. Georges Perec, who became prominent with his unique style of writing among the writers of the 20th century, produced important works full of new approaches in terms of language and style. In "W or the memory of childhood'', Perec looked from a new perspective through New Novel which was a movement of fundamental change and innovation in French novel in 1950s. This study observes certain changes and innovations, which are formed with the effects of chacteristic features of New Novel, in Perec's novels. In the current study, the researcher examines and analyses the author's novel "W or the memory of childhood'' as an autobiographical work. To that end, some important aspects like revealing author's childhood memories, focusing on a story which narrates a society dealing with just sports on an island of fire country called W created by author in his childhood, author's conflicts between reality and utopia which are seen as separate things in his autobiographic work, linguistic features used to explain this relation, how the narrator reflects his real life in his work and how he turns the narrative language into a fictional language adding mathematical tricks are examined Her roman, kendine özgü anlatım teknikleriyle yazarın aktarmak istediklerini anlatma çabasına girer. Yirminci yüzyılda yer alan yazarlar arasında yazınsal biçeminin farklılığıyla öne çıkmış olan Georges Perec 'W ou le souvenir d'enfance'' adlı romanın ışığında 1950'lerde oluşan ve Fransız romanında izlenen köklü bir yenileşme ve değişim hareketi olan Yeni Roman aracılığıyla dünyaya yeni bir bakış açısı ile bakarak dil ve biçim yönünden yeniliklerle dolu önemli eserler ortaya koymuştur. Bu araştırma, Yeni Romanın karakteristik özelliklerinin etkisiyle,Perec'in romanlarında meydana gelen bazı değişim ve yenilikleri göstermektedir. Bu amaçla, bu çalışma özyaşamöyküsü olarak gösterilebilecek olan yapıtı ''W ya da bir çocukluk hatırası'' adlı romanında çocukluk hatıralarının ortaya çıkarılması ve çocukken yarattığı W diye adlandırdığı ateş ülkesinin bir adacığında yalnızca sporla ilgilenen bir toplumun hayatının kurmaca bir serüvenle okuyucuya aktarılması, özyaşamsal eserinde birbirinden ayrı gibi görünen gerçekle-ütopya arasındaki gidiş-gelişleri, bu ilişkinin hangi dilsel öğelerle dokunduğu, ben anlatıcının gerçek yaşamını eserinde nasıl yansıttığı ve yazınsal dili fotoğraf, sinema tekniğiyle ve matematiksel oyunlarla nasıl imgesel dile dönüştürdüğü incelenmektedir.

Citrus production with its many varieties is of importance since it provides economically important products for Turkish exports. Sour orange is a rootstock commonly used for propagating the different scion varieties. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of the rootstock accessions would be useful in order to improve citrus breeding programs. We studied genetic relationships and diversity of 51 accessions of sour orange (Citrus aurantium) and their relatives using SSR (simple sequence repeat) and SRAP (sequence-related amplifed polymorphism) molecular markers. Twenty-one SRAP primer combinations were tested on these accessions and relatives, producing 167 polymorphic fragments, with a mean of 8.0 and a mean polymorphism information content value of 0.47. Seventeen SSR primers also produced 30 polymorphic fragments, with a mean of 1.4 per primer and a mean polymorphism information content value of 0.39. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average analysis using combined SSR and SRAP data showed a similarity range from 0.71 to 1.00 among the accessions. In the cluster analysis, sour orange relatives were indicated as a separate group from sour orange. 'Macrophylla' and 'Mexican lime' were the accessions most distinct (0.71) from the others. We conclude that genetic diversity in these sour orange accessions is lower and some of them were identical. © FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br.

Twenty-four genus and almost 100 terrestrial species belonging to the Orchidaceae family have been determined in Turkey. Because of the polymeric structure, aphrodisiac effect and the other medicinal characteristics, ‘salep’ orchids were extremely demanded and extensively exported from 1700s to 1974. Despite all the laws put into effect, the pulling of these orchids has continued since 1974 for interior trade. While the amount of annual export was 6.5 tons in 1700s, most of these species are now within endangered plant classes. For the sustainability of their generations; the genetic resource preservation, the solution of species confusions, forming of suitable markers, causing them to get genetic identity, the patent rights and therefore, the usage of molecular techniques have gained much more importance especially according to the approach of recent plant genetic resource conservation policies. With this direction, the wild orchid species living in Antalya were searched and 24 species determined in a previous study, then different researches were carried out on these species. In this research, phylogenetic relationships of wild orchid species were defined at the genus level via RAPD molecular technique. The most genetic nearness was fixed between Cephalanthera rubra and Platanthera chlorantha. Additionally, it was determined that Anacamptis pyramidalis had the most different genetic structure among the other species.

Downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis is a major disease of cucurbits worldwide. New genotypes of the pathogen have recently appeared in the USA, EU and Israel causing breakdown of genetic resistance, expansion of host range, and the appearance of a new A2 mating type. Seventy-eight P. cubensis isolates were collected during 1996-2011 from cucurbits fields in different regions of Turkey, Israel and the Czech Republic and genetic diversity was analysed using highly polymorphic ISSR and SRAP molecular markers. The data acquired showed remarkable genetic diversity within and among the isolates. While isolates from Turkey and Czech Republic exhibited uniform genetic background, the isolates from Israel were clearly distinguished from the others. The results may indicate on migration and/or frequent sexual reproduction of the pathogen in Israel. Moreover the selected markers can be suggested for monitoring genetic diversity within P. cubensis isolates in further studies. © 2014 Koninklijke Nederlandse Planteziektenkundige Vereniging.

More than 400,000 tonnes of pears ( Pyrus communis ) are produced in Turkey every year making the country the fifth largest producer worldwide (The World Apple and Pear Association, 2016). During June-July 2015, losses of at least 20% …

Genetic diversity was evaluated by sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers among 45 lemons (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.), five citrons (Citrus medica L.), four rough lemons (Citrus jambhiri Lush), and two Citrus volkameriana accessions. Twenty-one SRAP primer combinations produced a total of 141 (77%) polymorphic fragments with an average of 6.7 fragments per primer combinations whereas 13 SSR primers produced a total of 26 (76%) polymorphic fragments with an average of 2.0 per primer. The unweighted pair-group method arithmetic average analysis as assessed with combined SRAP and SSR data demonstrated that the accessions had a similarity range from 0.65 to 1.00. Rough lemons and C. volkameriana accessions were relatively closely related. In lemon group, accessions from hybrid origin were distant from the others. We also applied principal components analysis (PCA) for a better presentation of relation among the accessions studies. Using PCA, 88.7% of the total variation in the original dimensions could be represented by just the two dimensions defined by the first two PCs. Although nearly all accessions could be distinguished, there was a low level of genetic diversity detected among lemon cultivars. © 2010 Springer-Verlag. National Council for Scientific Research Acknowledgements The authors thanks to Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK), General Directorate of Agricultural Research of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Scientific Research Project Unit of University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey for funding and supporting.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) races and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici (FORL), the causal agents of root rot and crown rot diseases, respectively, cause serious economic losses in tomato greenhouses where production is intensive in the West Mediterranean region of Turkey. The isolates were collected from West Mediterranean region of Turkey and were characterized by specific primers based on three races (r1, r2, r3), besides pathogenicity tests in in vivo conditions Additionally, a scheme was developed using newly tested ISSR and SRAP markers to a genotyping database and to determine the possible origin of these pathogens. The present study provided new information on these pathogens based on their races and their dominant existence in this region that has not been reported before. Genetic diversity detected in the same races of the pathogen may be associated with difficulties in controlling the pathogen and a possible resistance formation effort exerted by the pathogen to chemicals used in plant protection in tomato greenhouses. Molecular analyses indicated genetic diversity in pathogen isolates identified as r3, r2 and FORL, which may be associated with abiotic stress to which the pathogens were exposed.

ÖZET DÜZGÜN, Salim, Mehmet Akif Ersoy (Tarihî, Sosyal ve Eğitimci Kişiliği), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tez Danışmanı: Yrd. Doç. Dr. İLKNUR POLAT HAYDAROĞLU Türk edebiyatında başlı basma bir çığır açarak birbirinden güzel eserlerin allına imza atan Mehmet Akif Ersoy'un tarihî, sosyal ve eğitimci kişiliği hakkında yapılan bu tez çalışmasının Giriş Bölümü'nde Mehmet Akif hakkında genel bir değerlendirme üzerinde durulmuştur. Birinci Bölümde, Akif in hayatım ve yetiştiği ortamı ele alıp; fikir hayatının temellerinin oluşmasındaki etkileri üzerinde durduk. Ayrıca, Akif in içinde yaşadığı devri, bütün özellikleriyle gören ve bunu eserlerine yansıtan bir şair, yazar ve fikir adamı olduğu ortaya konmuştur. ikinci Bölüm'de, Mehmet Akif in Osmanlının son dönemlerinde etkili olan İslamcılık akınımdan ne oranda etkilendiğini inceledik. Üçüncü Bölüm'de ise Osmanlının son zamanlarında aydınlar arasında yaygın olan Batıcılık, Osmanlıcılık, Türkçülük ve Sosyalizm akımlarının Mehmet Akif üzerindeki etkisini ayrıntılı bir şekilde açıkladık. Tezimizin son bölümünü oluşturan Dördüncü Bölüm'de, Mehmet Akif in üzerinde fazla durulmayan eğitimcilik yönü üzerine durulmuştur. Aynı zamanda bir eğitimci olan Mehmet Akif in eğitim hakkındaki değerli fikirleri eserleri ışığında ortaya konulmuştur. Bu bölümde Mehmet Akif e göre eğitimin amaçlan, eğitimin önündeki toplumsal ve kişisel engeller, aile, okul ve öğretmenin eğitimdeki fonksiyonları ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Summary DÜZGÜN, Salim, Mehmet Akif Ersoy (This master thesis is about historical, social and educational personality of Mehmet Akif Ersoy and it is enriched with the instructions and valuable addings), Master thesis,: Phd. Dr. İLKNUR POLAT HAYDARO?LU. In the introduction section of the thesis you will find a general evaluation about Mehmet Akif Ersoy who had and still has a groundbreaking and inspirational role within the Turkish literature and has written many valuable books. The next section begins with his life story and continuous with the effects of environment in which he is brought up on the formation of basics of his ideology. And also, it is suggested that as a poet, writer and ideologist Akif comprehended all the aspects of the society in which he lived and reflected these findings in his works. The second part dealt with the topic that to what extend Mehmet Akif was effected by the Islamic movement, which was very dominant during the last', periods of The Ottoman Empire. In the third part, the affects of Westernism, Ottomanism, Türkçülük and Socialism, which were very wide spread among the intellectuals during the last decades of Ottoman Empire, over Mehmet Akif is discussed profoundly. The last and fourth part of the thesis concerns with Mehmet Akif s î educational endeavours and personality which is often neglected. At the same timev his precious thoughts and approaches about education is portrayed with the help of his own works. In this part the goals of the education; the social and personal obstacles in the way of achieving a suffieciet and efficient education system and the functions of family, school and teacher in the education system is also considered !' carefully and in great details. 148 156