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The study aimed to test the hypothesis that homeostatic microbiome (HM) disorders lead to the increased indirect influence of certain microorganisms (MO) in the gastrointestinal tract, causing a disorder of insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and diabetes. We highlighted Candida and certain types of bacteria since previous in vitro research showed they significantly affect insulin secretion and can cause insulin resistance in obese patients with metabolic syndrome. After determining the type of MO present in the throat swab and the stool, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) test, and analysis of glucose and insulin secretion were performed in patients (n = 38) who were positive for certain types of MO compared to negative patients. Finally, all patients were divided into two groups: overweight patients (body mass index [BMI] < 30) and obese patients (BMI > 30). These two groups were compared for the percentage of certain types of MO to determine which MO can affect an increase in obesity and BMI. The presence of Diphtheroids in the throat (60.5%) reduces insulin secretion in patients compared with the negative group (194.5: 332.4) and the difference was statistically significant (P = .030). The presence of Candida in the throat (10%) increases insulin secretion, but the difference was statistically insignificant. The presence of Candida in the stool (28.9%) also increases insulin secretion and the difference was statistically significant (P = .038). Cumulative results (throat + stool) were similar (180: 332, P = .022). Analysis of BMI showed that the percentage of Diphtheroids in the throat decreases with increased body weight (53.8: 75%) while the percentage of Candida (38.5: 8.3%) and Enterobacter (61.5: 25%) increases, but these differences were statistically insignificant (P > .05). Diphtheroids in the throat can reduce insulin secretion by synthesizing their metabolites. Candida albicans is a conditional pathogen and as a significant indirect factor induces increased insulin secretion and insulin resistance. There are indications that elevated levels of Candida in the intestinal system can cause increased body weight of patients. C albicans should be considered a new factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes., Competing Interests: This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (grant No. 200110). There is no conflict of interest between the mentioned institution that financed this research and the author. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Introduction: The Human Development Index (HDI), as one of the more complex composite indicators of the level of human potential and quality of life, is a combination of three dimensions (indicators, factors): life expectancy at birth, the middle number of years of education and the expected number of years of schooling combined into a single education index and economic benefits expressed by production, or GDP (gross domestic product) according to purchasing power (PPP US $)., Methods: The same measures and average achievements in the field of health, education, and living standards are presented. The HDI was first developed in 1990 under the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and is published as Human Development Reports (HDR). At present, it has become the most widely used complex indicator suitable for international comparisons and assessments of the achieved development level of a particular country or region., Results: The paper deals specifically with the more perspective view of human development in the Western Balkans, with a series of socio-economic implications for the development policy of the countries under observation., Conclusion: The particular significance of the conducted research stems from the fact that in the countries of the Western Balkans are identified factors at the beginning of the transition period were often marginalized in the creation of macroeconomic policies, but in recent years there have been more positive developments in that regard., (© 2020 The Authors. Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)