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Transformacije tržišta zahtevaju adekvatan odgovor subjekata koji na istom plasiraju svoju uslugu/robu. U Srbiji vreme tranzicije se nastavlja i zahteva odgovor veterinarske struke. Da bi odgovor bio profesionalan i ekonomski efikasan neophodno je sagledati trenutno stanje struke kako u Srbiji tako i u okruženju i pripremati se da proaktivno delujemo na tržištu usluga/roba. Potrebno je da realno shvatimo nove trendove tržišta, na kojima delujemo i pronađemo, za nas najpovoljnija rešenja.

characteristics of the full colostrum, colostral and blood serum. The total number of 36 healthy pregnant Holstein heifers was included in this study, starting 30 days before the expected calving date. Animals were divided into two groups: treated heifers (N=20) and control group of heifers (N=16). The treated group of animals has received oral supplementation of organically modified clinoptilolite, in a dose of 150g per day, dissolved in 1L of water and given by a glass bottle, starting from 20±5 days before the expected calving term up to two days after calving. The control group of animals has received pure water in the same amount (1L) and time as treated animals. Samples of colostrum and colostral serum from the first four milkings were collected and analyzed in all experimental animals included in the study..., Za zdravlje i preživljavanje novorođene teladi od najvećeg značaja je unošenje adekvatne količine kolostruma dobrog kvaliteta odmah posle rođenja. Pored svoje funkcije kao osnovnog izvora nutritijenata, kolostrum ima esencijalnu funkciju u obezbeđivanju imunske zaštite teleta u ranim fazama života. Ishrana kolostrumom visokog kvaliteta u prvim satima života obezbeđuje tele sa dovoljnom količinom imunoglobulina neophodnih za uspostavljanje pasivnog imuniteta tokom prva tri meseca života. Zeolit se već koristi kao dodatak u hranu kod životinja, u cilju poboljšanja proizvodnih performansi i sprečavanja štetnog delovanja mikotoksina. Dugotrajna suplementacija klinoptilolitom ima pozitivne efekte na zdravlje mlečnih krava međutim uticaj zeolita na kvalitet i sastav kolostruma krava do sada nije izučavan. Pored prirodnih zeolita primenom savremenih tehnologija dobijena su i nova jedinjenja, i u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji korišćen je organski modifikovan klinoptilolit Minazel Plus® (Patent Co., Srbija). Cilj ove disertacije je bio da se ispita uticaj peroralnog davanja organski modifikovanog klinoptilolita na kvalitet kolostruma prvotelki na osnovu rezultata analize fizičko-hemijskih, biohemijskih i imunohemijskih karakteristika punog klostruma, kolostralnog i krvnog seruma. Za ogled je izabrano 36 zdravih visoko gravidnih prvotelki holštajn- frizijske rase goveda, 30 dana pre očekivanog termina teljenja. Životinje su podeljene u dve grupe, tretiranu u kojoj je bilo 20 jedinki i kontrolnu sa 16 jedinki. Tretirana grupa životinja je počevši od 20±5 dana pre očekivanog termina teljenja do dva dana posle teljenja, svakodnevno dobijala organski modifikovan klinoptilolit u dozi od 150 g dnevno, rastvaran u 1 L vode i davan per os, zalivanjem iz staklene flaše. Kontrolnoj grupi životinja je svakodnevno davana čista voda u količini od 1 L...

Discussing the different concepts of teaching Art, one should start from the competences we want to transfer to students. Through different ideas about competences, we can see the wishes of individual countries about what is expected of visual arts education. In this review, we have focused on the thinking of the European countries. All European countries have some variants of learning art in curricula and outcomes that determine what is meant to be achieved by these subjects. Depending on whether these curricula are structured as an integrated whole or as a set of specific subjects, objectives/outcomes are defined more concretely for visual arts, music, theater, dance, media arts or crafts. Learning objectives differ from country to country: in some cases, they are more globally expressed, and in others, it is more specific. The goals to be achieved or the skills to be mastered are defined for each year of learning or schooling periods.There are increasing pressures on the art education to fulfill a number of goals, in addition to learning about art. Educational systems increasingly recognize the importance of developing children’s creativity and contributing to cultural education. Almost all European countries have similar goals for the curriculum of teaching Art, among them: the development of artistic skills, knowledge, and understanding, engagement with various art forms; increasing cultural understanding; exchange of experiences. But in addition to these artistic results, the curriculum includes personal and social/cultural outcomes (such as self-confidence and self-esteem, the individuality of expression, teamwork, intercultural understanding and cultural participation). The focus on creativity (often in relation to its importance in innovation) and cultural education (in relation to individual identity and the promotion of intercultural understanding) is present in these goals.Various studies have recognized the pressure to include in the art curriculum of t

Mastitis je zapaljenski proces u mlečnoj žlezdi muznih životinja, koji je najčešće prouzrokovan mikroorganizmima. Po toku mastitisi mogu biti akutni, subakutni i hronični, a po obliku klinički i subkunički. Sa aspekta higijene mleka značaj imaju subklinički mastitisi, jer se ne manifestuju vidljivim kliničkim simptomima, a dijagnoza se postavlja pregledom mleka. Mastitisi imaju višestruki značaj (higijensko-zdravstveni, tehnološki i ekonomski). Uzročnici kontagioznih mastitisa su Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalatiae i Mycoplasma spp. Kao uzročnici iz okoline se navode koliformni mikroorganizmi (E.coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp.), Streptococcus spp i Pseudomonas spp. Rod Peudomonas obuhvata gram-negativne štapiće rasprostranjene u vodi i spoljašnjoj sredini, koji mogu da izazovu mastitise i u klinički izraženom obliku. Obično se javljaju sporadično, ali mogu da izazovu ozbiljne probleme u stadu. Na krvnom agaru rastu u vidu krupnih, nepravilnih kolonija sivkaste boje, koje imaju tendenciju prerastanja podloge sa jasno izraženim tamnim centrom i providnom ivicom. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se postavi dijagnoza subkliničkog mastitisa, odredi antibiogram i na osnovu toga pravilno sprovede lečenje. Materijal su bili uzorci mleka uzeti aseptično iz četvrti krave kod koje su redovnom kontrolom-predmuznom probom, a potom i CMT testom utvđene promene u mleku. Zasejavanje uzoraka je izvršeno na krvni agar, koji je inkubisan pri 37°C 24-48h. Dijagnoza je postavljena na osnovu bakteriološkog pregleda i broja somatskih ćelija.Rezultati antibiograma su pokazali da je izolat Pseudomonas spp. osetljiv na: Excenel/Naxcel, Cephalonium, Tetracycline, Linkomicin i Sinulox. Terapija je uspešno primenjena aplikovanjem antibiotika intramamarno i parenteralno., Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland of dairy animals, which is usually caused by microorganisms. According to the stage mastitis can be acute, subacute and chronic and according to the form clinical and subclinical. Mastitis is of multiple importance (hygienic- health, technological and economic). From the view point of milk hygine subclinical mastitis is important because it does not manifest by visible clinical symptoms, and can be diagnosed by examination of the milk. Contagious mastitis pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalatiae and Mycoplasma spp. Agents from the environment referred coliform microorganisms (E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp.), Streptococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. The genus Peudomonas includes gram-negative bacilli originating from water and environment, which may cause mastitis in clinically expressed form. Usually occurs sporadically, but can cause serious problems in the herd. On the blood agar grows as large, irregular colonies of gray color, which tend to overgrow, with a clear dark center and transparent edge. The aim of this study was to diagnose subclinical mastitis in cow, detremine the antibiogram and carry out the proper therapy treatment. Material represented milk samples aseptically taken from the quarters in which the regular-control, by foremilk stripping and California Mastitis test showed changes in the milk. The samples were plated on blood agar plate, incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours. The diagnosis was based on bacteriological examination and somatic cell count.The results showed that isolate Pseudomonas spp. was sensitive to Excenel / Naxcel, Cephalonium, Tetracycline, Lincomycin and Sinulox. The therapy was successfully applied by intramammary and parenteral administration of antibiotics.

The 42-day long study was performed on a total number of 48 Hybro broilers divided into four groups. After the pre-experimental period of 14 days, 3 experimental groups of broilers (n=12) were formed and fed diets that contained 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg ochratoxin A (OTA) during the next seven consecutive days. In the same period, the control group of broilers was fed a diet with no toxin added. After the period of toxin addition, blood samples were taken from 6 animals in each group. The remaining animals (n=6) from the control and experimental groups were fed diets without OTA until the 42nd day of the study, when the blood samples were taken again. The total level of blood serum proteins was affected by treatment with different doses of OTA, but a significant and dose dependent increase of albumins together with a decrease of γ-globulin fraction was established. A/G ratio (Albumine/Globuline) suggested that the globulins were the dominant protein fraction in the blood serum samples obtained from all the broilers included in this study. The concentrations of α- and β- globulin in the serum were within physiological limits, but the concentration of γ-globulins significantly decreased. It can be concluded that the increasing dietary OTA levels (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg) had dose-dependent cumulative effect on blood serum proteins status in broilers, and the effect lasts even after the withdrawal of OTA from the feed., Ispitivanje je trajalo 42 dan na ukupno 48 brojlera podeljenih u četiri jednake grupe. Preeksperimentalni period trajao je 14 dana, nakon čega su životinje tri ogledne grupe tokom sedam dana hranjene obrocma koji su sadržali 0,5, 1,0 i 1,5 mg ohratoksina A (OTA) u 1kg hrane. Brojleri kontrolne grupe u toku eksperimentalnog perioda hranjeni su hranom bez dodatka toksina. Posle sedam dana tretmana uzimani su uzorci krvi od po šest životinja iz svake grupe (kontrolne i eksperimentalnih). Preostale životinje hranjene su obrocima bez toksina do 42. dana ogleda, nakon čega je krv uzorkovana i od njih. Koncentracija ukupnih proteina plazme bila je promenjena u zavisnosti od koncentracije OTA koji su brojleri dobijali hranom. Takođe je zabeleženo značajno i dozno-zavisno povećanje koncentracije albumina sa snižavanjem koncentracije gama-globulinske frakcije u serumu. Albulin/Globulin odnos (A/G odnos) ukazuje da su globulini bili dominantna frakcija proteina kod svih brojlera u ispitivanju. Koncentracija alfa i beta-globulina u serumu brojlera kretala se u fiziološkim granicama dok je koncentracija gamaglobulina bila značajno snižena. Može se zaključiti da rastuće koncentracije OTA u hrani brojlera ispoljavaju dozno-zavistan kumulativni efekt na status serumskih proteina. Ovaj efekat ostaje i posle prestanka dodavanja toksina u hranu.

Diseases of the lower urinary pathways with urethral obstruction are frequent urological conditions demanding urgent treatment that lead to the occurrence of post renal azotemia due to difficult or disabled urine elimination. The aim of these investigations was to establish the most frequent causes for the occurrence of obstructions of the lower urinary pathways in cats, the most frequent clinical signs, as well as the changes in the hematological and biochemical blood and urine parameters. The obtained results indicate that the most frequent cause of urethral obstruction in cats is the presence of urethra stones, sand, and urethra plugs caused by the aggregation of struvite crystals on organic matrix. The laboratory findings showed that all animals were dehydrated, azotemia was established in half the animals, and signs of uremia were evident in 10% cats. Over 90% cats had disrupted tubular function, and only 50% had clear laboratory signs of inflammation. It can be concluded from the presented results that all cats with urethra obstruction exhibit a certain degree of disrupted kidney function, which is, in most cases, a reversible pathological change when treated with timely and adequate therapy., Oboljenja donjih mokraćnih puteva sa opstrukcijom uretre su česta urološka urgentna stanja koja dovode do pojave postrenalne azotemije zbog otežane ili onemogućene eliminacije urina. Cilj ovog ispitivanja je bio da se utvrde najčešći uzroci nastanka opstrukcije donjih mokraćnih puteva kod mačaka, najčešći klinički znaci, kao i promene u hematološkim i biohemijskim parametrima krvi i urina. Rezultati pokazuju da je najčešći uzrok opstrukcije uretre kod mačaka prisustvo uretralnog kamenja, peska i uretralnih čepova nastalih agregacijom struvitnih kristala na organski matriks. Laboratorijski nalazi su pokazali da su sve životinje dehidrirale. Azotemija je utvrđena kod polovine životinja, a znači uremije kod 10 % mačaka. Preko 90% mačaka je imalo poremećaj funkcije tubula, a svega 50% jasne znake inflamacije. Iz prikazanih rezultata se može zaključiti da sve mačke sa opstrukcijom uretre pokazuju određeni stepen poremećaja funkcije bubrega, koji je uz pravovremenu i adekvatnu terapiju, u najvećem broju slučajeva reverzibilna patološka promena.

Based on visualization results of highly-submerged cavitating water jet obtained with digital camera, the influences of related parameters such as: injection pressure, nozzle diameter and geometry, nozzle mounting (for convergent/divergent flow), cavitation number and exit jet velocity, were investigated. In addition, the influence of visualization system position was also studied. All the parameters have been found to be of strong influence on the jet appearance and performance. Both hydro-dynamical and geometrical parameters are playing the main role in behavior and intensity of cavitation phenomenon produced by cavitating jet generator. Based on our considerable previous experience in working with cavitating jet generator, the working conditions were chosen in order to obtain measurable phenomenon.

In order to study jet structure and behaviour of cloud cavitation within time and space, visualization of highly submerged cavitating water jet has been done using Stanford Optics 4 Quick 05 equipment, through endoscopes and other lenses with Drello3244 and Strobex Flash Chadwick as flashlight stroboscope. This included obligatory synchronization with several types of techniques and lenses. Images of the flow regime have been taken, allowing calculation of the non-dimensional cavitation cloud length under working conditions. Consequently a certain correlation has been proposed. The influencing parameters, such as; injection pressure, downstream pressure and cavitation number were experimentally proved to be very significant. The recordings of sono-luminescence phenomenon proved the collapsing of bubbles everywhere along the jet trajectory. In addition, the effect of temperature on sono-luminescence recordings was also a point of investigation.

Parasitoses in cats are one of the most common diseases of this species. Parasites violate homeostasis of organism by their specific pathogenic mechanisms, mechanicaly, by making their hosts hypersensitive... Some cat parasitoses have zoonotic character, too, provoking serious diseases of people. In Belgrade area there are different ectoparasites and endoparasites, which representation is directly linked with cat’s way of life, and also with preventive actions that are taken by their owners on that issue. It has revealed the presence of giardiasis, coccidiosis, toxocariosis, ancylostomatidosis, pulicosis, cheyletielosis and Otodectes mange. Prevalence is significantly higher when cats are kept in groups and if they are free to go outside, unlike specimens hеld in controled and indoor conditions. However, by adequate preventive measures, it is possible to make a balance between good health state and animal welfare, even in large populations., Parazitske bolesti mačaka svrstavaju se u red najčešćih oboljenja kod ove vrste životinja. Paraziti narušavaju homeostazu organizma na više načina: direktnim specifičnim patogenim delovanjem, mehaničkim smetnjama, izazivanjem stanja preosetljivosti... Neke parazitoze mačaka imaju i zoonozni karakter, izazivajući ozbiljna oboljenja ljudi. Na području Beograda prisutni su različiti ektoparaziti i endoparaziti, čija je zastupljenost u direktnoj vezi sa načinom života mačaka, kao i preventivnim merama koje po tom pitanju preduzimaju njihovi vlasnici. Utvrđeno je prisustvo đardijaze, kokcidioze, toksokaroze, ankilostomatidoze, pulicidoze, heilecijeloze i Otodectes šuge. Prevalenca je značajno veća u uslovima grupnog držanja mačaka i pri slobodnom držanju, za razliku od jedinki držanih u kontrolisanim i zatvorenim uslovima. Međutim, adekvatnom preventivom moguće je napraviti balans između dobrog zdravstvenog stanja i dobrobiti jedinke, čak i u većim populacijama.

The most important morphological feature of the immune response in lymphocytic-plasmacytic duodenitis (LPD) in dogs is the presence of a mononuclear infiltrate in the duodenal mucosa. The ethiopatogenesis of this disease is still unknown, nor are known all the immunophenotypic characteristics of the infiltrate cells, which would be of help in the elucidation of the pathogenesis of LPD. The study involved 60 adult dogs of different breeds and both sexes: 54 dogs with symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting that lasted longer than three weeks and six clinically healthy dogs that served as controls. Hematological and biochemical analysis of blood, radiology, ultrasound and endoscopic diagnosis were carried out. Samples of duodenal mucosal biopta were examined by histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. During endoscopic examination, duodenal wall thickening, mucosal edema and hyperemia were observed in 46 dogs. Microscopic studies showed on the epithelial cells of the duodenum degenerative changes, and sometimes desquamation. Most of the intestinal crypts were dilated, irregularly shaped and filled with detritus. On immunohistochemical examination of samples of the duodenum in a number of dogs with LPD a predominant expression of CD3 + T lymphocytes was observed., Najvažnija morfološka karakteristika imunskog odgovora kod limfocitnoplazmocitnog duodenitisa (LPD) pasa je nalaz infiltrata mononuklearnih ćelija krvi u sluzokoži duodenuma. Do danas etiopatogeneza ove bolesti pasa nije u svemu poznata, a nisu poznate ni sve imunofenotipske karakteristike ćelija u infiltratu, koje bi bile značajne za razumevanje etiopatogeneze LPD. Ispitivanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno ukupno 60 odraslih pasa, različitih rasa i oba pola: 54 psa sa simptomima dijareje i povraćanja koje je trajalo duže od tri nedelje i šest klinički zdravih pasa koji su služili kao kontrola. Urađene su hematološke i biohemijske analize krvi, a zatim je sprovedena radiološka, ultrazvučna i endoskopska dijagnostika. Uzorci mukoze duodenuma, uzeti biopsijom, ispitani su histopatološkim i imunohistohemijskim metodama. Pri endoskopskom pregledu, kod 46 pasa je zapažen zadebljali zid duodenuma, hiperemičnost i edem sluznice. Mikroskopskim ispitivanjima, na epitelnim ćelijama duodenuma uočene su degenerativne promene, a nekada i deskvamacija. Većina crevnih kripti je bila dilatirana, nepravilnog oblika i ispunjena detritusom. Imunohistohemijskim ispitivanjem uzoraka duodenuma kod većine pasa sa LPD uočena je dominacija CD3+T limfocita.

Tumors occur in all domestic and wild animals. They are most often diagnosed in dogs and cats, and their numbers increase from year to year. In the recent years, cancer is believed to be the most frequent cause of pet deaths. A speedy and reliable diagnosis is of paramount importance because it enables the veterinarian to begin therapy and make a prognosis. The objective of an early diagnosis is to enable the detection of neoplastic diseases before the tumor spreads throughout the organism, consequently enabling the timely administration of therapy and providing greater chances for curing the animal. A tumor is diagnosed on the grounds of the anamnesis, clinical picture, and special diagnostic procedures. The most frequently applied diagnostic procedures are laboratory diagnostics, cytology, biopsy and pathohistology, imaging diagnostics (roentgenography and roentgenoscopy, ultrasound diagnostics, endoscopy, computer tomography, magnetic resonance, and scintigraphy) and molecular diagnostics. Each of these methods has its advantages and faults in connection with costs, availability, sensitivity, specificity and quality of anatomic vs functional pictures. Every one of these techniques has its own field of implementation and each one provides different and additional information in connection with the nature and position of the primary lesion and the presence of metastases., Tumori se javljaju kod svih domaćih i divljih životinja. Najčešće se dijagnostikuju kod pasa i mačaka, a njihov broj raste iz godine u godinu. Poslednjih godina se smatra da je kancer najčešći uzrok uginuća kućnih ljubimaca. Brza i pouzdana dijagnoza je od velike važnosti jer omogućava doktoru veterinarske medicine da započne terapiju i da da prognozu. Rana dijagnostika ima za cilj da omogući otkrivanje neoplastičnih oboljenja pre nego što dođe do širenja tumora i tako omogući pravovremenu terapiju i poveća šanse za izlečenje životinje. Dijagnoza tumora se postavlja na osnovu anamneze, kliničke slike i specijalnih dijagnostičkih procedura. Od dijagnostičkih procedura najčešće se koriste laboratorijska dijagnostika, citologija, biopsija i patohistologija, imidžing dijagnostika (rendgenografija i rendgenoskopija, ultrazvučna dijagnostika, endoskopija, kompjuterska tomografija, magnetna rezonanca i scintigrafija) i molekularna dijagnostika. Svaka od ovih metoda ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke, koji se tiču cene, dostupnosti, osetljivosti, specifičnosti i kvaliteta anatomskih u odnosu na funkcionalne slike. Svaka od ovih tehnika ima svoje polje primene i svaka od njih donosi drugačije i dopunske informacije s obzirom na prirodu i položaj primarne lezije i postojanje metastaza.

Speedy and reliable diagnostics of a malignant disease is of great importance as it enables the veterinarian to begin administering therapy and to provide the corresponding prognosis. Once the diagnosis is made, the necessary therapeutic procedure is administered. Depending on the form and type of malignant process, the following therapeutic measures can be applied: surgical therapy, radiotherapy (radiation therapy), chemotherapy, immuno therapy, molecular-gene targetted therapy, electrochemotherapy and electrogenic therapy, cryo therapy - cryo surgery, hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, and supportive therapy. It is quite frequent that two or more therapeutic methods are used in the treatment of malignant diseases in dogs and cats. Each of these methods has its advantages and faults in connection with costs, availability, sensitivity, specificity, and quality. Every one of them has its area of implementation and yields different information depending on the nature and position of the primary lesion, the presence of metastases, as well as possible complications that are frequent in oncology patients., Brza i pouzdana dijagnoza malignog oboljenja je od velike važnosti jer omogućava doktoru veterinarske medicine da započne adekvatnu terapiju i da odgovarajuću prognozu. U zavisnosti od forme i tipa malignog procesa mogu se primeniti sledeće terapijske metode: hirurška terapija, radioterapija (terapija zračenjem), hemoterapija, imunoterapija, molekularna-genska ciljna terapija, elektrohemoterpija i elektrogenska terapija, krio terapija - krio hirurgija, hipertermija, fotodinamska terapija i potporna terapija. Vrlo često u terapiji malignih oboljenja kod pasa i mačaka koristimo dve ili više terapijskih metoda. Prednosti i nedostaci ovih metoda tiču se cene, dostupnosti, osetljivosti, specifičnosti i kvaliteta. Svaka od njih ima svoje polje primene i pruža drugačije informacije s obzirom na prirodu i položaj primarne lezije, postojanje metastaza kao i mogućih komplikacija koje su česte kod onkoloških pacijenata.

The principal focus of this investigation were the effect of hydrodynamic and geometrical parameters on cavitating jet dynamic power and cavitation intensity under different flow conditions. Jet performance indicators were taken to be the erosion rate of the target surface and the size of the erosion area.. In addition, flow visualization was used as an additional tool to demonstrate the effect of dynamic power on the cavitating jet characteristics. The results show that the erosion rate can be used an indicator of the strength of the impinging jet to establish a correlation between the jet power and the pertinent experimental parameters. In addition, the importance of non-dimensional standoff distance was investigated and an analytical relationship established between it and the jet intensity. These expressions are proposed for calculating the efficiency of cavitating jets.

In order to broaden the range of diagnostic methods for determining stomach diseases and to make these methods a greater part of the daily clinical practice, the procedures of radiological, ultrasound and endoscopic examinations should be worked out in more detail, their limits and possibilities should be established, the topographic-anatomical and morphological status of the stomach should be described in a radiological, ultrasound and endoscopic picture, and the most represented stomach diseases should be defined as well. The paper presents the results of six-month investigations of stomach diseases in dogs of different breeds and ages. A total of 20 animals were examined: seven German Shepherds, four golden retrievers, three rottweilers, two dobermans, two big schauzers, and two mixed-breed dogs. Cases of acute gastritis, chronic ulcerous gastritis, foreign body cases, and stomach tumors have been described., Da bi se spektar dijagnostičkih metoda oboljenja želuca proširio i bio prisutniji u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi, poželjno je da se detaljnije razradi postupak radiološkog, ultrazvučnog i endoskopskog pregleda, utvrde njihove granice i mogućnosti, opiše topografsko-anatomski i morfološki status želuca u radiološkoj, ultrazvučnoj i endoskopskoj slici i da se utvrdi koja su to najzastupljenija oboljenja ovog organa. U radu su prikazani rezultati šetomesečnih ispitivanja oboljenja želuca na psima različitih rasa i uzrasta. Ukupno je pregledano dvadeset jedinki i to: sedam nemačkih ovčara, četiri zlatna retrivera, tri rotvajlera, dva dobermana, dva velika šnaucera i dva mešanca. Opisani su slučajevi akutnog gastritisa, hroničnog ulceroznog gastritisa, stranog tela i tumora želuca.

The hypothesis that a high hematocrit value and high hemoglobin concentration are the most important conditions which have to be fulfilled in order to achieve top racing results has resulted in a massive use of iron preparations in healthy horses. This specially implies in racing horses during intensive training aiming at the prevention of the so-called racing anemia. By studying the effects of the most commonly used iron preparations in Serbia and Montenegro (Fedex®, as the representative of dextrane iron preparations; Hippirion® as a well known representative of iron complexed to saccharate and Hemo® 15 which is a representative of complex iron preparations which contain other hemantics) the expected changes in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value were recorded. However, the recorded changes in hematological values did differ between used iron preparations. The best effects were exhibited by Hemo®15, the application of which resulted in a prompt and significant increase in erythrocyte count, MCH, MCHC and hemoglobin concentration., Hipoteza da je za postizanje vrhunskih rezultata na trkama najvažniji preduslov visoka koncentracija hemoglobina i vrednost hematokrita, dovela je do masovne primene različitih preparata za podsticanje hematopoeze kod zdravih konja. Ovo se pre svega odnosi na konje u treningu, u cilju preveniranja takozvanih trkačkih anemija. U ovom radu su spitivanjem uticaja tri najčešće korišćena preparata gvožđa kod trkačkih konja u našoj zemlji (Fedex kao predstavnik dekstranskih preparata gvožđa, Hippiron kao najpoznatiji predstavnik gvožđa u kompleksu sa saharatom i Hemo 15 koji je predstavnik kompleksnih preparata koji uz gvožđe sadrže i druge hematinike) utvrđene očekivane promene u broju eritrocita, koncentraciji hemoglobina i hematokritskoj vrednosti. Primena sva tri preparata gvožđa dovela je do povećanja vrednosti svih ispitivanih hematoloških parametara kod trkačkih konja. Najbolji efekat ispoljio je preparat Hemo 15 čija je primena dovela do najvećeg povećanja broja eritrocita, MCH, MCHC i koncentracije hemoglobina, a i sam efekat je nastajao najbrže.

In this study the relationship was explored between general immune reactivity, as estimated by the cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity reaction (CBHR) to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and the level of anti-sperm antibodies of the Ig A and Ig G class in the cervical mucus and sera of cows with different reproductive results. The hypersensitivity test was performed on the day of artificial insemination when cervical mucus and sera samples were also collected. The animals were divided into groups according to the total number of inseminations, number of inseminations per calving and their age. The titer of antibodies was determined by the indirect immunofluorescence method using sperm cells suspended in Tris egg-yolk extender. Our results indicate that the intensity of CBHR is lowest in cows inseminated once or twice and in younger animals, while, there were no differences between the groups when they were formed according to the number of inseminations per calving. Titers of antisperm antibodies (ASA) of the Ig A class in cervical mucus (CM) increased with the number of artificial inseminations, number of inseminations per calving and age of the cows., Cilj ovih ispitivanja je bio da se utvrdi odnos između rezultata testa kožne preosetljivosti na fitohemaglutinin, nekih reproduktivnih pokazatelja i koncentracije antispermatozoalnih antitela Ig A klase u cervikalnoj sluzi krava koje se veštački osemenjavaju. Test kožne preosetljivosti je izvođen na dan veštačkog osemenjavanja a istog dana su prikupljani i uzorci cervikalne sluzi. Krave su bile podeljene u grupe na osnovu broja ukupnih prethodnih osemenjavanja, prosečnog broja osemenjavanja po graviditetu i na osnovu starosti. Prisustvo antispermatozoalnih antitela je određivano metodom indirektne imunofluorescence korišćenjem spermatozoida suspendovanih u Tris-žumanjčanom razređivaču. Postignuti rezultati ukazuju da je intenzitet kožne preosetljivosti na PHA manji kod krava koje su osemenjene 1-2 puta kao i kod mlađih jedinki. Intenzitet ove reakcije se nije razlikovao kod krava koje zahtevaju manje ili više pokušaja VO po teljenju. Takođe je dokazano da se titar antispermatozoalnih Ig A antitela u cervikalnoj sluzi povećava sa ukupnim brojem osemenjavanja, brojem osemenjavanja po teljenju i starošću plotkinja.

We investigated the influence of an antiparasitic drug, levamisole (2,3,5,6 - tetrahydro - 6- phenyl-imidazo (2,1 - b) thiazole -hydrochloride) with potent immunomodulatory properties on the course and development of experimental autoimmune encepha-lomyelitis (EAE). EAE was induced in female Dark Agouti (DA) rats aged two months by immunization with guinea pig spinal cord in complete Freunds adjuvant. Following immunization animals were subcutaneously treated every other day with 2.2 mg/kg levamisole. The course, development and characteristics of this autoimmune process were monitored as indirect indicators of immune system activity. Our results indicate that in EAE levamisole exerts immunosuppressive effects when administered every other day from the moment of immunization until the end of the disease. This application regime and dose postponed the onset of the first clinical signs, shortened the duration of the disease, abrogated the severity of clinical symptoms and accelerated the recovery of sick animals. In the period of induction and during EAE, levamisole also decreased the severity of changes in the cerebral perivascular spaces. In the peripheral blood of levamisole treated animals with induced EAE, a significant increase of CD4-CD8+ T cells was demonstrated. Furthermore, all rats with induced EAE had decreased numbers of CD4+CD8- T cells in their blood. These changes were in correlation with clinical signs of EAE., U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja anthelmintika levamizola (2,3,5,6 tetrahidro - 6 - fenil - imidazo (2,1 - b) tiazol hidrohlorida) sa snažnim imunomodulatornim svojstvima na tok i razvoj eksperimentalnog autoimunog encefalomijelitisa (EAE). EAE je indukovan imunizacijom ženki pacova soja DA (Dark Agouti) starih dva meseca pomoću homogenata kičmene moždine zamorčeta u kompletnom Freundovom adjuvansu. Posle imunizacije, životinje su tretirane subkutanim injekcijama levamizola (2.2 mg/kg) svaki drugi dan a praćeni su tok, razvoj i karakteristike ovog autoimunog oboljenja kao indirektni indikatori aktivnosti imunološkog sistema. Postignuti rezultati ukazuju dalevamizol ispoljava imunosupresivno delovanje u modelu EAE ako se aplikuje svaki drugi dan od momenta imunizacije do kraja bolesti. Primenjena doza i režim aplikacije odložili su momenat pojavljivanja prvih kliničkih simptoma, skratili trajanje bolesti, ublažili ispoljavanje simptoma i ubrzali oporavak bolesnih životinja. U periodu indukcije i tokom EAE-a levamizol je smanjio stepen promena u cerebralnim perivaskularnim prostorima. U ženskoj krvi ženki pacova sa indukovanim EAE i tretiranim levamizolom uočeno je značajno povećanje broja CD4-CD8+ T ćelija. Osim toga, u obe imunizovane grupe životinja zapaženo je smanjenje broja CD4+CD8- ćelija. Ove promene su bile u skladu sa kliničkom slikom bolesti.