Search

Let $C:f=0$ be a reduced curve in the complex projective plane. The minimal degree $mdr(f)$ of a Jacobian syzygy for $f$, which is the same as the minimal degree of a derivation killing $f$, is an important invariant of the curve $C$, for instance it can be used to determined whether $C$ is free or nearly free. In this note we study the relations of this invariant $mdr(f)$ with a decomposition of $C$ as a union of two curves $C_1$ and $C_2$, without common irreducible components. When all the singularities that occur are quasihomogeneous, a result by Schenck, Terao and Yoshinaga yields finer information on this invariant in this setting. Using this, we give some geometrical criteria, the first ones of this type in the existing literature as far as we know, for a line to be a jumping line for the rank 2 vector bundle of logarithmic vector fields along a reduced curve $C$., Comment: v4. Proposition 5.5 modified, one reference updated, the rest unchanged

Background: The muscle invasive form of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) is a deadly disease. Currently, the therapeutic approach of UBC is mostly based on surgery and standard chemotherapy. Biomarkers to establish appropriate drugs usage are missing. Deficiency of the tumor suppressor CCDC6 determines PARP-inhibitor sensitivity. The CCDC6 levels are modulated by the deubiquitinase USP7. In this work we scored CCDC6 and USP7 expression levels in primary UBC and we evaluated the expression levels of CCDC6 in correlation with the effects of the PARP-inhibitors combined with the USP7 inhibitor, P5091, in vitro. Since PARP-inhibitors could be enhanced by conventional chemotherapy or DNA damage inducers, we tested the new agent RRx-001, able to induce DNA damage, to prove the benefit of combined treatments in bladder cancer cells. Methods: The J82, T24, 5637 and KU-19-19 bladder cancer cells were exposed to USP7 inhibitor P5091 in presence of cycloheximide to analyse the CCDC6 stability. Upon the CCDC6 degradation induced by P5091, the cells sensitivity to PARP-inhibitor was evaluated by cell viability assays. The ability of the DNA damage inducer RRx-001 to modulate CCDC6 protein levels and H2AX phosphorylation was detected at immunoblot. The combination of USP7 inhibitor plus RRx-001 enhanced the PARP-inhibitor sensitivity, as evaluated by cell viability assays. The results of the scores and correlation of CCDC6 and USP7 expression levels obtained by UBC primary biopsies staining were used to cluster patients by a K-mean cluster analysis. Results: P5091 determining CCDC6 degradation promoted bladder cancer cells sensitivity to PARP-inhibitor drugs. RRx-001, by inducing DNA damage, enhanced the effects of the combined treatment. The immunohistochemical staining of both CCDC6 and USP7 proteins allowed to cluster the high grade (G3) UBC patients, on the basis of CCDC6 expression levels. Conclusions: In high grade UBC the identification of two clusters of patients based on CCDC6 and USP7 expession can possibly indicate the use of PARP-inhibitor drugs, in combination with USP7 inhibitor in addition to the DNA damage inducer RRx-001, that also acts as an immunomodulatory agent, offering novel therapeutic strategy for personalized medicine in bladder cancer patients.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the main cause of cancer-related death worldwide and new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. In this study, we have characterized a panel of NSC lung cancer cell lines for the expression of coiled-coil-domain containing 6 (CCDC6), a tumor suppressor gene involved in apoptosis and DNA damage response. We show that low CCDC6 protein levels are associated with a weak response to DNA damage and a low number of Rad51 positive foci. Moreover, CCDC6 deficient lung cancer cells show defects in DNA repair via homologous recombination. In accordance with its role in the DNA damage response, CCDC6 attenuation confers resistance to cisplatinum, the current treatment of choice for NSCLC, but sensitizes the cells to olaparib, a small molecule inhibitor of the repair enzymes PARP1/2. Remarkably, the combination of the two drugs is more effective than each agent individually, as demonstrated by a combination index

Si considerino i sistemi lineari di dimensione k di polinomi omogenei di grado n di due variabili, legati da un fissato numero j di sizigie di grado d. Studiare questi sistemi equivale a studiare sistemi di ipersuperfici di P^1 che hanno grado n e un fissato sistema lineare d-polare. Tali sistemi lineari di ipersuperfici risultano essere parametrizzati da una sottovarietà X_{k,j,d}. della Grassmanniana Gr(k, n). Nel lavoro viene calcolata la dimensione della varietà parametrizzante, e fornita una sua descrizione geometrica attraverso una opportuno morfismo in fibre. Inoltre, viene esaminato lo scoppiamento della sottovarietà X_{k,j+1,d}, luogo singolare di X_{k,j,d}. We consider the k-dimensional linear systems of homogeneous polynomials in two variables of degree n with a given number j of syzygies of degree d. This is in some way equivalent to studying the hypersurfaces in P^1 of degree n with the same d-polar system. All these linear systems fill up a subvariety X_{k,j,d} of the Grassmannian Gr(k, n). We compute the dimension of this variety and give some geometric description of it by means of a suitable fibration. We examine the blow-up of X_{k,j+1,d},as singular locus of X_{k,j,d}.

Background: According to the American Academy of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons, more than 11 million cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures were performed by board-certified plastic surgeons, dermatologists and otolaryngologists in the United States, totaling more than 12 billion dollars. Of that total, more than 7 billion was spent on surgical procedures and more than 5 billion was spent on nonsurgical procedures. More than 1,872,172 people received Hyaluronic Acid (HA) injections in 2013. Moreover, filler treatments are the most popular procedures performed by dermatologists. Objective: Evaluate, with a new imaging system, durability, efficacy and safety of a nasolabial fold treatment with a cross-linked HA of non-animal origin with different molecular weights. Material and methods: A cross-linked HA (25 mg/ml, 1000-2000 kDa, 23 ± 3 Newton [N] extrusion force, 1,4-Butanediol Diglycidyl Ether (BDDE) content < 0.1 ppm) was used in order to perform the treatment. The product is commercially available with the trademark Aliaxin®GP (Global Performance) and distributed by IBSA Farmaceutici Italia Srl. 25 female subjects aged 40 and 60 years with a photoageing level III according Rubin or type III according Glogau were recruited for the treatment and 0.5 ml of the product were injected for single nasolabial fold. The aesthetic result and the duration of the aesthetic correction were evaluated by the analysis of the skin microreliefs through confocal microscopy and by Glogau's Scale. Additionally, pictures of each patient were collected by Canon PowerShot G10 Digital Camera (14.7 megapixels) before and after treatment. Below the description of the experimental schedule: T0: Baseline, evaluation and treatment; T1: second visit, 4 months after the treatment; T2: third visit, 6 months after the treatment. Results: From 25 patients, 150 silicone casts were obtained: 75 casts of the right nasolabial fold and 75 casts of the left nasolabial fold. Roughness arithmetical average (Ra) was assessed by profilometry. This parameter represents the arithmetic mean deviation of the profile points compared to the average value. The Ra of the right fold at T2 decreased by 50% versus T0 and by 40% compared to T1; Ra of the left fold at T2 decreased by the 45% versus T0 and by 35% compared to T1. No side effects were reported during the observation period beyond mild symptoms (pain, sensation of heat, reddening in the injection site) also described by the product technical sheet. Conclusion: The results proved the efficacy and safety of the nasolabial folds treatment with the tested product and the durability of the aesthetic correction.

TLRs are main actors of the innate immune response against HPV. There are very few studies on the role of TLRs mediated HPV clearance in Head and Neck oncology. Our aim was to evaluate whether TLR4 expression identifies HPV infection and/or HR-HPV integration status in oral and oropharyngeal cancers. By immunohistochemistry we assessed TLR4 levels in OSCC. To detect viral integration or episomic status In situ hybridization for HPV-DNA and Pyro-sequencing techniques have been performed. The relationship between TLR4 expression with HPV infection status has been investigated. ISH HPV positive samples have reported lower levels of TLR4 intensity than negative samples (p = 0.002). There is no statistical correlation between TLR4 intensity and PCR HPV results (p > 0.0.5). Point-biserial correlation coefficient revealed significant association between TLR4 expression and HR-HPV integration status (p = 0.0001) and between TLR4 expression index and HR-HPV infection (p = 0.001). These data show that TLR4 down-regulation is strongly associated to both HPV-16 infection and its integration into the host DNA. TLRs are main actors of the innate immune response against HPV. There are very few studies on the role of TLRs mediated HPV clearance in Head and Neck oncology. Our aim was to evaluate whether TLR4 expression identifies HPV infection and/or HR-HPV integration status in oral and oropharyngeal cancers. By immunohistochemistry we assessed TLR4 levels in OSCC. To detect viral integration or episomic status In situ hybridization for HPV-DNA and Pyro-sequencing techniques have been performed. The relationship between TLR4 expression with HPV infection status has been investigated. ISH HPV positive samples have reported lower levels of TLR4 intensity than negative samples (p = 0.002). There is no statistical correlation between TLR4 intensity and PCR HPV results (p > 0.0.5). Point-biserial correlation coefficient revealed significant association between TLR4 expression and HR-HPV integration status (p = 0.0001) and between TLR4 expression index and HR-HPV infection (p = 0.001). These data show that TLR4 down-regulation is strongly associated to both HPV-16 infection and its integration into the host DNA.

SummaryBackground Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the major subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). It usually has a prolonged indolent clinical course with a minority of cases acquiring a more aggressive biological profile and resistance to conventional therapies, partially attributed to the persistent activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. In the last decade, several papers suggested an important role for the FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51), an immunophilin initially cloned in lymphocytes, in the control of NF-κB pathway in different types of human malignancies. Objectives We aimed to investigate the possible value of FKBP51 expression as a new reliable marker of outcome in MF patients. Methods We assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) FKBP51 expression in 44 patients with MF, representative of different stages of the disease. Immunohistochemical results were subsequently confirmed at mRNA level with quantitative PCR (qPCR) in a subset of enrolled patients. In addition, IHC and qPCR served to study the expression of some NF-κB target genes, including the tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2). Results Our results show that FKBP51 was expressed in all evaluated cases, with the highest level of expression characterizing MFs with the worst prognosis. Moreover, a significant correlation subsisted between FKBP51 and TRAF2 IHC expression scores. Conclusions we hypothesize a role for FKBP51 as a prognostic marker for MF and suggest an involvement of this immunophilin in deregulated NF-κB pathway of this CTCL. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Despite the progressive increase of early diagnosis, a subset of prostate cancers show a metastasizing and lethal course, not always predictable upon the traditional prognostic parameters. The object of this study was to investigate the role of the survival co-chaperone protein BAG3 as a new prognostic marker for prostate cancer. BAG3 was detected by immunohistochemistry in 55 specimens of surgically removed prostate carcinomas and in 15 surgical specimens of non-neoplastic prostate tissues. Results were compared with clinic-pathological data and outcome of patients and statistically evaluated. BAG3 resulted expressed in all the cases: Non-neoplastic prostate tissue showed a cytoplasmatic staining with apical reinforcement, a finding which appears consistent with the reported connection of the protein with the membrane focal cell-adhesion complexes. In prostate carcinomas, BAG3 showed a progressive decrease of the expression level from well- to low-differentiated carcinoma, coupled with the loss of polarisation of the signal in metastasizing cases. These results indicate that BAG3 intra-cytoplasmic delocalisation is a specific feature of cancer versus non-neoplastic prostate and a candidate new marker for prediction of prostate cancer invasiveness and behaviour.

© 2021 Link, Ilardi and Zannetti., Despite important advances in cancer treatments, metastasis remains the major cause of cancer mortality. In the complex tumor microenvironment, several malignant and non-malignant cell types, as well as components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), interact together to promote the metastatic process (1, 2). Stromal cells, which are already present in the tumor microenvironment (TME), are recruited from distant sites and “educated” by cancer cells through a dynamic cross-talk involving growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, miRNAs, and exosomes (3, 4). These primed cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor-associated mesenchymal stem cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and other immune cells acquire a pro-metastatic function that supports tumor cells in each step of the metastatic cascade (4). Importantly, the bi-directional communication between tumor microenvironment and cancer cells induces the epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) that in turn elicits profound morphological and functional changes in tumor cells, triggering a mesenchymal-like phenotype with higher invasive potential (5). A crucial step in the establishment of metastases includes the formation of a pre-metastatic niche where recruited stromal cells contribute to creating a favorable microenvironment that permits cancer cell seeding (6). To successfully germ in a distant site, cancer cells need to find nutrients, an ECM that can support their attachment, and stromal cells that help them with paracrine signaling to survive and proliferate in the new environment (1). Responding to this complex scenario, this Research Topic aims to bring together more recent studies and discoveries that shed light on the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the cross-talk between TME and cancer cells. The special issue on the “Tumor Microenvironment: Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways Involved in Metastatic Progression” includes 27 original articles, 11 review articles, and three mini-review articles, each of which advances knowledge in this field concerning different types of carcinomas., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities through Grant RTI2018-094629-B-I00 to WL. This work was supported by grants from from MIUR Progetti di Ricerca di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale (PRIN) Bando 2017-grant 2017MHJJ55, MIUR-PON “Ricerca e Innovazione” 2014-2020 (grant MOLIMONCOBRAIN LAB), from Regione Campania PO FESR 2014-2020 (grant eMORFORAD) to AZ.

Simple Summary NRP-1, a co-receptor of the EGFR, represented an interesting candidate to investigate in HNSCC, as Cetuximab, in combination with radio and chemotherapy, provided the first targeted therapy scheme approved by the FDA as a standard of care for patients with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC. High levels of NRP-1 expression significantly correlated with a shorter overall survival in both Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma diagnosed patients, suggesting a prognostic role for this protein. In HNSCC cell lines in vitro experiments, NRP-1 sustained EGFR activation upon CDDP exposure, together with activation of downstream MAPK/AKT pathways. Furthermore, NRP-1 modulated the responsiveness to CDDP treatment. Abstract Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) includes a group of aggressive malignancies characterized by the overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in 90% of cases. Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) acts as an EGFR co-receptor, enhancing, upon ligand stimulation, EGFR signaling in several cellular models. However, NRP-1 remains poorly characterized in HNSCC. By utilizing in vitro cellular models of HNSCC, we report that NRP-1 is involved in the regulation of EGFR signaling. In fact, NRP-1 can lead to cisplatin-induced EGFR phosphorylation, an escape mechanism activated by cancer cells upon cytotoxic stress. Furthermore, we evaluated Neuropilin-1 staining in tissue samples of an HNSCC case series (n = 218), unraveling a prognostic value for the Neuropilin-1 tissue expression. These data suggest a potential role for NRP-1 in HNSCC cancer progression, expanding the repertoire of signaling in which NRP-1 is involved and eliciting the need for further investigations on NRP-1 as a suitable target for HNSCC novel therapeutic approaches.

Low-grade intraductal carcinoma is a rare neoplasia with an excellent prognosis, previously classified as low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma and low-grade salivary duct carcinoma. The tumor mainly occurs in the parotid gland and presents a ductal phenotype and an intraductal/intracystic growth pattern. It resembles intraductal breast lesions such as atypical ductal hyperplasia, papillary and cribriform ductal carcinoma in situ. Despite its infrequency, discriminating low-grade intraductal carcinoma from other salivary gland tumors is crucial, especially because of its favorable prognosis. A 74-year-old woman with a history of neurofibromatosis underwent a superficial parotidectomy to remove a sharply demarcated multi-cystic mass, diagnosed as category 4 at FNAC. The histological examination revealed a demarcated but unencapsulated lesion composed of a bigger cyst surrounded by several smaller cysts, lined by a monolayer or bilayer epithelium alternated with a cribriform proliferation, characterized by “Roman-bridges”, with occasional micro-papillae. A myoepithelial component, with a basal disposition, was present, confirmed by intense staining for protein p63 and SMA. Immunohistochemical stains showed intense, strong uniform positivity for pan-cytokeratin, protein S100, and SOX10. The Ki67 proliferation index was low (< 10%). A diagnosis of Low-grade Intraductal Carcinoma (LGIC) of the parotid was made. We performed a literature search in PUBMED for “Intraductal carcinoma”, “Low-grade Intraductal Carcinoma”, “Cribriform Cystadenocarcinoma”, “Salivary Duct Carcinoma”, and “Low-Grade Salivary Duct Carcinoma”. We selected 17 papers published between 1983 and 2020; the most affected anatomical site was the parotid gland (77/90), followed by minor salivary glands (6/90), the intraparotid lymph nodes (3/90) and the submandibular gland (4/90). Their main histopathological features are reported in the paper. Here we present a case report and a review of scientific literature on this topic to provide some essential diagnostic tools to discriminate this rare entity.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common oral cancer. In this paper, we present a performance analysis of four different deep learning-based pixel-wise methods for lesion segmentation on oral carcinoma images. Two diverse image datasets, one for training and another one for testing, are used to generate and evaluate the models used for segmenting the images, thus allowing to assess the generalization capability of the considered deep network architectures. An important contribution of this work is the creation of the Oral Cancer Annotated (ORCA) dataset, containing ground-truth data derived from the well-known Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular tumor in adults. Despite sharing the name and similar morphological features with cutaneous melanoma (CM), it is an entirely different neoplasia with a particular genetic background and clinical behavior. CDKN2A is a gene located at chromosome 9p21, encoding for P16INK4a and P14(ARF) proteins, whose role as a tumor suppressor has been clearly defined in many malignant tumors. CDKN2A frequently presents germline mutations in familial CM and epigenetic downregulation in a considerable percentage of sporadic CM. It has been hypothesized that CDKN2A alterations are early events in CM development, playing a central role in the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Alterations of the CDKN2A gene reduce the expression of P16INK4a in most CM subtypes. Immunohistochemical evaluation of P16INK4a is currently used, in association with Ki67 and HMB45, in pathology practice to discriminate between dysplastic nevi and melanoma. On the other hand, CKDN2A is rarely mutated in UM, and the immunohistochemical expression of P16INK4a has only been reported in small case series. We tested P16INK4a expression on paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 9 tissue microarrays (TMAs), built with 2 mm cores derived from 133 uveal melanoma FFPE blocks, collected from 1990 to 2018, and from selected paraffin-blocks of 3 UM liver metastases. The immunohistochemical expression of P16INK4a was assessed with a visual evaluation by light microscopy and then with a digital approach. Both approaches, with an acceptable concordance rate, revealed P16INK4a expression in a large proportion of UM cases and all liver metastases, opening new possibilities of using it in the differential diagnosis between cutaneous and uveal melanoma metastases in cases of unknown primary tumor or patients with two different primary melanomas.

We introduce a novel construction which allows us to identify the elements of the skeletons of a CW-complex $P(m)$ and the monomials in $m$ variables. From this, we infer that there is a bijection between finite CW-subcomplexes of $P(m)$, which are quotients of finite simplicial complexes, and some bigraded standard Artinian Gorenstein algebras, generalizing previous constructions in \cite{F:S}, \cite{CGIM} and \cite{G:Z}. We apply this to a generalization of Nagata idealization for level algebras. These algebras are standard graded Artinian algebras whose Macaulay dual generator is given explicitly as a bigraded polynomial of bidegree $(1,d)$. We consider the algebra associated to polynomials of the same type of bidegree $(d_1,d_2)$., 19 pages, 2 figures, AMS-LaTeX. To be published in Advances in Applied Mathematics

We introduce a machine learning-based analysis to predict the immunohistochemical (IHC) labeling index for the cell proliferation marker Ki67/MIB1 on cancer tissues based on morphometrical features extracted from hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp, E)-stained formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue samples. We provided a proof-of-concept prediction of the Ki67/MIB1 IHC positivity of cancer cells through the definition and quantitation of single nuclear features. In the first instance, we set our digital framework on Ki67/MIB1-stained OSCC (oral squamous cell carcinoma) tissue sample whole slide images, using QuPath as a working platform and its integrated algorithms, and we built a classifier in order to distinguish tumor and stroma classes and, within them, Ki67-positive and Ki67-negative cells, then, we sorted the morphometric features of tumor cells related to their Ki67 IHC status. Among the evaluated features, nuclear hematoxylin mean optical density (NHMOD) presented as the best one to distinguish Ki67/MIB1 positive from negative cells. We confirmed our findings in a single-cell level analysis of H&amp, E staining on Ki67-immunostained/H&amp, E-decolored tissue samples. Finally, we tested our digital framework on a case series of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), arranged in tissue microarrays, we selected two consecutive sections of each OSCC FFPE TMA (tissue microarray) block, respectively stained with H&amp, E and immuno-stained for Ki67/MIB1. We automatically detected tumor cells in H&amp, E slides and generated a &ldquo, false color map&rdquo, (FCM) based on NHMOD through the QuPath measurements map tool. FCM nearly coincided with the actual immunohistochemical result, allowing the prediction of Ki67/MIB1 positive cells in a direct visual fashion. Our proposed approach provides the pathologist with a fast method of identifying the proliferating compartment of the tumor through a quantitative assessment of the nuclear features on H&amp, E slides, readily appreciable by visual inspection. Although this technique needs to be fine-tuned and tested on larger series of tumors, the digital analysis approach appears to be a promising tool to quickly forecast the tumor&rsquo, s proliferation fraction directly on routinely H&amp, E-stained digital sections.

The original version of this Article contained an error in the author affiliations. Silvia Varricchio, Gennaro Ilardi and Stefania Staibanow were incorrectly associated with ‘Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy’ instead of the correct ‘Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy.’ This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

To date, a very small number of serum biomarkers have been identified for clinical use in squamous carcinomas of the head and neck region. Chromatin Assembly Factor-1 (CAF-1) heterotrimeric complex subunit CAF1/p60 expression levels have been reported to be of prognostic value in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), as well as in other human solid tumors. Here our aim was to detect and quantify CAF1/p60 in the peripheral blood of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, and to investigate the possible associations between serum concentration of CAF-1/p60 and HNSCC tumors. A total of 63 HNSCC patients (51 OSCC, 8 OPSCC, 3 laryngeal SCC, and 1 rhinopharynx SCC) and 30 healthy controls were enrolled. The serum levels of CAF-1/p60 were measured by ELISA assay before and after surgery. Serum CAF-1/p60 concentration resulted significantly higher in cancer patients, compared with healthy controls, in pre-surgery samples (P < 0.05). Serum levels of CAF-1/p60 significantly decreased in serum samples taken after surgery (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrated that CAF-1/p60 may be detected in serum, suggesting a role for CAF-1/p60 as potential soluble biomarkers in HNSCC tumors.

Objectives CCDC6 (coiled-coil domain containing 6) is a player of the HR response to DNA damage and has been predicted to interact with BAP1, another HR-DNA repair gene highly mutated in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM), an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. CCDC6 levels are modulated by the deubiquitinase USP7, and CCDC6 defects have been reported in several tumors determining PARP-inhibitors sensitivity. Our aim was to investigate the functional role of CCDC6 in MPM carcinogenesis and response to PARP-inhibitors. Materials and Methods The interaction between CCDC6 and BAP1 was confirmed in MPM cells, by co-immunoprecipitation. Upon USP7 inhibition, that induces CCDC6 degradation, the ability to repair the DSBs and the sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, was explored by HR reporter and by cells viability assays, respectively. A TMA including 34 MPM cores was immunostained for CCDC6, USP7 and BAP1 and the results correlated by statistical analysis. Results MPM cells depleted of CCDC6 showed defects in DSBs repair and sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. The silencing of CCDC6 when combined with the overexpression of BAP1-mutant (Δ221-238) enhanced the HR-DNA repair defects and the PARP inhibitors sensitivity. In the TMA of MPM primary samples, the staining of CCDC6 and of its de-ubiquitinase USP7 showed a significant correlation in the tested primary samples (p = 0.01). CCDC6 was barely detected in 30% of the tumors that also carried BAP1 defects. Conclusion The combination of CCDC6 and BAP1 staining may indicate therapeutic options for DDR targeting, acting in synergism with cisplatinum.

Epithelial tumor progression often involves epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We report that increased intracellular levels of thyroid hormone (TH) promote the EMT and malignant evolution of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. TH induces the EMT by transcriptionally up-regulating ZEB-1, mesenchymal genes and metalloproteases and suppresses E-cadherin expression. Accordingly, in human SCC, elevated D2 (the T3-producing enzyme) correlates with tumor grade and is associated with an increased risk of postsurgical relapse and shorter disease-free survival. These data provide the first in vivo demonstration that TH and its activating enzyme, D2, play an effective role not only in the EMT but also in the entire neoplastic cascade starting from tumor formation up to metastatic transformation, and supports the concept that TH is an EMT promoter. Our studies indicate that tumor progression relies on precise T3 availability, suggesting that pharmacological inactivation of D2 and TH signaling may suppress the metastatic proclivity of SCC., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The aim of this study was to identify new disease-related circulating miRNAs with high diagnostic accuracy for breast cancer (BC) and to correlate their deregulation with the morpho-functional characteristics of the tumour, as assessed in vivo by positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging. A total of 77 untreated female BC patients underwent same-day PET/MR and blood collection, and 78 healthy donors were recruited as negative controls. The expression profile of 84 human miRNAs was screened by using miRNA PCR arrays and validated by real-time PCR. The validated miRNAs were correlated with the quantitative imaging parameters extracted from the primary BC samples. Circulating miR-125b-5p and miR-143-3p were upregulated in BC plasma and able to discriminate BC patients from healthy subjects (miR-125-5p area under the receiver operating characteristic ROC curve (AUC) = 0.85 and miR-143-3p AUC = 0.80). Circulating CA15-3, a soluble form of the transmembrane glycoprotein Mucin 1 (MUC-1) that is upregulated in epithelial cancer cells of different origins, was combined with miR-125b-5p and improved the diagnostic accuracy from 70% (CA15-3 alone) to 89% (CA15-3 plus miR-125b-5p). MiR-143-3p showed a strong and significant correlation with the stage of the disease, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCmean), reverse efflux volume transfer constant (Kepmean) and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), and it might represent a biomarker of tumour aggressiveness. Similarly, miR-125b-5p was correlated with stage and grade 2 but inversely correlated with the forward volume transfer constant (Ktransmean) and proliferation index (Ki67), suggesting a potential role as a biomarker of a relatively more favourable prognosis. In situ hybridization (ISH) experiments revealed that miR-143-3p was expressed in endothelial tumour cells, miR-125-5p in cancer-associated fibroblasts, and neither in epithelial tumour cells. Our results suggested that miR-125-5p and miR-143-3p are potential biomarkers for the risk stratification of BC, and Kaplan-Maier plots confirmed this hypothesis. In addition, the combined use of miR-125-b-5p and CA15-3 enhanced the diagnostic accuracy up to 89%. This is the first study that correlates circulating miRNAs with in vivo quantified tumour biology through PET/MR biomarkers. This integration elucidates the link between the plasmatic increase in these two potential circulating biomarkers and the biology of untreated BC. In conclusion, while miR-143-3b and miR-125b-5p provide valuable information for prognosis, a combination of miR-125b-5p with the tumour marker CA15-3 improves sensitivity for BC detection, which warrants consideration by further validation studies.

TLRs are main actors of the innate immune response against HPV. There are very few studies on the role of TLRs mediated HPV clearance in Head and Neck oncology. Our aim was to evaluate whether TLR4 expression identifies HPV infection and/or HR-HPV integration status in oral and oropharyngeal cancers. By immunohistochemistry we assessed TLR4 levels in OSCC/OPSCC. To detect viral integration or episomic status In situ hybridization for HPV-DNA and Pyro-sequencing techniques have been performed. The relationship between TLR4 expression with HPV infection status has been investigated. ISH HPV positive samples have reported lower levels of TLR4 intensity than negative samples (p = .002). There was no statistical correlation between TLR4 intensity and PCR HPV results (p more than 0.0.5). Point-biserial correlation coefficient revealed significant association between TLR4 expression and HR-HPV integration status (p = .0001) and between TLR4 expression index and HR-HPV infection (p = .001). These data have shown that TLR4 down-regulation is strongly associated to both HPV-16 infection and its integration into the host DNA.

Most of relevant strategies designed for therapeutic targeting the highly lethal, bone-metastasizing and AR-resistant prostate cancers, have been reported and discussed elsewhere in this book. In this chapter, we aim to provide an overview of the rationale underlying the proposal of most of promising new therapeutic alternatives, most of which are still the early phase of evaluation. Once more, we strongly wish to outline that the deeper understanding of the intricate crosstalks between the manifold molecular pathways responsible for the gain of invasive and metastasizing abilities of tumor cells, is giving rise to a previously unthinkable picture of the complex prostate cancer biology. A new, fascinating therapeutic era is opening up for the treatment of advanced prostate cancers