36 results on '"Ilana Lowy"'
Search Results
2. Fear of Monsters, 'Birth Defects' and Medical Imagery: Visualizing the Unborn
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Ilana Lowy and Lowy, Ilana
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[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences - Abstract
The article examines the growing role of visualization technologies, and, in parallel, the limits of visualization: images are not context–free and do not "speak by themselves." From the antiquity on, scientists and laypeople alike had been fascinated by malformed fetuses and newborns, but the term “birth defect” was developed in the 19th century. Ever since doctors became interested in the prevention of “birth defects” produced by diseases or poor health during pregnancy. Until the 1960s, it was, however not possible to know whether such preventive steps were efficient before the child was born. The development of obstetrical ultrasound, and the parallel possibility of genetic analysis of fetal cells opened a possibility “to see what is going to be born”. The older term for the scientific discipline that investigated abnormal births “teratology” - the study of monstrosities - was replaced in the 1970s with the less scary term, “dysmorphology.” In late 20th century the science of abnormal development became inseparably linked with the rapid development of prenatal diagnosis and prenatal screening, and to changing attitudes to the unborn. The author analyses the above phenomena.
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- 2022
3. Covid longa, a pandemia que não terminou
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Jean Segata and Ilana Löwy
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covid longa ,diagnóstico ,injustiça epistêmica ,políticas de reconhecimento e cuidado ,Anthropology ,GN1-890 - Abstract
Resumo O artigo explora a complexidade e as incertezas atuais sobre a covid longa, uma entidade nosológica emergente pós-covid-19, com contornos imprecisos e caracterizada por sintomas imprevisíveis e persistentes. Baseado em relatos de pessoas afetadas e equilibrando a revisão da literatura médica e jornalística sobre o tema, a história da ciência e a etnografia em saúde, o trabalho descreve e analisa as políticas de reconhecimento e de cuidado da doença em um contexto de injustiça epistêmica. O artigo contesta as representações da covid longa como uma condição meramente transitória, argumentando que, diferentemente das promessas de plena recuperação, o que tem ganhado forma é emergência de uma nova pessoa cuja biografia passa a ser reescrita com a covid longa. Para essas pessoas, o reconhecimento pleno da covid longa como uma entidade patológica distinta, aliado à validação de seu conhecimento experimental, significa mais do que simplesmente abrir possibilidades concretas para alívio do sofrimento físico e mental. Isso também representa justiça, reparação e um passo adiante na reconstrução de suas vidas.
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- 2024
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4. A Woman's Disease : The History of Cervical Cancer
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Ilana Lowy and Ilana Lowy
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- Cervix uteri--Cancer--Social aspects--History, Cervix uteri--Cancer--History
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Cervical cancer is an emotive disease with multiple connotations. It has stood for the horror of cancer, the curse of femininity, the hope of cutting-edge medical technologies and the promise of screening for malignant tumours. For a long time, this disease was identified with the most dreaded aspects of malignancies: prolonged invalidity and chronic pain, but also physical degradation, shame and social isolation. Cervical cancer displayed in parallel the dangers of being a woman. In the 20th century, innovations initially developed to control cervical cancer - radiotherapy and radium therapy, exfoliate cytology (Pap smear), homogenisation of the'staging'of tumours, mass campaigns for an early detection of precancerous lesions of the cervix - set standards for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of other malignancies. In the late 20th century, cervical cancer underwent another important change. With the display of the role of selected strands of HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) in the genesis of this malignancy, it was transformed into a sexually transmitted disease. This new understanding of cervical cancer linked it more firmly with lifestyle choices, and thus increased the danger of stigmatisation of patients; on the other hand it opened the possibility for efficient prevention of this malignancy through vaccination. Ilana Lowy follows the disease from antiquity to the 21st century, focussing on the period since the mid-19th century, during which cervical cancer was dissociated from other gynaecological disorders and became a distinct entity. Following the ways in which new developments in science, medicine, and society have affected beliefs about medical progress and an individual's responsibility, gender roles, reproduction, and sex, Lowy demonstrates our understanding of what cervical cancer is, and how it can be prevented and cured.
- Published
- 2011
5. Hidden Perils: Diagnosing Asymptomatic Disease Carriers
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Ilana Löwy
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asymptomatic carrier ,typhoid fever ,typhoid mary ,hookworm ,aids ,covid-19 ,Anthropology ,GN1-890 ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
COVID-19, a disease induced by SARS-CoV-2, became a worldwide pandemic while SARS, a disease induced by a closely related virus, SARS-CoV, was successfully contained. This is because COVID-19, unlike SARS, can be spread by people who do not display any symptoms of disease, either because they are in the early stages of the infection or because their infection remains clinically silent. This research article traces the complex history of the diagnosis of symptom-free (or asymptomatic) carriers of pathogens, a term inseparably linked to the rise of the laboratory diagnosis of pathogens. Only such a diagnosis can reveal that an apparently healthy individual harbours dangerous bacteria, parasites, or viruses. The article begins with the iconic story of ‘Typhoid Mary’, a New York cook found to be an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever microbes. It then discusses divergent approaches to the treatment of symptom-free carriers of hookworm and controversies around the screening of HIV carriers, especially before the development of anti-retroviral treatments. It concludes with a presentation of the debates on the role of asymptomatic carriers in the spread of COVID-19 and of the differences between the approaches of countries seeking to eliminate this disease, a goal that itself entails tracing and isolation of all asymptomatic carriers of coronavirus, and those trying to contain it, an approach that tolerates the presence of a limited number of ‘invisible’ virus carriers.
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- 2021
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6. ‘Test, Test, Test!’: Scarcity, Tinkering, and Testing Policy Early in the COVID-19 Epidemic in France
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Claire Beaudevin, Luc Berlivet, Soraya Boudia, Catherine Bourgain, Maurice Cassier, Jean-Paul Gaudillière, and Ilana Löwy
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france ,covid-19 crisis ,diagnostic tests ,public health ,hospital medicine ,Anthropology ,GN1-890 ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
This article follows the introduction of COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic tests in France. It shows how, at the intersection of science, medicine, politics, and policy-making, the test, trace, and isolate (TTI) strategy played out during the first months of the pandemic against a backcloth of multiple shortages. In so doing, the authors move beyond trite explanations (such as ‘French public health’s backwardness’) to highlight how successive policy inflections affected the national response to the pandemic. The piece analyses the shifting French political discourse surrounding (scarce) COVID-19 tests while exploring ad-hoc regulations and guidelines as well as the intense ‘bricolage’ that they triggered in the field of clinical medicine. The authors contend that the limitations of the testing infrastructure in France during the first half of 2020 shaped the decision to resort to lockdown. The research article sheds light on two coexisting registers of professional uses of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays—a ‘public health use’ and a ‘clinical use’—and highlights the changing political and social relevance of these two registers, with scarcity as a major determinant of these changes. One of the striking aspects of the introduction of COVID-19 tests in France therefore lies in the enduring gap between the dynamics of the epidemic and the dynamics of testing. In this respect, the French situation is neither extreme nor unique, which makes this case study a relevant basis for the international comparison of testing practices in different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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- 2021
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7. Fleck, anatomical drawings and early modern history
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Ilana, Lowy
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History, 17th Century ,Male ,Sex Characteristics ,Medical Illustration ,Humans ,Female ,History, 19th Century ,Anatomy, Artistic ,History, 20th Century ,History, 18th Century ,Dissent and Disputes ,History, 21st Century - Abstract
In 2003, the historian of medicine Michael Stolberg, contested the argument--developed by Thomas Laqueur and Londa Schiebinger--that in the XVIII century, anatomists shifted from a one-sex to a two-sexes model. Laqueur and Schiebinger linked the new focus on anatomical differences between the sexes to the rise of egalitarian aspirations during the Enlightenment, and a consecutive need to ground male domination in invariable "laws of nature". Stolberg claimed that the shift to the two sexes model occurred in the early modern period, and was mainly motivated by developments within medicine. This article examines the 2003 debate on the origin of "two sexes" model in the light of a 1939 controversy that opposed the historian of medicine Tadeusz Bilikiewicz, who advocated a focus on a "spirit" of an earlier epoch, and the pioneer of sociology of science Ludwik Fleck, who promoted the study of the "thought styles" of specific scientific communities.
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- 2009
8. Conclusion. Prenatal Diagnosis’ Slippery Slopes, Imagined and Real
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Ilana Löwy
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- 2017
9. 6. Prenatal Diagnosis and New Genomic Approaches
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Ilana Löwy
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- 2017
10. 5. Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies
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Ilana Löwy
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- 2017
11. Index
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Ilana Löwy
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- 2017
12. Notes
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Ilana Löwy
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- 2017
13. 3. Human Malformations
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Ilana Löwy
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- 2017
14. 4. From Prenatal Diagnosis to Prenatal Screening
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Ilana Löwy
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- 2017
15. Introduction: Scrutinized Fetuses
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Ilana Löwy
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- 2017
16. 1. Born Imperfect: Birth Defects before Prenatal Diagnosis
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Ilana Löwy
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- 2017
17. Acknowledgments
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Ilana Löwy
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- 2017
18. 2. Karyotypes
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Ilana Löwy
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- 2017
19. Preface: A Biomedical Innovation
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Ilana Löwy
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- 2017
20. Contents
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Ilana Löwy
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- 2017
21. Title Page, Copyright
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Ilana Löwy
- Published
- 2017
22. Testing COVID-19 in Brazil: fragmented efforts and challenges to expand diagnostic capacity at the Brazilian Unified National Health System
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Koichi Kameda, Mady Malheiros Barbeitas, Rosângela Caetano, Ilana Löwy, Ana Claudia Dias de Oliveira, Marilena Cordeiro Dias Villela Corrêa, and Maurice Cassier
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COVID-19 ,Biotechnology ,Diagnostic Tests ,Universal Access to Health Care Services ,Medicine ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract: Since the first recorded case of COVID-19 on February 26, 2020, Brazil has seen an exponential growth in the number of cases and deaths. The national testing approach has been insufficient to correctly use this tool in the support of containing the epidemic in the country. In this communication, we discuss efforts and challenges to scale-up COVID-19 testing at the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). This communication presents the initial results of the research project created to investigate the political, industrial, technological, and regulatory aspects that may affect the diagnostic and testing capacity for COVID-19 in Brazil. The paper draws on the review of academic literature, media publication, and collection of public data on tests purchase and regulation. It enlists initiatives to enhance PCR testing, national production and development of technologies, as well as regulatory measures to fast-track new tests. Our analysis indicates some points of reflection. Firstly, the lack of a consistent national strategy to fight COVID-19 exarcebated supply problems of diagnostic components. If the country was eventually able to circumvent this situation, it still faces a more structural dependency on the importation of diagnostic components. Secondly, the discontinued funding and distribution of tests may have implied health policy fragmentation and the growing importance of local governments and non-state actors to fighting the epidemics within SUS. Finally, initiatives established since the second semester of 2020 have expanded the testing capacity at SUS. However, it has not been sufficient to control the progress of the epidemic in the country.
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- 2021
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23. „Meat Should Be Prescribed in Very Small Doses, Arsenic-like'. How Josephine Joteyko and Varia Kipiani Pioneered Medical Research to Improve Vegetarianism in 1906
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Josephine Joteyko, Varia Kipiani, Ewa Nowak, and Ilana Löwy
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Josephine Joteyko ,Varia Kipiani ,physiology of vegetarianism ,experimental questionnaire with 43 vegetarians ,pioneering medical research on vegetarian diet ,meat on prescription to be consumed arsenic-like ,Ethics ,BJ1-1725 - Abstract
This compilation is based on the original report on a clinical survey conducted in Brussels (1905-1906) by Josephine Joteyko and Varia Kipiani with 43 vegetarians. Having advanced expertise in physiology and experimentalism, Joteyko (with Lithuanian and Polish origins) and Kipiani (with Georgian origins) discussed their findings at the Congress of the Belgian Society for Vegetarianism in 1906. For both children and adults, females and males, regardless of age, the findings demonstrated vegetarian dietary habits to be beneficiary for human development, the subjects’ physical and mental health, welfare, and physical and intellectual efficiency. Surprisingly, Joteyko and Kipiani confirmed C. Darwin’s observation across various nutritional cultures that vegetarian food would increase the energetic balance of the human body. Additionally, their focus on the moteur humain shows affinities with Taylorism, the modernist utopias of labor, the enhancement of human faculties, the protection of workers and their rights from automation, and applied social science represented by Joteyko and Kipiani as multidisciplinary investigators. The compilation was made on: J. Joteyko & V. Kipiani, Enquête scientifique sur les Végétariens de Bruxelles, Conférence donnée à la Société végétarienne de Belgique, le 4 décembre 1906, pp. 1–77, with no further correction.
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- 2020
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24. Half a Century of Wilson & Jungner: Reflections on the Governance of Population Screening [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
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Steve Sturdy, Fiona Miller, Stuart Hogarth, Natalie Armstrong, Pranesh Chakraborty, Celine Cressman, Mark Dobrow, Kathy Flitcroft, David Grossman, Russell Harris, Barbara Hoebee, Kelly Holloway, Linda Kinsinger, Marlene Krag, Olga Löblová, Ilana Löwy, Anne Mackie, John Marshall, Jane O'Hallahan, Linda Rabeneck, Angela Raffle, Lynette Reid, Graham Shortland, Robert Steele, Beth Tarini, Sian Taylor-Phillips, Bernie Towler, Nynke van der Veen, and Marco Zappa
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Background: In their landmark report on the “Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease” (1968), Wilson and Jungner noted that the practice of screening is just as important for securing beneficial outcomes and avoiding harms as the formulation of principles. Many jurisdictions have since established various kinds of “screening governance organizations” to provide oversight of screening practice. Yet to date there has been relatively little reflection on the nature and organization of screening governance itself, or on how different governance arrangements affect the way screening is implemented and perceived and the balance of benefits and harms it delivers. Methods: An international expert policy workshop convened by Sturdy, Miller and Hogarth. Results: While effective governance is essential to promote beneficial screening practices and avoid attendant harms, screening governance organizations face enduring challenges. These challenges are social and ethical as much as technical. Evidence-based adjudication of the benefits and harms of population screening must take account of factors that inform the production and interpretation of evidence, including the divergent professional, financial and personal commitments of stakeholders. Similarly, when planning and overseeing organized screening programs, screening governance organizations must persuade or compel multiple stakeholders to work together to a common end. Screening governance organizations in different jurisdictions vary widely in how they are constituted, how they relate to other interested organizations and actors, and what powers and authority they wield. Yet we know little about how these differences affect the way screening is implemented, and with what consequences. Conclusions: Systematic research into how screening governance is organized in different jurisdictions would facilitate policy learning to address enduring challenges. Even without such research, informal exchange and sharing of experiences between screening governance organizations can deliver invaluable insights into the social as well as the technical aspects of governance.
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- 2020
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25. Typhus in Buchenwald: Can the Story Be Told?
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Ilana Löwy
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Ludwik Fleck ,human experiments ,Buchenwald ,typhus ,Nuremberg tria ,Ethics ,BJ1-1725 - Abstract
Ludwik Fleck is known today primarily as pioneer in the social study of scientific knowledge. However, during World War II he was a prisoner in Buchenwald, where he and other prisoners produced a typhus vaccine for the Nazis, and where he witnessed murderous experiments on human beings. After WW2, Fleck was accused by one of the prisoners who had participated in the vaccine production at Buchenwald of collaborating, either deliberately or due to lack of imagination, with the Nazi experiments. This article critically examines this accusation and its well-documented rebuttal by Fleck. It argues that while sometimes, especially when dealing with emotionally fraught issues, it may be difficult to establish what precisely took place at a given time and site, it is important to restore the original complexity and messiness of past events – in order to open spaces for understanding, reflexivity and compassion.
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- 2020
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26. Abortion for fetal anomaly: how to speak about a difficult topic
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Ilana Löwy
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Medicine ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Published
- 2020
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27. Sex and Medicine: Gender, Power and Authority in the Medical Profession
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Ilana Löwy, Rosemary Pringle, Joan Cassell, and Ilana Lowy
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Power (social and political) ,Sociology and Political Science ,Medical profession ,Gender studies ,Sociology - Published
- 2000
28. Effect of Urea on Ammonium-dependent Synthesis of Carbamyl Phosphate during Spore Germination of Geotrichum candidum
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Isaac Barash, S. Pomerantz, and Ilana Lowy
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inorganic chemicals ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Physiology ,Inorganic chemistry ,Germ tube ,Articles ,Plant Science ,Fractionation ,Carbamyl Phosphate ,complex mixtures ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,stomatognathic diseases ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Enzyme ,stomatognathic system ,chemistry ,Germination ,Genetics ,Spore germination ,Urea ,Ammonium ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
The specific activities of enzymes catalyzing the ammonium-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthesis (NH 3 -CPS) and the glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthesis (GLN-CPS) were increased during germination by approximately 5-and 1.7-fold respectively in the presence of 35 mm urea. The increase of NH 3 -CPS and GLN-CPS levels occurred immediately after the onset of germination and prior to the appearance of germ tube. Ammonium also stimulated the NH 3 -CPS activity, but the induction caused by urea was about three times higher than that by ammonium. Both NH 3 -CPS and GLN-CPS were highly labile. NH 3 -CPS was obtained free of GLN-CPS after (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fractionation and diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography. The optimum pH for NH 3 -CPS was 8.5 as opposed to broad pH optimum of pH 5.6-8 for the reverse reaction. The K m values obtained for NH 3 , glutamine, and carbamyl phosphate were 12 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.083 mm, respectively.
- Published
- 1972
29. Detectando más-formações, detectando riscos: dilemas do diagnóstico pré-natal
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Ilana Löwy
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anomalias genéticas ,diagnóstico pré-natal ,normalidade ,técnicas biomédicas ,biomedical techniques ,genetic anomalies ,normality ,prenatal diagnostics ,Anthropology ,GN1-890 - Abstract
Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os fatores que moldam as culturas materiais da biomedicina contemporânea. Trata do desenvolvimento histórico das técnicas diagnósticas e de como elas definem a "norma" e influenciam a evolução dos comportamentos dos profissionais e dos familiares. Pretende-se esclarecer esses processos a partir de uma reconstrução da evolução histórica do diagnóstico pré-natal, seguida de uma análise detalhada do caso de uma anomalia particular: as ACS, ou seja, as aneuploidias dos cromossomas sexuais. Embora alguns casos de ACS impliquem graves problemas de saúde, que chegam a comprometer a própria sobrevivência do indivíduo, a grande maioria das crianças que possui um número anormal de cromossomas sexuais é afetada por uma deficiência que pode ser qualifi cada como "menor" (em numerosos casos o diagnóstico definitivo das ACS só se coloca na adolescência). Assim, especialmente nos contextos em que existe o aborto legalizado, o diagnóstico pré-natal visibiliza a construção do "feto anormal" e o "risco de ter uma criança anormal" como fenômeno técnico-social, construído ao longo do tempo, de maneira indissociável, pelas técnicas da biomedicina, pela organização do trabalho médico, pelas limitações legais e pelas considerações socioculturaisThis article aims at analyzing the factors that mold the material cultures of contemporary biomedicine. It considers the historical development of diagnostic techniques, how they define the "norm", and influence the evolution of conducts of professionals as well as those of concerned members of the family. Following a brief reconstruction of the historical evolution of pre-natal diagnostics, we present a detailed case analysis of a particular anomaly: aneuploidy of the sexual chromosomes (ACS). Although some cases of ACS may represent grave and even life-threatening deficiencies, the great majority of children who possess an abnormal number of sexual chromosomes experience relatively minor problems. In many cases, the very diagnostic of ACS only surfaces during the person's adolescence. Thus, especially in contexts that permit legal abortion, the prenatal diagnosis of these syndromes renders visible the construction of the "abnormal fetus" and the "risk of having an abnormal child", as a techno-social phenomenon that emerges over time through the interaction of biomedical techniques, the organization of medical work, legal limitations, and sociocultural considerations
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- 2011
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30. Cancer, women, and public health: the history of screening for cervical cancer Câncer, mulheres e saúde pública: a história do exame para câncer cervical
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Ilana Löwy
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câncer cervical ,teste de Papanicolau ,exames para câncer ,campanhas contra o câncer ,saúde pública ,cervical cancer ,Pap smear ,cancer screening ,cancer activism ,public health ,History of medicine. Medical expeditions ,R131-687 - Abstract
Cytological screening for cervical cancer (the Pap smear), the first attempt at mass screening for a human malignancy, is often presented as a non-problematic demonstration of the feasibility of such screening. Screening for this tumor became a model for screening for other malignancies: breast, colon and prostate. My text follows the early history of the Pap smear and the conditions that led to its transformation into a routine screening test, despite persistent problems in stabilizing the readings of microscopic slides. It then analyzes the consequences of diffusion of the Pap smear, controversies surrounding this test, the mutual shaping of diagnostic tests and the disease cervical cancer, and the problematic extension of the lessons learned in screening for cervical tumors to other malignancies.O exame citológico para verificação do câncer cervical (teste de Papanicolau), primeira tentativa de investigação em massa de um câncer humano maligno, é com frequência apresentado como demonstração não problemática da exequibilidade do exame. Ele se tornou um modelo para outros tumores malignos: seio, cólon, próstata. O presente artigo analisa a história inicial do teste de Papanicolau e as condições de sua transformação num exame de rotina, apesar de dificuldades de estabilizar as leituras das lâminas microscópicas. Analisa as consequências da difusão da técnica, as controvérsias a esse respeito, a modelagem articulada do teste diagnóstico e da doença câncer cervical e a problemática aplicação a outros cânceres das lições aprendidas com o exame de tumores cervicais.
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- 2010
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31. Representação e intervenção em saúde pública: vírus, mosquitos e especialistas da Fundação Rockefeller no Brasil
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Ilana Löwy
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febre amarela ,Fundação Rockefeller ,saúde pública ,History of medicine. Medical expeditions ,R131-687 - Abstract
As tentativas feitas pelos especialistas da Fundação Rockefeller de erradicar a febre amarela no Brasil foram prejudicadas pela baixa visibilidade desta patologia. Os casos eram, em sua maioria, atípicos e se confundiam facilmente com outras febres. Na década de 1920, os especialistas dependiam de observações clínicas para avaliar a incidência da febre amarela. Na década seguinte, porém, conceberam métodos indiretos para visualizar a presença de seu agente. A viscerotomia revelava a presença de casos agudos e o teste de proteção em camundongos, contatos passados com o vírus da doença. Conjuntamente, estes testes permitiram aos especialistas da Rockefeller confeccionar mapas indicando a presença de zonas de endemicidade da doença. Puderam, então, direcionar campanhas específicas contra a febre amarela baseadas na eliminação seletiva de seu vetor, o mosquito Aedes aegypti. Na saúde pública, tal como nas ciências, as práticas de representação modelam a intervenção.
- Published
- 1999
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32. Les métaphores de l'immunologie: guerre et paix
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Ilana Löwy
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imunologia ,metáforas ,regulação ,infecção ,história das ciências ,History of medicine. Medical expeditions ,R131-687 - Abstract
A imunologia sempre recorreu a uma linguagem metafórica. Logo de início, ela oscilou entre imagens bélicas e outras que insistem na interação dos macanismos da imunidade ao conjunto das funções fisiológicas do organismo. No final do século XIX, os glóbulos brancos eram comparados com uma 'polícia de fronteiras' encarregada de rechaçar os intrusos, com um exército formado para combater os invasores, mas também com um mecanismo fisiológico de eliminação das células envelhecidas e mortas, ocasionalmente exterminador de corpos estranhos, os anticorpos eram descritos como sendo armas muito poderosas e mortíferas, mas também como fazendo parte integrante dos mecanismos que permitem a assimilação dos alimentos pelas células. Esta dualidade das imagens próprias da imunidade permanece ainda em nosso dias. O artigo analisa a emergência e o desenvolvimento dessas imagens, relacionando-as com a redefinição da imunologia como ciência do self e do não-self, dissecando-as enfim à luz dos recentes acontecimentos, tais como a epidemia de Aids.
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- 1996
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33. Ludwik Fleck e a presente história das ciências Ludwik Fleck and the history of science today
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Ilana Löwy
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construtivismo ,história da ciência ,sociologia da ciência ,filosofia da medicina ,prática médica ,estudos de laboratório ,constructivism ,history of science ,sociology of science ,philosophy of medicine ,medical practice ,laboratory studies ,History of medicine. Medical expeditions ,R131-687 - Abstract
O médico e epistemologista Ludwik Fleck desenvolveu, nas décadas de 1920-30, uma abordagem bastante original para o estudo das ciências. Ele apoiou sua epistemologia em duas bases: por um lado, em sua própria experiência profissional de bacteriologista e imunologista; por outro, na reflexão da Escola Polonesa de Filosofia da Medicina sobre as práticas dos médicos. Tal escola julga que os 'fatos científicos' são construídos por comunidades de pesquisadores - segundo os termos de Fleck, "coletivos de pensamento". Cada coletivo de pensamento elabora um "estilo de pensamento" único, composto pelo conjunto de normas, saberes e práticas partilhados por tal coletivo. Os recém-chegados são socializados em seu estilo de pensamento particular e adotam, portanto, seu olhar específico sobre o mundo. Os fatos científicos produzidos pelos membros de um dado coletivo de pensamento trazem sempre a marca de seu estilo de pensamento. Graças a isso, eles são incomensuráveis com os 'fatos' produzidos por outros coletivos de pensamento. A incomensurabilidade dos fatos científicos, aumentadas pela necessidade de 'traduzi-los' em outro estilo de pensamento para sua utilização pelas outras comunidades profissionais é, aos olhos de Fleck, uma fonte importante de inovação nas ciências e na sociedade. Por muito tempo esquecidas, as idéias de Fleck foram redescobertas nas décadas de 1960-70, em primeiro lugar por Thomas Kuhn (que, na introdução de The structure of scientific revolutions presta uma homenagem explícita à sua obra), depois pelos sociólogos das ciências. Além de sua influência diretamente perceptível, a epistemologia de Fleck mostra profundas afinidades com as novas tendências que se afirmam no estudo das ciências: a consideração das práticas dos pesquisadores e o interesse por suas técnicas materiais, discursivas e sociais.In the 1920's and 30's the physician and epistemologist Ludwik Fleck developed a highly original ideas on science. These ideas were rooted in Fleck's own experience as bacteriologist and immunologist and, on the other hand, in the practice-based thought of the Polish School of Philosophy of Medicine. Fleck affirmed that 'scientific facts' are constructed by groups of scientists, in his terms, by "thought collectives". Each thougth collective elaborates a "thought style" which contains norms, concepts and practices of that collective. Newcomers to a professional community are socialized into its specific thought style and develop an unique way of viewing the world. Scientific facts produced by a given thought collective are therefore shaped by that collective's thought style, and are incommensurable with facts produced by other thought collectives. The incommensurability of scientific facts and its consequence, the need to 'translate' these facts into the style of different thought collectives in an inter-community use are, Fleck proposed, an important source of innovations in science and in society. Fleck ideas were rediscovered in the 1960's and 70's, first by Thomas Kuhn, who in the introduction to his book, The structure of scientific revolutions, acknowledges his ties with Fleck's thought, then by sociologists of science. Beyond their direct influence, Fleck's epistemology has many affinities with new trends in science studies, focused on the scientists' practices, and interested in their material, discursive and social techniques.
- Published
- 1994
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34. A BIOMEDICALIZAÇÃO DE CORPOS BRASILEIROS: PERSPECTIVAS ANTROPOLÓGICAS
- Author
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Ilana Löwy and Emilia Sanabria
- Subjects
History of medicine. Medical expeditions ,R131-687 - Full Text
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35. The birthing house as a place for birth: contextualizing the Rio de Janeiro birthing house
- Author
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Ilana Löwy
- Subjects
birthing center ,birth ,medicalization ,History of medicine. Medical expeditions ,R131-687 - Abstract
Abstract Within the context of the creation of birthing houses around the world and different models of care for childbirth, the author proposes an analysis that contributes to the discussion about the place for birth, especially in urban Brazil.
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36. Zika e Aedes aegypti: antigos e novos desafios
- Author
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Flávia Thedim Costa Bueno, Mónica García, José Moya, Ilana Löwy, Jaime L. Benchimol, Roberta C. Cerqueira, and Marcos Cueto
- Subjects
zika ,Aedes aegypti ,Latin America ,global health ,yellow fever ,History of medicine. Medical expeditions ,R131-687 - Abstract
Resumo: A infecção por zika teve grande impacto não somente nas grávidas e nos recém-nascidos, mas também na saúde pública, nas ideias populares sobre o Aedes aegypti e no respeito dos direitos sociais das mulheres. O objetivo deste texto é identificar esse impacto e as mudanças históricas, sociais e sanitárias da doença e o legado do vírus zika. As intervenções de pesquisadores de diferentes disciplinas propiciam condições para investigações mais abrangentes sobre futuras ameaças epidêmicas no Brasil e na América Latina. Este diálogo ocorreu após o seminário “Aedes aegypti: antigas e novas emergências sanitárias”, organizado pela Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, quando conversamos com alguns palestrantes e outros destacados pesquisadores sobre a história e os desafios do Aedes aegypti e do zika.
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