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This study aimed to verify the association between the community food environment and dietary patterns in a population of different socio-economic levels. This cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 400 adults and elderly aged between 20 and 70 years residing in the central area of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Four dietary patterns were explored: healthy, traditional Brazilian, refined carbohydrates and sugars, and fast food. The community food environment included the identification of all food stores by areas where individuals lived and auditing based on the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores (NEMS-S) score. Poisson regression was used to estimate the prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95 % CI. After the adjustment for individual sociodemographic characteristics, residents of the area with the best community food environment (highest NEMS-S score) had 12 % and 18 % lower probabilities of high consumption (upper tertile) of the traditional (PR = 0·88; 95 % CI (0·78, 0·98)) and refined carbohydrate and sugar (PR = 0·82; 95 % CI (0·73, 0·92)) dietary patterns, respectively, compared with those living in the area with the worst community food environment (lowest NEMS-S score). Healthy and fast-food dietary patterns showed no association with the community food environment. In conclusion, the community food environment is a factor associated with the consumption of certain dietary patterns, independent of individual sociodemographic characteristics. Thus, aspects of the community food environment become important in food and nutrition actions and policies aimed at health promotion.

Background: Childhood obesity has been growing steadily, at an earlier age, and currently comprises a public health issue. A number of studies have pointed to perinatal factors as possible determinants in the development of childhood obesity. Objective: To evaluate the influence of perinatal factors on the development of obesity in children and adolescents in southern Brazil. Design: Retrospective cohort study in which a linkage was made between anthropometric data of children and adolescents aged 0 to 15 years who had been registered in the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) from 2008 to 2016 and their perinatal data registered in the Live Birth Information System (SINASC) from 2000 to 2014. The SINASC was used to extract maternal covariables (age, schooling, marital status), prenatal variables (parity and number of prenatal visits), and perinatal variables (type of delivery, sex, and birth weight). Variables such as age, inclusion in the Bolsa Família income transfer program, and the number of anthropometric evaluations were extracted from SISVAN. Results: The sample comprised 537 children and adolescents. The median age was 8 years (interquartile range: 2-11 years). The prevalence of obesity was 15.1%. Poisson regression revealed a higher risk of obesity in children born via cesarean delivery (relative risk [RR] = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.01-2.17), children of primiparous mothers (RR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.16-2.53), girls (RR = 1.77; 95% CI:1.21-2.60), and those aged between 5 and 9 years (RR = 26.8; 95% CI: 3.75-191.55) and older than 10 years (RR = 20.74; 95% CI: 2.89-148.61). Conclusions: The linkage between SINASC and SISVAN allowed identification of prenatal and perinatal risk factors for the development of childhood obesity. These findings should contribute to the development of health promotion and prevention policies.

The prevalence of overweight in Brazilian adults has grown in recent years. There is evidence indicating that environmental factors, especially social characteristics, may be involved in the aetiology of overweight, but few studies have investigated this association adequately. The main objective of this study was to identify residents’ perception of their social environment (social cohesion, security and violence) and assess its relationship with overweight in a central area of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The associations between socioeconomic characteristics and social environment perception were also explored. This cross-sectional study conducted in 2018–19 had 400 participants aged from 20 to 70 years living in low- and high-income areas of the city of Porto Alegre. Participants’ perception of social cohesion, security and violence were evaluated using a validated questionnaire. Participants’ body mass index (BMI) was measured, and those with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 were considered to be overweight. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated through Poisson regression analysis; level of significance was 5%. The prevalence of overweight in the sample was 68.8% (95% CI 64.0–73.2). Individuals with a more positive social cohesion perception had a higher prevalence of overweight (PR 1.06; 95% CI: 1.00–1.12; p=0.02) than those with a less positive perception. Brown individuals also had a higher prevalence of overweight (PR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02–1.15; p=0.03) than those of other skin colour/race. No association was found between overweight and perception of security or violence. Therefore, social cohesion may be an important factor in overweight and the findings highlight the importance of considering social factors, and their perceptions, when planning actions for the prevention and control of overweight in a population.

Resumo Objetivou-se estudar a associação entre padrão alimentar, fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e o ambiente alimentar em uma população de adultos e idosos de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil. Estudo transversal com pessoas de ambos os sexos e idade entre 20 e 70 anos. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados por meio da análise de componentes principais. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para estimar as razões de prevalência brutas e ajustadas e os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC 95%). Quatro padrões alimentares foram identificados: saudável, tradicional, carboidratos e açúcares refinados e fast food. Encontraram-se associações positivas entre: sexo feminino e maior renda com o padrão alimentar saudável; cor da pele preta ou parda e domicílios com seis ou mais moradores com padrões alimentares tradicional e carboidratos e açúcares refinados; maior escolaridade com o padrão fast food. Realizar as principais refeições em casa associou-se ao padrão tradicional, e almoço ou jantar fora do domicílio com os padrões carboidratos e açúcares refinados e fast food. Posição socioeconômica mais baixa leva ao maior consumo do padrão alimentar tradicional e/ou rico em carboidratos e açúcares, e uma posição socioeconômica mais elevada parece permitir uma escolha entre padrão saudável ou fast food. Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and demographic and socioeconomic factors and the food environment among adults and older persons in a city in the south of Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study with people of both sexes aged between 20 and 70 years. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Poisson regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Four dietary patterns were identified: Healthy; Traditional; Refined Carbs and Sugars; and Fast Food. Positive associations were found between being female and higher income and the Healthy dietary pattern; being black or brown and living in a household with at least six members and the Traditional and Refined Carbs and Sugars patterns; and higher education and the fast-food dietary pattern. Having main meals at home was associated with the Traditional pattern and having lunch or dinner away from home was the associated with Refined Carbs and Sugars and fast-food patterns. Lower socioeconomic status leads to higher consumption of the Traditional and/or Refined Carbs and Sugars dietary patterns, while higher socioeconomic status appears to enable individuals to choose between healthy or fast-food patterns.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and demographic and socioeconomic factors and the food environment among adults and older persons in a city in the south of Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study with people of both sexes aged between 20 and 70 years. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Poisson regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Four dietary patterns were identified: Healthy; Traditional; Refined Carbs and Sugars; and Fast Food. Positive associations were found between being female and higher income and the Healthy dietary pattern; being black or brown and living in a household with at least six members and the Traditional and Refined Carbs and Sugars patterns; and higher education and the fast-food dietary pattern. Having main meals at home was associated with the Traditional pattern and having lunch or dinner away from home was the associated with Refined Carbs and Sugars and fast-food patterns. Lower socioeconomic status leads to higher consumption of the Traditional and/or Refined Carbs and Sugars dietary patterns, while higher socioeconomic status appears to enable individuals to choose between healthy or fast-food patterns.Objetivou-se estudar a associação entre padrão alimentar, fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e o ambiente alimentar em uma população de adultos e idosos de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil. Estudo transversal com pessoas de ambos os sexos e idade entre 20 e 70 anos. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados por meio da análise de componentes principais. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para estimar as razões de prevalência brutas e ajustadas e os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC 95%). Quatro padrões alimentares foram identificados: saudável, tradicional, carboidratos e açúcares refinados e fast food. Encontraram-se associações positivas entre: sexo feminino e maior renda com o padrão alimentar saudável; cor da pele preta ou parda e domicílios com seis ou mais moradores com padrões alimentares tradicional e carboidratos e açúcares refinados; maior escolaridade com o padrão fast food. Realizar as principais refeições em casa associou-se ao padrão tradicional, e almoço ou jantar fora do domicílio com os padrões carboidratos e açúcares refinados e fast food. Posição socioeconômica mais baixa leva ao maior consumo do padrão alimentar tradicional e/ou rico em carboidratos e açúcares, e uma posição socioeconômica mais elevada parece permitir uma escolha entre padrão saudável ou fast food.

Objetivos: Descrever a distribuicao de medidas bioeletricas entre os Kaingang do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Metodos: Estudo transversal realizado entre escolares das Terras Indigenas do RS (N=3248). A afericao da altura (H) foi realizada segundo a OMS. Resistencia (R) e reatância (Xc) foram obtidas por bioimpedância, sendo ajustadas por H. O ângulo de fase (AF) foi estimado pela formula: arc-tangente (Xc/R)*180/π. Os valores medios (DP) das variaveis foram calculados de acordo com sexo e faixas etarias. Medias foram comparadas usando os testes t de Student e ANOVA (p

Há poucos estudos sobre o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) em escolas indígenas no país. O objetivo do presente artigo é descrever características de funcionamento, gestão e cardápios do PNAE de todas as 35 escolas Kaingáng do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Em estudo transversal, as informações do PNAE foram recolhidas por meio de questionários aplicados a cada Coordenadoria Regional de Educação (CRE) e às escolas. Foram obtidos os cardápios sugeridos pelas CREs às escolas. Não existia o Núcleo de Educação Indígena nas CREs. Todos os vice-diretores eram indígenas, 26 escolas (74,6%) tinham gestão escolarizada e 34 escolas (97,1%) compravam alimentos de mercados próximos. A maioria das merendeiras (62,9%) tinha contrato de trabalho temporário e 65,7% eram indígenas. Observou-se baixa oferta de verduras/legumes e de leite e derivados em cerca de 60% dos cardápios, o mesmo ocorrendo com leguminosas e frutas em cerca de 80% destes. Aponta-se a necessidade de mais estudos sobre o PNAE indígena e pretende-se subsidiar políticas públicas de saúde, alimentação e nutrição para o espaço escolar indígena nacional. Few studies have focused on the National School Nutrition Program (PNAE) in indigenous schools in Brazil. The current study describes the program’s operations, management, and menus in 35 Kaingáng indigenous schools in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study design was used to obtain information on the program through questionnaires submitted to the Regional Educational Offices (CRE) and to the schools. The menus suggested to the schools by the regional offices were obtained. There were no Centers for Indigenous Education in the regional offices. All the assistant principals were indigenous, 26 schools (74.6%) practiced local management of the meal program, and 34 (97.1%) reported purchasing food from local markets. Most cooks (63.9%) had temporary work contracts with the schools and 65.7% were indigenous. Low offerings of veges, milk and dairy products were observed in around 60% of the menus, and legumes and fruits low in around 80%. It points out the need for more studies about the indigenous PNAE and intends to support public policies in health, food and nutrition for the national indigenous school . Hay pocos estudios sobre el Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE) en las escuelas indígenas del país. El objetivo es describir características de la gestión, la operatividad y los menús del PNAE de 35 escuelas Kaingáng de Río Grande do Sul, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio transversal, donde las informaciones del PNAE se obtuvieron por medio de cuestionarios aplicados a las Coordinaciones Regionales de Educación (CRE) y a las escuelas. Fueron obtenidos los menús sugeridos por las CRE a las escuelas. No existía el Centro para la Educación Indígena en las CRE. Todos los sub-directores eran indígenas, 26 (74,7%) escuelas tenían gestión escolarizada y 34 escuelas hacían la compra de alimentos en mercados próximos. La mayoría de los cocineros (62,9%) tenía un contrato de trabajo temporal y un 65,7% eran indígenas. Se observó una baja oferta de verduras y leche y derivados en alrededor de 60% de los menús y de leguminosas y frutas en alrededor de un 80%. Se indica la necesidad de más estudios sobre el PNAE indígena y se pretende subvencionar políticas públicas de salud, alimentación y nutrición para el espacio escolar indígena nacional.

Objective: to evaluate the effects of intervention program strategies on the time spent on activities such as watching television, playing videogames, and using the computer among schoolchildren. Sources: a search for randomized controlled trials available in the literature was performed in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library using the following Keywords randomized controlled trial, intervention studies, sedentary lifestyle, screen time, and school. A summary measure based on the standardized mean difference was used with a 95% confidence interval. Data synthesis: a total of 1,552 studies were identified, of which 16 were included in the meta‐analysis. The interventions in the randomized controlled trials (n = 8,785) showed a significant effect in reducing screen time, with a standardized mean difference (random effect) of: −0.25 (−0.37, −0.13), p

Objective: To study the prevalence and factors associated with excess weight in children enrolled in public schools in the states of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, carried out with children aged 4 to 6 years. The studied outcome was excess weight, defined by z-score > two standard deviations for body mass index (BMI)/age, compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) reference population of 2006/2007. Anthropometric measurements of body mass and height were measured in duplicate using standard techniques, in accordance with the WHO. Data were double entered using EPI-INFO software, release 6.04. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated, as well as mean values and standard deviations. Associations between excess weight and other variables were assessed by using Poisson model with robust variance. STATA software release 12.0 was used (p < 0.05). Results: A total of 4,914 children were evaluated (2,578 in RS and 2,336 in SC). In RS, the incidence of excess weight was 14.4% (95% CI = 13.1% to 15.8%) and in SC, 7.5% (95% CI = 6.5% to 8.7%). The variables associated with excess weight were number of household members, maternal education, marital status, number of children, mother's age at birth of first child, gestational age, and birth weight. Conclusion: Children enrolled in public preschools in RS had a two-fold higher excess weight prevalence than that identified in SC, demonstrating a significant difference in the magnitude of childhood obesity in two Brazilian states located in the same region. Resumo: Objetivo: Estudar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao excesso de peso em crianças matriculadas em escolas públicas dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e Santa Catarina (SC). Métodos: Realizou-se estudo transversal com crianças de idade entre quatro e seis anos. O desfecho estudado foi o excesso de peso, definido através do escore Z > 2DP para o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC)/idade, em comparação com a população de referência da OMS 2006/2007. As medidas antropométricas de massa corporal e altura foram aferidas em duplicata, utilizando-se técnicas padronizadas conforme a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Os dados foram duplamente digitados utilizando o software EPI-INFO, ver- são 6.04. Foram calculadas frequências absolutas e relativas e médias (DP). Associações entre excesso de peso e demais variáveis foram avaliadas em modelo de Poisson de variância robusta. Foi utilizado o programa STATA versão 12.0 (p < 0,05). Resultados: Foram avaliadas 4.914 crianças (RS 2.578 e SC 2.336). No RS, o excesso de peso foi de 14,4% (IC 95% = 13,1-15,8%) e, em SC, de 7,5% (IC 95% = 6,5-8,7%). As vari-áveis que apresentaram associação com o excesso de peso foram: número de moradores no domicílio; escolaridade materna; situação conjugal; número de filhos; idade materna ao nascimento do primeiro filho; idade gestacional; e o peso ao nascer. Conclusão: As crianças matriculadas nas pré-escolas públicas do RS apresentaram uma prevalência de excesso de peso duas vezes maior do que a identificada em SC, demons- trando uma diferença significativa na magnitude da obesidade infantil em dois estados brasileiros situados em uma mesma região. Keywords: Excess weight, Children, Nutritional status, Risk factors, Palavras-chave: Excesso de peso, Crianças, Estado nutricional, Fatores de risco

OBJECTIVE: To describe the nutritional status of indigenous children and adolescents in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, through bioelectrical values, and to compare the nutritional classifications of the anthropometric method to those of the body composition method. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 3 204 subjects at 35 schools in the 12 Kaingang indigenous lands of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Following World Health Organization recommendations, the weight and height (H) of each subject was measured twice and the body mass index/age (BMI/A) was classified. Body composition was assessed by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA). Resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) were estimated using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Divergences between these two methods were performed on RXc graph. RESULTS: Of the sample, 56.8% were adolescents and 50.6% were males. The mean values of phase angle were higher in adolescents, in males, and in individuals overweight by BMI/A. Mean values of R, Xc, R/H, and Xc/H were higher among children and among those with BMI/A < +2 z scores. Divergences in overweight classification were: male children, 94.6%; male adolescents, 77.1%; female children, 85.4%; and female adolescents, 94.8%. CONCLUSIONS: The mean values of bioelectrical measures observed among the Kaingang children and adolescent were similar to those found for different populations in other studies. For both gender and age groups, differences were observed between nutritional classifications by BMI/age and by BIVA. These results reinforce the importance of employing multiple techniques, such as anthropometry and BIVA, when conducting nutritional assessments of a population.OBJETIVO: Describir el estado nutricional de niños y adolescentes indígenas en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, mediante los valores de impedancia bioeléctrica y comparar las clasificaciones nutricionales del método antropométrico con las del método de composición corporal. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en 3 204 participantes de 35 escuelas de los 12 territorios indígenas habitados por el pueblo kaingang (o guayaná) del estado de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). Según las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se midió el peso y la talla (T) de cada participante en dos oportunidades y se clasificó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) según la edad. La composición corporal se evaluó mediante análisis vectorial de impedancia bioeléctrica. La resistencia (R) y la reactancia (Xc) se calcularon con un analizador de impedancia bioeléctrica. Las divergencias entre estos dos métodos se analizaron con un gráfico RXc. RESULTADOS: De la muestra, 56,8% eran adolescentes y 50,6% eran varones. Los valores medios del ángulo de fase fueron mayores en los adolescentes, en los varones y en los individuos con sobrepeso según el IMC/edad. Los valores medios de R, Xc, R/T y Xc/T fueron mayores en los niños y en las personas con puntajes z de IMC/edad < +2. Se observaron las siguientes divergencias en la clasificación del sobrepeso: 94,6% para los niños, 77,1% para los adolescentes, 85,4% para las niñas y 94,8% para las adolescentes. CONCLUSIONES: Los valores medios de las medidas de impedancia bioeléctrica observados en niños y adolescentes kaingang fueron similares a los encontrados en diferentes poblaciones en otros estudios. Se observaron diferencias entre las clasificaciones nutricionales por IMC/edad y por análisis vectorial de impedancia bioeléctrica en ambos sexos y grupos etarios. Estos resultados destacan la importancia de emplear múltiples técnicas, como la antropometría y el análisis vectorial de impedancia bioeléctrica, cuando se efectúan evaluaciones nutricionales de una determinada población.

Background: The prevalence of child obesity in Brazil has increased rapidly in recent decades. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop effective strategies to prevent and control child obesity. In light of these considerations, an intervention program with a focus on nutrition education and physical activity was developed for to prevent and control obesity in schools. The intervention was called the TriAtiva Program: Education, Nutrition and Physical Activity. This article describes the design, randomization and method used to evaluate the TriAtiva program. Methods/design: This randomized controlled cluster trial was performed in 12 municipal schools in the city of Porto Alegre/RS (six schools in the intervention group and six control schools) which offered first- through fourth grade, during one school year. The TriAtiva Program was implemented through educational activities related to healthy eating and physical activity, creating an environment which promoted student health while involving the school community and student families. The primary outcome of the present study was body mass, while its secondary outcomes were waist circumference, percent body fat, blood pressure and behavioural variables such as eating habits and physical activity levels, as well as the prevalence, incidence and remission rates of obesity. Discussion: The intervention was developed based on a comprehensive review of controlled trials of similar design. The TriAtiva Program: Education, Nutrition and Physical Activity was the first study in Southern Brazil to use a randomized controlled design to evaluate an intervention involving both nutrition education and physical activity in schools. Our results will contribute to the development of future interventions aimed at preventing and controlling child obesity in schools, especially in Brazil. Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (REBEC) number RBR2xx2z4.

The objective of this study is to investigate if a polymorphism in the NR3C2 gene moderates the association between childhood trauma on serum levels of brain derived neurothrophic factor (sBDNF). sBDNF was used here as a general marker of alteration in brain function. This is a community cross sectional study comprising 90 adolescents (54 with anxiety disorders). DNA was extracted from saliva in order to genotype the MR-2G/C (rs2070951) polymorphism using real time PCR. Blood was collected for sBDNF Elisa immunoassay. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to evaluate childhood abuse and neglect. Main effects and gene environment interactions were tested using linear regression models. Anxiety disorders were not associated with the MR-2G/C polymorphism or with sBDNF levels, but the number of C alleles of the MR-2G/C polymorphism was significantly associated with higher sBDNF levels (b = 8.008; p-value = 0.001). Subjects with intermediate and high exposure to physical neglect showed higher sBDNF levels if compared to subjects non-exposed (b = 11.955; p = 0.004 and b = 16.186; p = 0.009, respectively). In addition, we detected a significant physical neglect by MR-2G/C C allele interaction on sBDNF levels (p = 0.005), meaning that intermediate and high exposure to childhood neglect were only associated with increased sBDNF levels in subjects with the CC genotype, but not in subjects with other genotypes. Our findings suggest that genetic variants in NR3C2 gene may partially explain plastic brain vulnerability to traumatic events. Further studies are needed to investigate the moderating effects of NR3C2 gene in more specific markers of alteration in brain function.

Background: Although several studies have reported an association between mental disorders and serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), this association is still poorly understood. The study of factors associated with both BDNF levels and mental disorders, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), may help to elucidate the mechanisms mediating the relationship between the two variables. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate whether the intake n-3 PUFAs correlates with serum levels of BDNF. Findings: This study involved 137 adolescents drawn from a community sample, including a group with high levels of anxiety, assessed using the Screen for Children and Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders. Blood samples were collected and serum BDNF levels were measured. n-3 PUFAs were estimated using a food frequency questionnaire for adolescents. Correlations were performed to assess the association between n-3 PUFAs intake and BDNF levels. Effects of potential confounders (total fat consumption, age, gender and anxiety) were examined using linear regression models. There was a direct correlation between n-3 PUFAs consumption and serum BDNF levels, which remained significant even after accounting for potential confounders. Conclusions: We were able to detect a correlation between n-3 PUFAs intake and peripheral BDNF levels. Our study was limited by its small sample size, and our external validity may be restricted by the oversampling of anxious adolescents. Our findings may help determine the nature of the association between mental disorders and serum levels of BDNF. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the possible mechanisms by which n-3 PUFAs intake affects BDNF levels, and how this may lead to an increased vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.

Objective: To investigate whether internalizing disorders are associated with quality of life (QoL) in adolescents, even after accounting for shared risk factors. Methods: The sample comprised 102 adolescents from a community cross-sectional study with an oversampling of anxious subjects. Risk factors previously associated with QoL were assessed and divided into five blocks organized hierarchically from proximal to distal sets of risk factors. Results: Multiple regression analysis yielded a hierarchical model accounting for 72% of QoL variance. All blocks were consistently associated with QoL (p , 0.05), accounting for the following percentages of variance: 12% for demographics; 5.2% for family environment; 37.8% for stressful events; 10% for nutritional and health habits; and 64.2% for dimensional psychopathological symptoms or 22.8% for psychiatric diagnoses (dichotomous). Although most of the QoL variance attributed to internalizing symptoms was explained by the four proximal blocks in the hierarchical model (43.2%), about 21% of the variance was independently associated with internalizing symptoms/diagnoses. Conclusions: QoL is associated with several aspects of adolescent life that were largely predicted by our hierarchical model. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that internalizing disorders and internalizing symptoms in adolescents have a high impact on QoL and deserve proper clinical attention.

Few studies have focused on the National School Nutrition Program (PNAE) in indigenous schools in Brazil. The current study describes the program's operations, management, and menus in 35 Kaingáng indigenous schools in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study design was used to obtain information on the program through questionnaires submitted to the Regional Educational Offices (CRE) and to the schools. The menus suggested to the schools by the regional offices were obtained. There were no Centers for Indigenous Education in the regional offices. All the assistant principals were indigenous, 26 schools (74.6%) practiced local management of the meal program, and 34 (97.1%) reported purchasing food from local markets. Most cooks (63.9%) had temporary work contracts with the schools and 65.7% were indigenous. Low offerings of veges, milk and dairy products were observed in around 60% of the menus, and legumes and fruits low in around 80%. It points out the need for more studies about the indigenous PNAE and intends to support public policies in health, food and nutrition for the national indigenous school .

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é apresentar os resultados de pesquisa sobre a contribuição dos quintais na segurança alimentar e nutricional e nas rendas das famílias de agricultoras tradicionais. Para tal, foi constituída uma amostra aleatória proporcional ao tamanho da população e foram pesquisadas 90 famílias em 7 comunidades rurais do município de Jangada, Baixada Cuiabana, estado do Mato Grosso. Os dados foram coletados no período de agosto de 2012 a julho de 2013. Para a análise de consumo alimentar e aspectos de segurança alimentar das famílias, os dados foram coletados por meio da técnica de inquérito de consumo alimentar familiar. Mensurou-se o valor econômico do autoconsumo das famílias traduzido sob a forma de renda, considerando-se os preços praticados ao consumidor. A produção obtida oferece nutrientes importantes, ficando ausentes os alimentos mais ricos em minerais, os quais são produzidos em menor quantidade pelas famílias. A produção dos quintais parece não ser suficiente para garantir a segurança alimentar das famílias, especialmente no que se refere ao consumo de alguns macronutrientes e vitaminas em níveis adequados. No entanto, o autoconsumo, que muitas vezes se apresenta como uma renda invisível, contribui economicamente para a manutenção das famílias, bem como para garantir ao menos parcialmente a segurança alimentar dos agricultores e de suas famílias. The main objective of this work is to present the results of research on the contribution of homegardens in food and nutrition security and the incomes of traditional farmers families. To this end, it established a proportional random sample of the size of the population and was surveyed 90 families in seven rural communities in the municipality of Jangada, Baixada Cuiabana, state of Mato Grosso. Data were collected from August 2012 to July 2013. For the analysis of food consumption and aspects of household food security data were collected through the household food consumption survey technique. Measured to the economic value of own consumption of families, translated in the form of income considering the prices charged to consumers. The production obtained provides important nutrients, getting away the foods richest in minerals, which are produced in smaller quantities by families. The production of homegardens seems not to be sufficient to ensure food safety of the families, particularly as regards the consumption of some macronutrients and vitamins in adequate levels. However, the self-consumption, which often presents itself as an invisible income economically contributes to the maintenance of the families, and to ensure at least partially the food security of farmers and their families.

Os objetivos do estudo foram descrever a distribuição das medidas de circunferência de cintura (CC) e CC/ estatura (CC/E) para adolescentes indígenas Kaingáng; estimar a prevalência de valores elevados para CC/E; e avaliar a correlação entre CC e CC/E com o IMC/idade. Um total de 1.803 adolescentes indígenas foi avaliado no estudo seccional de base escolar. Foram considerados elevados valores de CC/E superiores a 0,5. Observaramse maiores valores médios de CC e CC/E para meninas, em todas as faixas etárias. Valores de CC/E > 0,5 foram encontrados em 25,6% dos adolescentes. Valores médios de CC e CC/E foram significativamente maiores para os adolescentes com IMC/idade > 2 z-scores, em comparação aos eutróficos. Os coeficientes de correlações entre CC e CC/E com o IMC/idade foram: meninos: r = 0,68 e 0,76, respectivamente, e meninas: r = 0,79 e 0,80, respectivamente. Destaca-se proeminência de valores médios elevados de CC e CC/E e prevalências expressivas de obesidade abdominal. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of waist circumference (WC) and WC to height (WCTH) values among Kaingáng indigenous adolescents in order to estimate the prevalence of high WCTH values and evaluate the correlation between WC and WCTH and body mass index (BMI)-for-age. A total of 1,803 indigenous adolescents were evaluated using a school-based cross-sectional study. WCTH values > 0.5 were considered high. Higher mean WC and WCTH values were observed for girls in all age categories. WCTH values > 0.5 were observed in 25.68% of the overall sample of adolescents. Mean WC and WCTH values were significantly higher for adolescents with BMI/age z-scores > 2 than for those with normal z-scores. The correlation coefficients of WC and WCTH for BMI/age were r = 0.68 and 0.76, respectively, for boys, and r = 0.79 and 0.80, respectively, for girls. This study highlights elevated mean WC and WCTH values and high prevalence of abdominal obesity among Kaingáng indigenous adolescents.

To evaluate the effect of intervention programs using nutritional education, physical activity or both on the reduction of body mass index in school-age students.The systematic review with meta-analysis included randomized controlled studies available from the following electronic databases for the years 1998 to 2010: PubMed, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. The descriptors were: randomized controlled trial, overweight, obesity, body mass index, child, adolescent, physical activity, nutrition education and Schools. A weighted average was based on the standardized means difference and used a 95% confidence interval. The inconsistency test was utilized to evaluate the heterogeneity of studies.Initially, 995 studies were identified, of which 23 were included, and 3 meta-analyses were performed. Isolated physical activity interventions did not present a significant reduction in BMI, with a standardized mean difference of -0.02 (95%CI: -0.08; 0.04). A similar result (n= 3,524) was observed in the isolated interventions of nutritional education, with a standardized mean difference of -0.03 (95%CI: -0.10; 0.04).When the interventions with physical activity and nutritional education were combined, the result of the meta-analysis (n= 9,997) presented a statistically significant effect in the reduction of body mass index in school-age students, with a standardized mean difference: -0.37 (95%CI: -0.63; -0.12).The interventions that combined physical activity and nutritional education had more positive effects in the reduction of body mass index among school-age students than when they were applied individually.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the design, methods and sample characteristics of the Multidimensional Evaluation and Treatment of Anxiety in Children and Adolescents - the PROTAIA Project. METHOD: Students between 10 and 17 years old from all six schools belonging to the catchment area of the Primary Care Unit of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre were included in the project. It comprises five phases: (1) a community screening phase; (2) a psychiatric diagnostic phase; (3) a multidimensional assessment phase evaluating environmental, neuropsychological, nutritional, and biological factors; (4) a treatment phase, and (5) a translational phase. RESULTS: A total of 2,457 subjects from the community were screened for anxiety disorders. From those who attended the diagnostic interview, we identified 138 individuals with at least one anxiety disorder (apart from specific phobia) and 102 individuals without any anxiety disorder. Among the anxiety cases, generalized anxiety disorder (n = 95; 68.8%), social anxiety disorder (n = 57; 41.3%) and separation anxiety disorder (n = 49; 35.5%) were the most frequent disorders. CONCLUSION: The PROTAIA Project is a promising research project that can contribute to the knowledge of the relationship between anxiety disorders and anxiety-related phenotypes with several genetic and environmental risk factors. OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste estudo é descrever o desenho, os métodos e as características amostrais da Avaliação Multidimensional e Tratamento da Ansiedade em Crianças e Adolescentes - Projeto PROTAIA. MÉTODO: Escolares entre 10 e 17 anos de todas as escolas pertencentes à área de abrangência da unidade de atenção primária do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre foram incluídos no projeto. O projeto compreende cinco fases: 1) triagem comunitária; 2) diagnóstico psiquiátrico; 3) avaliação multidimensional, incluindo fatores ambientais, neuropsicológicos, nutricionais e marcadores biológicos; 4) tratamento; e 5) fase translacional. RESULTADOS: Um total de 2.457 sujeitos foram triados para transtornos de ansiedade na comunidade. Dos indivíduos que compareceram à avaliação diagnóstica, 138 foram detectados com ao menos um transtorno de ansiedade (excluindo fobia específica) e 102 indivíduos sem nenhum transtorno de ansiedade. Dentre os casos de ansiedade, o transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (n = 95; 68,8%), transtorno de ansiedade social (n = 57; 41,3%) e o transtorno de ansiedade de separação (n = 49; 35,5%) foram os mais frequentes. CONCLUSÃO: O projeto PROTAIA é um projeto de pesquisa promissor que pode contribuir para o entendimento da relação entre transtornos de ansiedade e fenótipos relacionados à ansiedade com vários fatores de risco, tanto genéticos quanto ambientais.

Caracterizar o estado nutricional de 3.254 Kaingáng de escolas indígenas de 12 terras indígenas do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Transversal de base escolar. Obtidas medidas de peso (P), estatura (E) e circunferência da cintura (CC) conforme Organização Mundial da Saúde - OMS (1995). Classificação do estado nutricional: crianças: índices E/I, P/I e P/E, de acordo com o National Center for Health Statistics (WHO, 1995) e E/I, P/I e índice de massa corporal/idade (IMC/I) de acordo com OMS (2006); adolescentes: IMC/I (OMS, 1995 e 2006) e E/I (OMS, 2006); adultos: IMC (OMS, 1995) e CC (OMS, 2003). Adolescentes representaram 56% dos avaliados, crianças 42,5%, adultos 1,4% e idosos 0,1%. Deficit estatural de 15,1% (OMS, 1995) e 15,5% (OMS, 2006) entre as crianças e de 19,9% entre adolescentes. Freqüências de excesso de peso foram: crianças: 11% (OMS, 1995) e 5,7% (OMS, 2006); adolescentes: 6,7%; adultos: 79,2%. Entre adultos, 45,3% estavam em risco aumentado para doenças metabólicas. Observada a transição nutricional no segmento, caracterizada por prevalências importantes de baixa estatura na infância e adolescência e sobrepeso proeminente em todas as faixas etárias. The study's objective was to characterize the nutritional status of 3,254 Kaingáng Indians in indigenous schools in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a school-based study. Weight (W), height (H), and waist circumference (WC) were measured according to World Health Organization guidelines (1995). Children's nutritional status classification included H/A, W/A, and W/H according to the National Center for Health Statistics (WHO, 1995) and H/A, W/A, and body mass index/age (BMI/A) according to WHO (2006). Adolescents were classified for BMI/A (WHO, 1995 and 2006) and H/A (WHO, 2006). Adults were classified for BMI (WHO, 1995) and WC (WHO, 2003). Adolescents represented 56% of the sample, children 42.5%, adults 1.4%, and elderly 0.1%. Prevalence rates for stunting were 15.1% (WHO, 1983) and 15.5% (WHO, 2006) in children and 19.9% in adolescents. Prevalence rates for overweight were 11% (WHO, 1983) and 5.7% (WHO, 2006) in children, 6.7% in adolescents, and 79.2% in adults. 45.3% of adults were at increased risk of metabolic diseases. A nutritional transition was observed in the group, characterized by significant prevalence of stunting in children and adolescents and prominent overweight in all age groups.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito dos programas de intervenções com a atividade física e/ou a educação nutricional na redução do índice de massa corporal em escolares. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática com metanálise de estudos controlados randomizados disponíveis nas seguintes bases de dados eletrônicas entre o ano de 1998 a 2010: PubMed, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science e Cochrane Library, com os descritores: estudo controlado randomizado, sobrepeso, obesidade, índice de massa corporal, criança, adolescente, atividade física, educação nutricional e escolas. Medida de sumário baseada na diferença das médias padronizadas foi usada com intervalo de 95% de confiança. O teste de inconsistência foi utilizado para avaliar a heterogeneidade dos estudos. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 995 estudos, dos quais 23 foram incluídos e realizadas três metanálises. Intervenções isoladas com atividade física não apresentaram efeito significativo na redução do índice de massa corporal, com diferença das médias padronizadas: -0,02 (IC95% -0,08;0,04). Resultado semelhante (n = 3.524) foi observado nas intervenções isoladas com educação nutricional, com diferença das médias padronizadas: -0,03 (IC95% -0,10;0,04). Quando combinadas as intervenções com atividade física e educação nutricional, o resultado da metanálise (n = 9.997) apresentou efeito estatisticamente significativo na redução do índice de massa corporal em escolares, com diferença das médias padronizadas: - 0,37 (IC95% -0,63;-0,12). CONCLUSÕES: As intervenções combinadas de atividade física e educação nutricional tiveram mais efeitos positivos na redução do índice de massa corporal em escolares do que quando aplicadas isoladamente. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of intervention programs using nutritional education, physical activity or both on the reduction of body mass index in school-age students. METHODS: The systematic review with meta-analysis included randomized controlled studies available from the following electronic databases for the years 1998 to 2010: PubMed, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. The descriptors were: randomized controlled trial, overweight, obesity, body mass index, child, adolescent, physical activity, nutrition education and Schools. A weighted average was based on the standardized means difference and used a 95% confidence interval. The inconsistency test was utilized to evaluate the heterogeneity of studies. RESULTS: Initially, 995 studies were identified, of which 23 were included, and 3 meta-analyses were performed. Isolated physical activity interventions did not present a significant reduction in BMI, with a standardized mean difference of -0.02 (95%CI: -0.08; 0.04). A similar result (n= 3,524) was observed in the isolated interventions of nutritional education, with a standardized mean difference of -0.03 (95%CI: -0.10; 0.04).When the interventions with physical activity and nutritional education were combined, the result of the meta-analysis (n= 9,997) presented a statistically significant effect in the reduction of body mass index in school-age students, with a standardized mean difference: -0.37 (95%CI: -0.63; -0.12). CONCLUSIONS: The interventions that combined physical activity and nutritional education had more positive effects in the reduction of body mass index among school-age students than when they were applied individually. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de los programas de intervenciones con la actividad física y/o la educación nutricional en la reducción del índice de masa corporal en escolares. MÉTODOS: Revisión sistemática con meta-análisis de estudios controlados aleatorios disponibles en las siguientes bases de datos electrónicas en el período de 1998 a 2010: PubMed, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science y Cochrane Library, con las palabras claves: estudio controlado aleatorio, sobrepeso, obesidad, índice de masa corporal, niño, adolescente, actividad física, educación nutricional y escuelas. Se usó la medida de sumario basada en la diferencia de los promedios estandarizados con intervalo de 95% de confianza. La prueba de inconsistencia se utilizó para evaluar la heterogeneidad de los estudios. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 995 estudios, de los cuales 23 fueron incluidos y realizados tres meta-análisis. Intervenciones aisladas con actividad física no presentaron efecto significativo en la reducción del índice de masa corporal, con diferencia de los promedios estandarizados: -0,02 (IC95% -0,08;0.04). Resultado semejante (n=3.524) se observó en las intervenciones aisladas con educación nutricional, con diferencia de los promedios estandarizados: -0,03 (IC95% -0,10;0,04). Al combinarse las intervenciones con actividad física y educación nutricional, el resultado del meta-análisis (n=9.997) presentó efecto estadísticamente significativo en la reducción del índice de masa corporal en escolares, con diferencia de los promedios estandarizados: -0,37 (IC95% -0.63;-0,12). CONCLUSIONES: Las intervenciones combinadas de actividad física y educación nutricional tuvieron más efectos positivos en la reducción del índice de masa corporal en escolares que al ser aplicadas aisladamente.