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We fabricated anti‐glare (AG) coatings on glass sheets by spraying alkoxide‐derived silica sols and demonstrated that the water‐to‐alkoxide ratio is one of the key factors for improving AG performance and sol stability. We synthesized silica sols using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), water, nitric acid, and denatured ethanol and sprayed them on sheets of chemically strengthened glass. The molar ratios of water to TEOS (r) were 3, 7, and 14. The sol with r = 7 provided a higher arithmetic‐mean height (Sa), smaller autocorrelation length (Sal), and better optical properties (lower gloss, higher haze, and lower sparkle level) than the sol with r = 3. An excessive amount of water at r = 14 yielded a large Sal and a high sparkle level. As the storage time of the sols increased, higher r values caused a more pronounced increase in Sa. Although none of the sols showed noticeable temporal changes during dynamic light scattering measurements, solutions with higher r values exhibited a more remarkable reduction in the retention time during liquid chromatography with a styrene‐divinylbenzene matrix. Hence, an excessive amount of water was thought to cause hydrophilization of the polymerized species during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planar cell polarity (PCP) of epithelial ciliated cells is essential for effective mucociliary clearance (MCC) in the sinonasal mucosa. We hypothesize that MCC coordination is impaired in nasal polyp (NP) mucosae due to the suppressed expression of a series of CPLANE (ciliogenesis and planar cell polarity effector) complex proteins in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients. To investigate this hypothesis, we subjected sinonasal mucosal samples to live video recording to measure mucociliary transport velocity (MCTV) and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate surface morphology. The expression and distribution of a panel of PCP proteins, e.g., WDPCP and FUZ, were investigated in relation to inflammatory cytokine levels and clinical features. The mean MCTV of NP mucosae was significantly lower than that of the inferior turbinate mucosae. The CRS group with NPs (CRSwNP group) (n = 28) showed increased expression of IL-13 and CCL26 mRNA compared to CRS patients without NPs (n = 25) and controls (n = 30). WDPCP and FUZ mRNA levels were significantly decreased in NP mucosae compared to ethmoid sinus mucosae in CRSwNP patients. WDPCP protein distribution was reduced in the cytoplasmic region of ciliated cells in CRSwNP patients. We conclude that suppression of WDPCP in ciliated cells is responsible for the impaired MCC of nasal polyps with type-2 inflammation. This mechanism might explain the decreased clearance and the potential for worsening symptoms of CRSwNP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microtubules function as molecular tracks along which motor proteins transport a variety of cargo to discrete destinations within the cell. The carboxyl termini of [alpha]- and [beta]-tubulin can undergo different posttranslational modifications, including polyglutamylation, which is particularly abundant within the mammalian nervous system. Thus, this modification could serve as a molecular 'traffic sign' for motor proteins in neuronal cells. To investigate whether polyglutamylated [alpha]-tubulin could perform this function, we analyzed ROSA22 mice that lack functional PGs1, a subunit of [alpha]-tubulin-selective polyglutamylase. In wild-type mice, polyglutamylated [alpha]-tubulin is abundant in both axonal and dendritic neurites. ROSA22 mutants display a striking loss of polyglutamylated [alpha]-tubulin within neurons, including their neurites, which is associated with decreased binding affinity of certain structural microtubule-associated proteins and motor proteins, including kinesins, to microtubules purified from ROSA22-mutant brain. Of the kinesins examined, KIF1A, a subfamily of kinesin-3, was less abundant in neurites from ROSA22 mutants in vitro and in vivo, whereas the distribution of KIF3A (kinesin-2) and KIF5 (kinesin-1) appeared unaltered. The density of synaptic vesicles, a cargo of KIF1A, was decreased in synaptic terminals in the CA1 region of hippocampus in ROSA22 mutants. Consistent with this finding, ROSA22 mutants displayed more rapid depletion of synaptic vesicles than wild-type littermates after high-frequency stimulation. These data provide evidence for a role of polyglutamylation of [alpha]-tubulin in vivo, as a molecular traffic sign for targeting of KIF1 kinesin required for continuous synaptic transmission. kinesin | microtubules | synaptic vesicles | trafficking | tyrosination