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The current study will investigate the shared and unique associations of behavioural, cognitive and experiential avoidance related to anxiety and depressive symptoms. Three datasets (N = 171, N = 72, and N = 130) will be combined, resulting in a total dataset of 373. Both datasets contain data of participants that filled out questionnaires related to anxiety (DASS-A), depression (DASS-D), experiential avoidance (BEAQ), behavioural avoidance (CBAS-B), and cognitive avoidance (CBAS-C) in an unselected sample of adults. Commonality analyses will be used to investigate the shared and unique associations of three avoidance types related to anxiety and/or depressive symptoms. This paper will be a replication of a pre-registration in a community sample instead of a sample with patients with anxiety and/or depression called 'Unique and Shared Contributions of Cognitive, Behavioural and Experiential Avoidance in Anxiety and Depression' (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/QFE5V).

Ageism is defined as the attitudes and stereotypes held by some towards older people based on their chronological age or their perceived status as "elderly" (Iversen et al., 2009). The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between ageism and depressive and anxiety symptoms and comparing this relationship and attitudes/expectations of ageism between different age groups. Data collection will take place in the Netherlands. This study will be based on that collected data. Simultaneously, data collection will take place in Italy as conducted by M. Brigiano. The results of the Dutch and Italian research will be compared in a second study.

Anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly prevalent in older adults and significantly reduce quality of life. Yet, older adults are less likely to receive psychological interventions than adults of working age. In addition, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD are poorly studied in older adults. While it is well established that psychological interventions are effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD in adults of working age (Carpenter et al., 2018), it is less well established whether these psychological interventions are also effective for older adults. Clinicians seem to share the idea that older adults with common mental disorders such as a depression or an anxiety disorder benefit less from psychological interventions compared to adults of working age (Kessler & Blachetta, 2020; Kessler & Schneider, 2019). However, the scientific evidence for these assumptions remains rather mixed (i.e., Hendriks, Oude Voshaar et al., 2008; Kishita & Laidlaw, 2017). The aim of this project is to investigate treatment outcomes of brief psychological interventions in generalized mental health care among older adults with anxiety disorders, OCD, or PTSD, and to compare these outcomes to younger adults.

This registration contains the pre-registration and materials for two studies. Research question 1 in the pre-registration is reported on in study 1. Research question 2 in the preregistration is reported on in study 2. Both studies will be written up in one manuscript.

A large research project aiming to assess severeal research questions, regarding the interplay of Covid-19 related stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms.

This is the pre-registration for a study entitled: Dynamic resting state network differences in Major Depressive Diorder and Bipolar Disorder. There are no prior registrations.

Preregistration project "Age related differences in symptom networks of overall psychological functioning in a sample of anxiety, OCD, and PTSD patients".

This is the pre-registration for a Scoping Review titled: Definitions and Operationalization of Avoidance in Patients with Anxiety Disorders, OCD, PTSD, and/or Depressive Disorders: Pre-registration of a Scoping Review Protocol. There are no prior registrations. Attached to this pre-registration is the protocol for this scoping review.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a high prevalence and is highly disabling for the people suffering from it, especially because recurrence rates are high – incidence of 35% within 15 years in the general population and up to 85% in specialized mental health care (Ferrari et al., 2013; Hardeveld et al., 2010). Identifying valuable predictors of recurrence allows for more accurate interventions before recurrence occurs. One key factor that might play a role in predicting recurrence, may be affective dynamics (i.e., how variable, unstable or inert emotions are; Cole & Hall, 2008; Kuppens & Verduyn, 2015). A recent discussion in literature (see Dejonckheere et al., 2019; Dejonckheere et al., 2020; Lapate & Heller, 2020) concludes that affective dynamics may have higher predictive power for psychopathology if attention is given to contextualization of affective measurements. Precisely, this means that instead of merely looking at the overall variability or instability of someone’s affect, it is crucial to consider the context in which the affect changes when predicting psychopathology. The degree to which a specific person affectively responds to an event is referred to as their individual affective reactivity. When referring to the negative affective response to events, we will use the term Negative Affective Reactivity (NAR), whereas we will use the term Positive Affective Reactivity (PAR) when referring to positive affective response to events. The use of diary assessments like Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM; Wichers et al., 2015) allows for the assessment of an individual’s affective reactivity by asking participants to report their current states of affect as well as the daily context several times a day for multiple consecutive days (Larson & Csikszentmihalyi, 2014; Myin-Germeys et al., 2009). Existing ESM studies frequently show that individuals with remitted MDD on average report higher negative as well as lower positive mood compared to healthy controls (Knowles et al., 2007; van Winkel et al., 2015). However, the discussion about the added value of affective reactivity for predicting psychopathology (Dejonckheere et al., 2019; Dejonckheere et al., 2020; Lapate & Heller, 2020) argues for more research on NAR and PAR in depression. With regard to NAR, literature shows increased negative affective responses to negative events in depression (Charles et al., 2013; Husky et al., 2009; Myin‐Germeys et al., 2003; Nezlek & Gable, 2001; Wichers et al., 2009). However, there is also opposing research showing blunted rather than negative responses to negative events (Peeters et al., 2003; Rottenberg, 2005; Rottenberg et al., 2005a; Rottenberg et al., 2005b), which resulted in the formulation of the theory of emotional context insensitivity (ECI; Rottenberg et al., 2005a). Compared to research on NAR, research on PAR in depression is rather scarce (Riskind et al., 2013; Wichers et al., 2007). However, similarly to NAR, the ECI theory implies that depressed individuals exhibit blunted or low emotional reactions to positive events (Rottenberg et al., 2005a; Rottenberg et al., 2005b; Rottenberg et al., 2002). Nevertheless, there is also research contradicting the assumption of a lowered or blunted PAR in depression, showing no difference in PAR in comparison to healthy controls (Heininga et al., 2019). In sum, it appears that literature on the effect of both NAR and PAR on depression is not unequivocal and may even point into different directions. Parts of this might be due to a lack of attention for the topic but also the used assessment techniques and study samples must be taken into account. First, much of the literature did not make use of naturalistic studies like ESM but conducted their assessments in the laboratory (see Bylsma et al., 2008 for a review). However, real-life tracking of experiences and affective responses using ESM reasonably allows for identification of daily affective patterns with high ecological validity (Mestdagh & Dejonckheere, 2021). Moreover, studies often did not explore the association between affective reactivity and recurrence of depression in a longitudinal study design, but rather investigated reactivity in depression using prior or existing depressive episodes without follow-up (e.g., Husky et al., 2009; Nelson et al., 2020; Nezlek & Gable, 2001); And those using a longitudinal design, did not make use of frequent measurement points (e.g., Charles et al., 2013). However, a longitudinal design with frequent follow-up assessments, would advance our knowledge on the details of the temporal course of recurrence. Finally, most of the reviewed studies did not make use of an unmedicated clinical sample of depressed individuals. The use of antidepressants in MDD has a strong influence on experienced mood (Wells et al., 2014) and thus medication use can likely confound the relationship between affect and depression. Using unmedicated samples might therefore lead to less biased conclusions about the experienced affect of participants. To address the limitations of previous studies, the current study makes use of a unique longitudinal data set with unmedicated, remitted depressed subjects including ESM assessments of affective reactivity (NAR/PAR) with a two-and-a-half-year follow-up with seven measurement points for the recurrence of depression (disorder and symptoms). Taking advantage of this unique data set, the present study will examine the longitudinal association of NAR and PAR with the recurrence of diagnosed MDD as well as depressive symptoms. Due to inconclusive findings in the literature, the direction of the effects is not specified (see ‘4. Hypotheses’).

Background and Objectives: With the development into adolescence, a sharp increase in repetitive negative thinking (RNT) styles (i.e., worry and rumination) is typically observed, which is associated with various forms of psychopathology (e.g., anxiety and depression). Cognitive theories (e.g., Borkovec & Inz, 1990, Borkovec, Alcaine, & Behar, 2004; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008) suggest that both worry and rumination might serve an avoidance function, with rumination typically being studied in relation to experiential avoidance, and worry in relation to cognitive avoidance. The current scoping review has the general aim to describe the literature on cognitive and experiential avoidance in relation to RNT styles in adolescents, and to investigate the conceptual overlap between cognitive avoidance, experiential avoidance and RNT. Methods: Psychological and medical databases will be searched with terms that are related to RNT, cognitive avoidance, experiential avoidance and adolescence. Furthermore, reference lists of included papers will be manually screened and publication of first authors of the included papers will be screened for other potentially relevant papers. Finally, key concepts and other relevant study characteristics will be extracted from relevant articles and a descriptive synthesis of the findings will be provided. Discussion: This scoping review will help to guide future research focusing on precipitants and consequences of RNT, by investigating the overlap between RNT (worry/rumination) and the constructs cognitive and experiential avoidance. This will inform existing cognitive models, which perceive worry and rumination to have an avoidance function. Furthermore, this will be the first scoping review to assess RNT and avoidance in adolescents.

The integration of smartphones into many people’s daily lives provides the unique opportunity to gather high temporal resolution behavioural data in a naturalistic setting. This behavioural data may provide insights into a person’s mental state which could be useful in a clinical context, for example to predict future depressive episodes in patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), or to monitor ongoing symptoms. This review aims to compare the various methods that have been used in digital phenotyping using smartphones, with a focus on studies that include populations with (remitted) MDD. We aim to investigate the current state of digital phenotyping research, in particular to establish what current methods are able to achieve and where subsequent efforts need to be focused to advance the field and achieve models with high clinical utility. We will start by providing an overview and general evaluation of smartphone features that have been correlated with clinically relevant variables such as self-reported symptom scores (e.g. PHQ-9). We will then compare digital phenotyping papers that cover a variety of prediction tasks. We expect to group these papers by prediction goal, for example beginning with papers that predict clinical vs non-clinical labels, and then comparing papers that predict the severity of the disorder or specific symptoms (e.g. using the digital phenotype data to predict symptom severity in the form of questionnaire scores). Finally, papers that predict state at future time points are expected to be evaluated (e.g. using the digital phenotype data to predict a score weeks in advance). Within each grouping of prediction task, the various methods used will be compared, and the successes and limitations of each method will be evaluated.