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1.3 billion tons of the food produced for human consumption is wasted in the food supply chain as a result of a number of issues. A high proportion of food waste occurs during consumption, primarily influenced by consumer behavior. In Semarang City, Black Soldier Fly, incineration, and composting are alternatives to food waste management. This research aims to analyze alternative food waste management methods that yield reusable resources and materials because currently unknown which method has the smallest environmental impact. Life Cycle Assessment method can be used to examine the environmental impact of the food waste management system from every phase 1 ton food waste analyze. BSF has proven superior to composting, incineration and landfilling methods in analyzes of potential environmental impacts that reduce 90% environmental impact. Landfills cover a large area and the effect of global warming is significant until of 1.704E+03 CO2-eq, this issue needs more attention in the management of the generated CH4. Incineration needs to make advances in the method such as producing new resources and emissions so that can be reused because incineration impact eutrophication potential until 2.438E+00 . For reasons environmental concerns, efficient food waste management is crucial to realizing the Sustainable Development Goals.

Indonesia is one of the largest contributors to global marine litter deposition, given its high population and the largest archipelagic country. The increasing problem of plastic littering has recently attracted the attention of researchers. This study aims to identify marine and macroplastic litter in Semarang City. A field survey was conducted by dividing the beach into 18 sampling grids, each with an area of 1 × 1 m2. A literature survey was also conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to identify literature that can be used to develop recommendations. The results showed that 6.26–11.16 grams/m2/ day of marine litter and approximately 1.61–4.89 items/m2/day of plastic litter would be deposited on Semarang City beaches. The greatest contributors to macroplastic litter were polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), which should be considered for further intervention. Strategic recommendations were developed based on an in-depth literature survey and best practices in the current field. These also include recommendations that can be used as a reference by policymakers and other stakeholders to reduce marine pollution. The results of this study are expected to provide a multiplier effect on reducing marine pollution for the city.

Transitioning to a circular economy as an option of mitigating environmental challenges posed by traditional linear consumption patterns has garnered considerable attention. This study examines innovative approaches to circular economy principles in the context of Salatiga's domestic waste management. The aim is to conduct a thorough evaluation of various waste management technologies and their potential to contribute to a more sustainable and circular waste management system. The research utilizes a review-based technique, drawing insights from current academic literature, papers, and case studies relevant to circular economy practices and household waste management technologies. To find new methods that have been successfully implemented in a variety of cities, a comprehensive literature search is performed. This research attempts to give a thorough evaluation of these methods' relevance to the Salatiga environment by assessing their accomplishments, obstacles, and outcomes. This research showed that several waste management techniques, such as landfilling, incineration, and minimal recycling, are used in Salatiga. The research uncovered a number of novel methods for enacting a circular economy, including community-based recycling programs, waste-to-energy conversion, and expanded producer responsibility efforts. Few people are aware of the issue, there isn't enough support system in place, and resources are restricted.

The presence of microplastic pollution in coastal areas has garnered attention due to its detrimental impact on aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, our objective was to identify and characterize microplastics in the Banger River area of Pekalongan City, which is known for its numerous industrial activities, particularly batik small-medium industries. The extraction process involved filtration, drying, wet peroxide oxidation, density separation using NaI, and identification of microplastic particles. The shape, color, and size of the particles were characterized using a stereo microscope, while Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometer and the hot needle method were employed for chemical structure analysis. Given that rivers serve as primary conduits for waste transport from land to sea, we conducted sampling at different times of the day. Our findings revealed an average of 0.61 ± 0.47 particles/m3 in the morning, 0.59 ± 0.67 particles/m3 in the afternoon, and 0.10 ± 0.02 particles/m3 in the evening. Among the microplastic polymers analyzed, we successfully identified polypropylene as one of the two predominant types. To establish a baseline for mitigating the release of plastic waste and microplastic residues into the environment, long-term monitoring is essential to evaluate the flow of plastic waste and microplastics from Indonesian rivers to the oceans.

River debris is the main problem from the negative impact of poor waste management. The composition of river debris in Jakarta consists mostly of plastic waste. Plastic waste from river debris has an opportunity for energy recovery. This study aimed to see the potential for utilizing river debris in energy recovery in power plants. This research was conducted at three sampling shelter points in Pesing, Pluit, and Perintis. Waste generation and composition were quantified using the load count method on Indonesian state standards for seven consecutive days. River debris generation in Pesing, Pluitm, and Pernting averaged 7.2; 3; and 1.8 tons/day. More than 60% (w/w) of plastic bag waste was found in the Pesing and Pluit shelters, while 67.3% was found in the Perintis shelter. Based on the calorific value of each plastic waste, the energy potential from plastic waste recovery can reach 16,197,109 kWh/year. This is equivalent to an electricity supply of 0.05% of the total electricity demand in Jakarta.

Solid waste management on Nusa Penida Island is one of the problems in tourism in Bali Province. To deal with this issue, the government has implemented various policies, where the policy that becomes an essential issue is the processing of energy waste. To support this, it is necessary to study the potential of waste characteristics on the island of Nusa Penida. This study aims to analyse the characteristics of waste on the island of Nusa Penida as an energy source based on the generation and composition of waste. Solid waste generation and composition were measured based on land and marine debris data. The total waste generation on land and marine debris can reach 6364.4 kg/day and 762.8 kg/day, respectively. The waste composition materials consist of masks, plastics, metals, and biodegradable organics with a value of 4.12%, 32.77%, 19.54%, and 43.57%, respectively. Therefore, the potential use of organic biodegradable as solid fuel can reach 51,933.8 MJ/day or 14,426 kWh/day. However, in the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test, the residue was 18.6%.

Garang River is administratively located in Semarang Regency, Kendal Regency, and Semarang City. Population growth and the number of community activities around the river can affect the water quality of the Garang River. Wastewater discharged into the Garang River will reduce water quality. The number of pollutants that enter the river changes the quality of river water until it reaches a pollutant level that exceeds the quality standard. The purpose of this study was to determine the self-purification ability of the Garang River using the Streeter-Phelps method based on DO and BOD parameters to obtain an oxygen sag curve for oxygen reduction. There are 3 monitoring stations that are located in the upstream segment of the Garang River. The value of the deoxygenation constant (K) in segment 1 is around 0.340, the reaeration constant (R) is 3.433, and the value of fs = 10.103. While in segment 2. the value of K is 0.335, R is 3.417, and fs is 10.194. It is revealed that segment 1 and segment 2 of the Garang River have not yet experienced optimal natural purification because they are still in the degradation zone.

This study aims to examine the performance of fly ash mixed materials with bentonite binder (FAB) as a recent low-cost containment system to withstand leachate infiltration. The mixture of fly ash with clay (bentonite) may potentially utilized as semi-permeable liner with low permeability and promising stability. Direct shear, permeability testing, Atterberg limit and specific gravity test have been conducted as a preliminary study to determine the precise mixture composition of fly ash-bentonite (FAB) intended for landfill liners. Some mixtures that consist of fly ash with the following bentonite addition: 0% (FAB0), 15% (FAB15), 20% (FAB20), and 25% (FAB25) generate internal friction angle of 42º, 39º, 20º and 19º respectively. The results indicate that the more addition of bentonite into fly ash will reduce shear stress of the mixture while lowering the permeability value. In addition, fly ash containing 25% of bentonite that cured with saline solution (FAB25c) was tested to investigate the effect of salt into fly ash-bentonite mixture. Curing with saline solution tends to reduce shear strength of the FAB mixture. The slope simulation presents that the addition of bentonite will increase bonding between particles, bearing capacity, and shear strength of the material. The largest safety factor of 1.674 obtained from FAB20 material meets the safety standard for short-term slope stability. Fly ash containing 25% of bentonite is expected to be an alternative landfill liner material.

Jumlah penduduk yang meningkat juga meningkatkan jumlah kebutuhan energi. Namun, sumber daya yang tersedia juga semakin berkurang. Sehingga perlu digantikan dengan energi yang baru. Sampah yang meningkat dan pengolahan yang sangat sedikit dapat dijadikan sumber energi yang baru bagi masyarakat dengan konsep waste to energy (WTE). Salah satunya yaitu dengan mengubah sampah menjadi bahan baku RDF (refuse-derived fuel). RDF merupakan salah satu teknik penanganan sampah dengan mengubah sampah menjadi sesuatu yang bermanfaat yaitu bahan bakar. Sampah sangat berpotensi menjadi bahan baku RDF terutama organik dan plastik sebagai sampah yang mudah terbakar (combustible). Sampah tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi bahan baku RDF dengan cara menganalisis nilai kalor yang dihasilkan. Untuk menganalisis nilai kalor pada sampah combustible zona aktif II TPA Jatibarang dapat dilakukan dengan cara pengujian sampel sebanyak 100 gram dengan alat bom kalorimeter. Sampel tersebut diambil pada kedalaman 0-3 m dengan metode random sampling. Kemudian akan didapat nilai kalor tinggi yang dihasilkan sampel tersebut. Nilai Kalor Tinggi yang dihasilkan sampel tersebut sebesar 5,69 kkal/ton pada kedalaman 0-1 m, 6,07 kkal/ton pada kedalaman 1-2 m dan 5,94 kkal/ton pada kedalaman 2-3 m. Nilai kalor tinggi yang dihasilkan sampah combustible tersebut menunjukkan bahwa semakin rendah kedalaman sampah maka akan semakin tinggi nilai kalor yang dihasilkan dan sampah tersebut berpotensi sebagai bahan baku RDF.

Abstrak: Peningkatan jumlah timbulan sampah menyebabkan meningkatnya kebutuhan lahan pada TPA Jatibarang. Untuk menghindari terjadinya kekurangan lahan perlu dilakukan penanganan pada sampah yakni dengan mengubah sampah menjadi sumber energi seperti bahan baku RDF (Refused Derived Fuel). RDF merupakan salah satu teknik penanganan sampah dengan mengubah sampah menjadi sesuatu yang bermanfaat yaitu bahan bakar. Sampah tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi bahan baku RDF dengan cara menganalisis nilai kalor yang dihasilkan. Untuk menganalisis nilai kalor pada sampah combustible zona pasif TPA Jatibarang dapat dilakukan dengan cara pengujian sampel sebanyak 100 gram dengan alat bom kalorimeter. Sampel tersebut diambil pada kedalaman 0-3 m dengan metode random sampling. Kemudian akan didapat nilai kalor tinggi yang dihasilkan sampel tersebut. Nilai Kalor Tinggi yang dihasilkan sampel tersebut sebesar 5,25 kkal/ton pada kedalaman 0-1 m, 5,76 kkal/ton pada kedalaman 1-2 m dan 6,31 kkal/ton pada kedalaman 2-3 m. Nilai kalor tinggi yang dihasilkan sampah combustible tersebut menunjukkan bahwa semakin rendah kedalaman sampah maka akan semakin tinggi nilai kalor yang dihasilkan dan sampah tersebut berpotensi sebagai bahan baku RDF.

Mikroorganisme merupakan salah satu komponen penting dalam proses Solid Phase Microbial Fuel Cell (SMFC) untuk degradasi bahan organik dan transfer elektron. Pemilihan sumber mikroorganisme menjadi metode yang paling sederhana untuk dikaji sebagai informasi awal ketersediaan dan identifikasi jenis mikroorganisme yang mendukung proses SMFC. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk memilih sumber mikroorganisme tanah, septic tank dan sedimen sungai yang tepat digunakan dalam proses SMFC berdasarkan jenis dan volume sampah, power density, dan efisiensi penurunan COD. Kajian ini didasarkan pada hasil penelitian menggunakan reaktor SMFC tipe single chamber microbial fuel cell dengan variabel jenis dan volume sampah , serta sumber mikroorganisme. Metode perbandingan secara kuantitatif dilakukan berdasarkan kecenderungan nilai power density dan efisiensi penurunan COD tertinggi di antara jenis dan volume sampah kantin, dedaunan dan komposit kantin-dedaunan. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah sumber mikroorganisme tanah dan sedimen sungai tepat digunakan untuk volume sampah 1/3 dan 2/3 dari volume reaktor, sedangkan sumber mikroorganisme septic tank tepat digunakan untuk volume sampah 1/3 dan 1/2 dari volume reaktor. Sumber mikroorganisme dari septic tank menunjukkan kinerja power density dan efisiensi penurunan COD yang lebih rendah dibandingkan sumber mikroorganisme tanah dan sedimen sungai.

Kegiatan pengelolaan sampah dapat melepaskan gas rumah kaca (GRK) ke atmosfer dan mengintensifkan iklim global. Pengomposan adalah proses komponen aerobik karbon degradable organik dalam limbah diubah menjadi karbon dioksida. Menggabungkan pra-kompos dan vermicomposting berpotensi menimbulkan emisi amonia dan gas rumah kaca. Desain percobaan dilakukan dengan memberikan fermentasi kotoran kambing dalam vermicomposting sampah organik dengan jumlah yang berbeda untuk mengetahui pengaruh fermentasi kotoran kambing terhadap emisi gas CO2, CH4, N2O saat kematangan kompos. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan 4 kombinasi yaitu kombinasi pertama 80% sampah organik, 20% kotoran kambing; kombinasi kedua yaitu 80% sampah organik, 20% kotoran kambing, 100 mL Aspergilus niger; kombinasi ketiga yaitu 60% sampah organik, 40% kotoran kambing; dan kombinasi keempat yaitu 60% sampah organik, 40% kotoran kambing, 100 mL Aspergilus niger. Kriteria pengujian yang digunakan adalah pengujian emisi gas CO2, CH4, N2O di akhir kematangan kompos. Dengan adanya penambahan kotoran kambing, semakin banyak kotoran kambing ditambahkan emisi gas CO2, CH4 dan N2O semakin banyak. Sedangkan dengan ditambahkan Aspergillus niger, proses fermentasi semakin cepat dalam menghasilkan emisi gas CO2, CH4 dan N2O.

Food waste can be meat, fish, cooked food scraps, moldy bread, bone scraps, cakes, expired foods, dairy products, fruits and vegetables. Food waste which is put into the trash will decay and produce a foul odor which in turn will invite flies and cause potentially diseases. Most of the food waste that is processed using the composting process needs to spend a relatively long time, which is about 1-3 months or even 6-12 months. This study aims to accelerate composting time through the addition of additive microorganisms in various quantities. Four aerobic composter reactors were utilized in this study. Variations of additive microorganisms added to the research object were 0 in reactor (control), 8 g in B2 reactor, 16 g in B3 reactor, and 32 g in B4 reactor. All reactors were added with dolomite lime. During the composting process temperature, pH, water content and macroelement were tested. The results showed that the mature and stable compost was reached on the seventh day and produced from B2 reactor. In That reactor treated food waste and additive microorganisms with a ratio of 7:3, and 1 g dolomite lime. The level of C/N ratio produced from B2 reactor was 16.71. The value of C/N ratio was better than B3 reactor which produced C/N of 18.37. The control reactor produced a C/N ratio of 21.84 and mature and stable compost was reached on the 14th day. All in all, this study was regarded to be successful in accelerating the degradation of food waste into mature and stable compost in just seven days.

Waste water treatment of paper industry yield side product in the form of sludge which have generated problembecause there is no continuation processing. Composting sludge which come from waste water processing differfrom other composting organic solid waste, which generally in the form of dry substance. In this research usedadditional substance in the form of organic domestic solid waste, with variation sludge : domestic solid waste(kg/kg) successively 1 : 1, 1 : 4, 1 7, 3 : 2, and 5 : 3. Composting method is done by open windrow, where thecompost heaped longly and let to be opened (aerob). Result of research indicate that to the overall of variationof compost really have fulfilled standard of good ripeness compost according to SNI 19-7030-2003 and alsoaccording to other ripe compost standard. Besides, all variation of compost have yielded ripe compost withcharacteristic fulfilling hara required by crop. Variation Compost 1 : 1 representing the best compost with COrganiccontent 41,507 %, N-Total content 3,008 %, ratio C/N 13,80, moisture rate 44,03 %, P-Total content1,085 %, K-Total content 4,183 %, final temperature 30,3° C and pH 7,98

Technology to process food waste should be easy maintenance, fast, economical, affordable, environmentally friendly, and socially acceptable. Processing food waste according to the principle is biological decomposition. Biological processes usually take quite a long time (30 days). This study aims to accelerate the process of decomposition of food waste and produce a quality fertilizer products. Bulking agent (biofilm), bio activator (microorganism from cassava), and bio-drying technology are used to accelerate the decomposition process. The ratio of food waste and bulking agent is 7:3 (v/v). Mature product serves as a bulking agent and additive microorganisms. Additive microorganisms are also done by adding microorganism derived from cassava with a ratio of 10ml/500 g (Ml); 20 ml/500 g (M2); and 10ml/500 g of food waste (M3). The results showed the temperature of the food waste reached 50 ? at first. The addition of bulking agent and Additive microorganisms causes the thermophilic phase to occur early. This shows the thermophilic phase being achieved in a short period. Based on testing of compost maturity parameters, food waste has matured within 3 days. The C-Organic Concentration was 27.57%, N-total 1.98%, C/N ratio of 13.92, P-Total 0.23% and K-total 0.83%. In conclusion of this study, mature compost can be used as bulking agent with mature compost ratio and 7: 3 (v/v) bulking agent. Processing food waste is quite effective using a combination of bulking agent (mature compost), additive microorganisms and bio-drying technology.