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1. Vanadium embedded in monolayer silicene: Energetics and proximity-induced magnetism.

Author

Raji, A. T., Maboe, D. P. A., Benecha, E. M., Dongho-Nguimdo, M., Igumbor, E., and Lombardi, E. B.

Subjects
CURIE temperature, BINDING energy, ELECTRONIC structure, VANADIUM, ATOMS
Abstract

Using the density-functional theory approach, including Hubbard U correction, we investigate the defect structures consisting of vanadium (V) atoms embedded in a monolayer silicene. Specifically, we consider V–V atom pairs in antiferromagnetic (AFM), ferromagnetic (FM), and non-magnetic states, which are embedded in substitutional and interstitial sites. We determine the ground-state structures, formation and binding energies, electronic structures, induced magnetization, as well as the spin-exchange coupling between the V–V pair. For the substitutional vanadium atom pair, the stability of the AFM and FM spin configurations depends on the sublattice sites in which the V atoms are sited. When the V pair is located on a similar sublattice site type, the AFM spin alignment is more energetically favored, whereas when the pair is located in a different sublattice site, the FM interactions are more stable. However, the relative stability of the AFM or FM configurations changes rapidly as the separation between the V pair increases. Regarding the interstitial-hole V–V pair configurations, the most stable structure is when the pair is at the nearest-neighbor hole sites and is in an FM alignment. Also, at larger separations, the AFM or FM hole configurations are approximately degenerate in energy. Furthermore, we elucidate on the Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida, direct-exchange, and the superexchange interaction mechanisms in the vanadium-embedded silicene. In addition, we estimate a Curie temperature (Tc) of up to ∼500 K for a silicene structure containing a V pair in the FM spin alignment. Such a high Tc, in addition to the stability of the material, suggests that vanadium-embedded silicene is a potential candidate material for spintronic device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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14. Fruit, vegetable, and legume intake, and cardiovascular disease and deaths in 18 countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study

Author

Diaz, R, Orlandini, A, Linetsky, B, Toscanelli, S, Casaccia, G, Cuneo, JM Maini, Rahman, O, Yusuf, R, Azad, AK, Rabbani, KA, Cherry, HM, Mannan, A, Hassan, I, Talukdar, AT, Tooheen, RB, Khan, MU, Sintaha, M, Choudhury, T, Haque, R, Parvin, S, Avezum, A, Oliveira, GB, Marcilio, CS, Mattos, AC, Teo, K, Yusuf, S, Dejesus, J, Agapay, D, Tongana, T, Solano, R, Kay, I, Trottier, S, Rimac, J, Elsheikh, W, Heldman, L, Ramezani, E, Dagenais, G, Poirier, P, Turbide, G, Auger, D, De Bluts, A LeBlanc, Proulx, MC, Cayer, M, Bonneville, N, Lear, S, Gasevic, D, Corber, E, de Jong, V, Vukmirovich, I, Wielgosz, A, Fodor, G, Pipe, A, Shane, A, Lanas, F, Seron, P, Martinez, S, Valdebenito, A, Oliveros, M, Wei, Li, Lisheng, Liu, Chunming, Chen, Xingyu, Wang, Wenhua, Zhao, Hongye, Zhang, Xuan, Jia, Bo, Hu, Yi, Sun, Jian, Bo, Xiuwen, Zhao, Xiaohong, Chang, Tao, Chen, Hui, Chen, Qing, Deng, Xiaoru, Cheng, Xinye, He, Jian, Li, Juan, Li, Xu, Liu, Bing, Ren, Wei, Wang, Yang, Wang, Jun, Yang, Yi, Zhai, Manlu, Zhu, Fanghong, Lu, Jianfang, Wu, Yindong, Li, Yan, Hou, Liangqing, Zhang, Baoxia, Guo, Xiaoyang, Liao, Shiying, Zhang, Rongwen, Bian, Xiuzhen, Tian, Dong, Li, Di, Chen, Jianguo, Wu, Yize, Xiao, Tianlu, Liu, Peng, Zhang, Changlin, Dong, Ning, Li, Xiaolan, Ma, Yuqing, Yang, Rensheng, Lei, Minfan, Fu, Jing, He, Yu, Liu, Xiaojie, Xing, Qiang, Zhou, Lopez-Jaramillo, P, Lopez, PA Camacho, Garcia, R, Jurado, LJA, Gómez-Arbeláez, D, Arguello, JF, Dueñas, R, Silva, S, Pradilla, LP, Ramirez, F, Molina, DI, Cure-Cure, C, Perez, M, Hernandez, E, Arcos, E, Fernandez, S, Narvaez, C, Paez, J, Sotomayor, A, Garcia, H, Sanchez, G, David, T, Rico, A, Mony, P, Vaz, M, Bharathi, A V, Swaminathan, S, Kurpad, K Shankar AV, Jayachitra, KG, Kumar, N, Hospital, HAL, Mohan, V, Deepa, M, Parthiban, K, Anitha, M, Hemavathy, S, Rahulashankiruthiyayan, T, Anitha, D, Sridevi, K, Gupta, R, Panwar, RB, Mohan, I, Rastogi, P, Rastogi, S, Bhargava, R, Kumar, R, Thakur, J S, Patro, B, Lakshmi, PVM, Mahajan, R, Chaudary, P, Kutty, V Raman, Vijayakumar, K, Ajayan, K, Rajasree, G, Renjini, AR, Deepu, A, Sandhya, B, Asha, S, Soumya, HS, Kelishadi, R, Bahonar, A, Mohammadifard, N, Heidari, H, Yusoff, K, Ismail, TST, Ng, KK, Devi, A, Nasir, NM, Yasin, MM, Miskan, M, Rahman, EA, Arsad, MKM, Ariffin, F, Razak, SA, Majid, FA, Bakar, NA, Yacob, MY, Zainon, N, Salleh, R, Ramli, MKA, Halim, NA, Norlizan, SR, Ghazali, NM, Arshad, MN, Razali, R, Ali, S, Othman, HR, Hafar, CWJCW, Pit, A, Danuri, N, Basir, F, Zahari, SNA, Abdullah, H, Arippin, MA, Zakaria, NA, Noorhassim, I, Hasni, MJ, Azmi, MT, Zaleha, MI, Hazdi, KY, Rizam, AR, Sazman, W, Azman, A, Khatib, R, Khammash, U, Khatib, A, Giacaman, R, Iqbal, R, Afridi, A, Khawaja, R, Raza, A, Kazmi, K, Zatonski, W, Szuba, A, Zatonska, K, Ilow, R, Ferus, M, Regulska-Ilow, B, Rózanska, D, Wolyniec, M, Alkamel, Ali, M, Kruger, M A, Voster, H H, Schutte, A E, Wentzel-Viljoen, E, Eloff, FC, de Ridder, H, Moss, H, Potgieter, J, Roux, AA, Watson, M, de Wet, G, Olckers, A, Jerling, JC, Pieters, M, Hoekstra, T, Puoane, T, Igumbor, E, Tsolekile, L, Sanders, D, Naidoo, P, Steyn, N, Peer, N, Mayosi, B, Rayner, B, Lambert, V, Levitt, N, Kolbe-Alexander, T, Ntyintyane, L, Hughes, G, Swart, R, Fourie, J, Muzigaba, M, Xapa, S, Gobile, N, Ndayi, K, Jwili, B, Ndibaza, K, Egbujie, B, Rosengren, A, Boström, K Bengtsson, Gustavsson, A, Andreasson, M, Snällman, M, Wirdemann, L, Oguz, A, Imeryuz, N, Altuntas, Y, Gulec, S, Temizhan, A, Karsidag, K, Calik, KBT, Akalin, AAK, Caklili, OT, Keskinler, MV, Erbakan, AN, Yusufali, AM, Almahmeed, W, Swidan, H, Darwish, EA, Hashemi, ARA, Al-Khaja, N, Muscat-Baron, JM, Ahmed, SH, Mamdouh, TM, Darwish, WM, Abdelmotagali, MHS, Awed, SA Omer, Movahedi, GA, Hussain, F, Al Shaibani, H, Gharabou, RIM, Youssef, DF, Nawati, AZS, Salah, ZAR Abu, Abdalla, RFE, Al Shuwaihi, SM, Al Omairi, MA, Cadigal, OD, Alejandrino, R.S., Chifamba, J, Gwaunza, L, Terera, G, Mahachi, C, Murambiwa, P, Machiweni, T, Mapanga, R, Miller, Victoria, Mente, Andrew, Dehghan, Mahshid, Rangarajan, Sumathy, Zhang, Xiaohe, Swaminathan, Sumathi, Dagenais, Gilles, Gupta, Rajeev, Mohan, Viswanathan, Lear, Scott, Bangdiwala, Shrikant I, Schutte, Aletta E, Wentzel-Viljoen, Edelweiss, Avezum, Alvaro, Altuntas, Yuksel, Yusoff, Khalid, Ismail, Noorhassim, Peer, Nasheeta, Chifamba, Jephat, Diaz, Rafael, Rahman, Omar, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Lana, Fernando, Zatonska, Katarzyna, Wielgosz, Andreas, Yusufali, Afzalhussein, Iqbal, Romaina, Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio, Khatib, Rasha, Rosengren, Annika, Li, Wei, Liu, Jiankang, Liu, Xiaoyun, Yin, Lu, Teo, Koon, Anand, Sonia, and Yusuf, Salim

Published
2017
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15. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study

Author

Diaz, R, Orlandini, A, Linetsky, B, Toscanelli, S, Casaccia, G, Cuneo, JM Maini, Rahman, O, Yusuf, R, Azad, AK, Rabbani, KA, Cherry, HM, Mannan, A, Hassan, I, Talukdar, AT, Tooheen, RB, Khan, MU, Sintaha, M, Choudhury, T, Haque, R, Parvin, S, Avezum, A, Oliveira, GB, Marcilio, CS, Mattos, AC, Teo, K, Yusuf, S, Dejesus, J, Agapay, D, Tongana, T, Solano, R, Kay, I, Trottier, S, Rimac, J, Elsheikh, W, Heldman, L, Ramezani, E, Dagenais, G, Poirier, P, Turbide, G, Auger, D, De Bluts, A LeBlanc, Proulx, MC, Cayer, M, Bonneville, N, Lear, S, Gasevic, D, Corber, E, de Jong, V, Vukmirovich, I, Wielgosz, A, Fodor, G, Pipe, A, Shane, A, Lanas, F, Seron, P, Martinez, S, Valdebenito, A, Oliveros, M, Wei, Li, Lisheng, Liu, Chunming, Chen, Xingyu, Wang, Wenhua, Zhao, Hongye, Zhang, Xuan, Jia, Bo, Hu, Yi, Sun, Jian, Bo, Xiuwen, Zhao, Xiaohong, Chang, Tao, Chen, Hui, Chen, Qing, Deng, Xiaoru, Cheng, Xinye, He, Jian, Li, Juan, Li, Xu, Liu, Bing, Ren, Wei, Wang, Yang, Wang, Jun, Yang, Yi, Zhai, Manlu, Zhu, Fanghong, Lu, Jianfang, Wu, Yindong, Li, Yan, Hou, Liangqing, Zhang, Baoxia, Guo, Xiaoyang, Liao, Shiying, Zhang, Rongwen, Bian, Xiuzhen, Tian, Dong, Li, Di, Chen, Jianguo, Wu, Yize, Xiao, Tianlu, Liu, Peng, Zhang, Changlin, Dong, Ning, Li, Xiaolan, Ma, Yuqing, Yang, Rensheng, Lei, Minfan, Fu, Jing, He, Yu, Liu, Xiaojie, Xing, Qiang, Zhou, Lopez-Jaramillo, P, Lopez, PA Camacho, Garcia, R, Jurado, LJA, Gómez-Arbeláez, D, Arguello, JF, Dueñas, R, Silva, S, Pradilla, LP, Ramirez, F, Molina, DI, Cure-Cure, C, Perez, M, Hernandez, E, Arcos, E, Fernandez, S, Narvaez, C, Paez, J, Sotomayor, A, Garcia, H, Sanchez, G, David, T, Rico, A, Mony, P, Vaz, M, Bharathi, A V, Swaminathan, S, Kurpad, K Shankar AV, Jayachitra, KG, Kumar, N, Hospital, HAL, Mohan, V, Deepa, M, Parthiban, K, Anitha, M, Hemavathy, S, Rahulashankiruthiyayan, T, Anitha, D, Sridevi, K, Gupta, R, Panwar, RB, Mohan, I, Rastogi, P, Rastogi, S, Bhargava, R, Kumar, R, Thakur, J S, Patro, B, Lakshmi, PVM, Mahajan, R, Chaudary, P, Kutty, V Raman, Vijayakumar, K, Ajayan, K, Rajasree, G, Renjini, AR, Deepu, A, Sandhya, B, Asha, S, Soumya, HS, Kelishadi, R, Bahonar, A, Mohammadifard, N, Heidari, H, Yusoff, K, Ismail, TST, Ng, KK, Devi, A, Nasir, NM, Yasin, MM, Miskan, M, Rahman, EA, Arsad, MKM, Ariffin, F, Razak, SA, Majid, FA, Bakar, NA, Yacob, MY, Zainon, N, Salleh, R, Ramli, MKA, Halim, NA, Norlizan, SR, Ghazali, NM, Arshad, MN, Razali, R, Ali, S, Othman, HR, Hafar, CWJCW, Pit, A, Danuri, N, Basir, F, Zahari, SNA, Abdullah, H, Arippin, MA, Zakaria, NA, Noorhassim, I, Hasni, MJ, Azmi, MT, Zaleha, MI, Hazdi, KY, Rizam, AR, Sazman, W, Azman, A, Khatib, R, Khammash, U, Khatib, A, Giacaman, R, Iqbal, R, Afridi, A, Khawaja, R, Raza, A, Kazmi, K, Zatonski, W, Szuba, A, Zatonska, K, Ilow, R, Ferus, M, Regulska-Ilow, B, Rózanska, D, Wolyniec, M, Alkamel, Ali, M, Kruger, M A, Voster, H H, Schutte, A E, Wentzel-Viljoen, E, Eloff, FC, de Ridder, H, Moss, H, Potgieter, J, Roux, AA, Watson, M, de Wet, G, Olckers, A, Jerling, JC, Pieters, M, Hoekstra, T, Puoane, T, Igumbor, E, Tsolekile, L, Sanders, D, Naidoo, P, Steyn, N, Peer, N, Mayosi, B, Rayner, B, Lambert, V, Levitt, N, Kolbe-Alexander, T, Ntyintyane, L, Hughes, G, Swart, R, Fourie, J, Muzigaba, M, Xapa, S, Gobile, N, Ndayi, K, Jwili, B, Ndibaza, K, Egbujie, B, Rosengren, A, Boström, K Bengtsson, Gustavsson, A, Andreasson, M, Snällman, M, Wirdemann, L, Oguz, A, Imeryuz, N, Altuntas, Y, Gulec, S, Temizhan, A, Karsidag, K, Calik, KBT, Akalin, AAK, Caklili, OT, Keskinler, MV, Erbakan, AN, Yusufali, AM, Almahmeed, W, Swidan, H, Darwish, EA, Hashemi, ARA, Al-Khaja, N, Muscat-Baron, JM, Ahmed, SH, Mamdouh, TM, Darwish, WM, Abdelmotagali, MHS, Awed, SA Omer, Movahedi, GA, Hussain, F, Al Shaibani, H, Gharabou, RIM, Youssef, DF, Nawati, AZS, Salah, ZAR Abu, Abdalla, RFE, Al Shuwaihi, SM, Al Omairi, MA, Cadigal, OD, Alejandrino, R.S., Chifamba, J, Gwaunza, L, Terera, G, Mahachi, C, Murambiwa, P, Machiweni, T, Mapanga, R, Dehghan, Mahshid, Mente, Andrew, Zhang, Xiaohe, Swaminathan, Sumathi, Li, Wei, Mohan, Viswanathan, Iqbal, Romaina, Kumar, Rajesh, Wentzel-Viljoen, Edelweiss, Rosengren, Annika, Amma, Leela Itty, Avezum, Alvaro, Chifamba, Jephat, Diaz, Rafael, Khatib, Rasha, Lear, Scott, Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio, Liu, Xiaoyun, Gupta, Rajeev, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Gao, Nan, Oguz, Aytekin, Ramli, Anis Safura, Seron, Pamela, Sun, Yi, Szuba, Andrzej, Tsolekile, Lungiswa, Wielgosz, Andreas, Yusuf, Rita, Hussein Yusufali, Afzal, Teo, Koon K, Rangarajan, Sumathy, Dagenais, Gilles, Bangdiwala, Shrikant I, Islam, Shofiqul, Anand, Sonia S, and Yusuf, Salim

Published
2017
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21. Association of dietary nutrients with blood lipids and blood pressure in 18 countries: a cross-sectional analysis from the PURE study

Author

Yusuf, S, Rangarajan, S, Teo, K K, Chow, C K, O'Donnell, M, Mente, A, Leong, D, Smyth, A, Joseph, P, Merchant, A, Islam, S, Zhang, M, Hu, W, Ramasundarahettige, C, Wong, G, Bangdiwala, S, Dyal, L, Casanova, A, Dehghan, M, Lewis, G, Aliberti, A, Arshad, A, Reyes, A, Zaki, A, Lewis, B, Zhang, B, Agapay, D, Hari, D, Milazzo, E, Ramezani, E, Hussain, F, Shifaly, F, McAlpine, G, Kay, I, Lindeman, J, Rimac, J, Swallow, J, Heldman, L, Mushtaha, M(a), Mushtaha, M(o), Trottier, M, Riggi, M, Aoucheva, N, Kandy, N, Mackie, P, Solano, R, Chin, S, Ramacham, S, Shahrook, S, Trottier, S, Tongana, T, ElSheikh, W, Iyengar, Y, McQueen, M, Hall, K, Keys, J, Wang, X, Keneth, J, Devanath, A, Diaz, R, Orlandini, A, Linetsky, B, Toscanelli, S, Casaccia, G, Cuneo, JM Maini, Rahman, O, Yusuf, R, Azad, AK, Rabbani, KA, Cherry, HM, Mannan, A, Hassan, I, Talukdar, AT, Tooheen, RB, Khan, MU, Sintaha, M, Choudhury, T, Haque, R, Parvin, S, Avezum, A, Oliveira, GB, Marcilio, CS, Mattos, AC, Teo, K, Dejesus, J, Elsheikh, W, Dagenais, G, Poirier, P, Turbide, G, Auger, D, De Bluts, A LeBlanc, Proulx, MC, Cayer, M, Bonneville, N, Lear, S, Gasevic, D, Corber, E, de Jong, V, Vukmirovich, I, Wielgosz, A, Fodor, G, Pipe, A, Shane, A, Lanas, F, Seron, P, Martinez, S, Valdebenito, A, Oliveros, M, Wei, Li, Lisheng, Liu, Chunming, Chen, Xingyu, Wang, Wenhua, Zhao, Hongye, Zhang, Xuan, Jia, Bo, Hu, Yi, Sun, Jian, Bo, Xiuwen, Zhao, Xiaohong, Chang, Tao, Chen, Hui, Chen, Qing, Deng, Xiaoru, Cheng, Xinye, He, Jian, Li, Juan, Li, Xu, Liu, Bing, Ren, Wei, Wang, Yang, Wang, Jun, Yang, Yi, Zhai, Manlu, Zhu, Fanghong, Lu, Jianfang, Wu, Yindong, Li, Yan, Hou, Liangqing, Zhang, Baoxia, Guo, Xiaoyang, Liao, Shiying, Zhang, Rongwen, Bian, Xiuzhen, Tian, Dong, Li, Di, Chen, Jianguo, Wu, Yize, Xiao, Tianlu, Liu, Peng, Zhang, Changlin, Dong, Ning, Li, Xiaolan, Ma, Yuqing, Yang, Rensheng, Lei, Minfan, Fu, Jing, He, Yu, Liu, Xiaojie, Xing, Qiang, Zhou, Lopez-Jaramillo, P, Lopez, PA Camacho, Garcia, R, Jurado, LJA, Gómez-Arbeláez, D, Arguello, JF, Dueñas, R, Silva, S, Pradilla, LP, Ramirez, F, Molina, DI, Cure-Cure, C, Perez, M, Hernandez, E, Arcos, E, Fernandez, S, Narvaez, C, Paez, J, Sotomayor, A, Garcia, H, Sanchez, G, David, T, Rico, A, Mony, P, Vaz, M, Bharathi, A V, Swaminathan, S, Kurpad, K Shankar AV, Jayachitra, KG, Kumar, N, Hospital, HAL, Mohan, V, Deepa, M, Parthiban, K, Anitha, M, Hemavathy, S, Rahulashankiruthiyayan, T, Anitha, D, Sridevi, K, Gupta, R, Panwar, RB, Mohan, I, Rastogi, P, Rastogi, S, Bhargava, R, Kumar, R, Thakur, J S, Patro, B, Lakshmi, PVM, Mahajan, R, Chaudary, P, Kutty, V Raman, Vijayakumar, K, Ajayan, K, Rajasree, G, Renjini, AR, Deepu, A, Sandhya, B, Asha, S, Soumya, HS, Kelishadi, R, Bahonar, A, Mohammadifard, N, Heidari, H, Yusoff, K, Ismail, TST, Ng, KK, Devi, A, Nasir, NM, Yasin, MM, Miskan, M, Rahman, EA, Arsad, MKM, Ariffin, F, Razak, SA, Majid, FA, Bakar, NA, Yacob, MY, Zainon, N, Salleh, R, Ramli, MKA, Halim, NA, Norlizan, SR, Ghazali, NM, Arshad, MN, Razali, R, Ali, S, Othman, HR, Hafar, CWJCW, Pit, A, Danuri, N, Basir, F, Zahari, SNA, Abdullah, H, Arippin, MA, Zakaria, NA, Noorhassim, I, Hasni, MJ, Azmi, MT, Zaleha, MI, Hazdi, KY, Rizam, AR, Sazman, W, Azman, A, Khatib, R, Khammash, U, Khatib, A, Giacaman, R, Iqbal, R, Afridi, A, Khawaja, R, Raza, A, Kazmi, K, Dans, A, Co, HU, Sanchez, JT, Pudol, L, Zamora-Pudol, C, Palileo-Villanueva, LAM, Aquino, MR, Abaquin, C, Pudol, SL, Cabral, ML, Zatonski, W, Szuba, A, Zatonska, K, Ilow, R, Ferus, M, Regulska-Ilow, B, Rózanska, D, Wolyniec, M, AlHabib, KF, Hersi, A, Kashour, T, Alfaleh, H, Alshamiri, M, Altaradi, HB, Alnobani, O, Bafart, A, Alkamel, N, Ali, M, Abdulrahman, M, Nouri, R, Kruger, A, Voster, H H, Schutte, A E, Wentzel-Viljoen, E, Eloff, FC, de Ridder, H, Moss, H, Potgieter, J, Roux, AA, Watson, M, de Wet, G, Olckers, A, Jerling, JC, Pieters, M, Hoekstra, T, Puoane, T, Igumbor, E, Tsolekile, L, Sanders, D, Naidoo, P, Steyn, N, Peer, N, Mayosi, B, Rayner, B, Lambert, V, Levitt, N, Kolbe-Alexander, T, Ntyintyane, L, Hughes, G, Swart, R, Fourie, J, Muzigaba, M, Xapa, S, Gobile, N, Ndayi, K, Jwili, B, Ndibaza, K, Egbujie, B, Rosengren, A, Bengtsson Boström, K, Gustavsson, A, Andreasson, M, Snällman, M, Wirdemann, L, Yeates, K, Sleeth, J, Kilonzo, K, Oguz, A, Imeryuz, N, Altuntas, Y, Gulec, S, Temizhan, A, Karsidag, K, Calik, KBT, Akalin, AAK, Caklili, OT, Keskinler, MV, Erbakan, AN, Yusufali, AM, Almahmeed, W, Swidan, H, Darwish, EA, Hashemi, ARA, Al-Khaja, N, Muscat-Baron, JM, Ahmed, SH, Mamdouh, TM, Darwish, WM, Abdelmotagali, MHS, Awed, SA Omer, Movahedi, GA, Al Shaibani, H, Gharabou, RIM, Youssef, DF, Nawati, AZS, Salah, ZAR Abu, Abdalla, RFE, Al Shuwaihi, SM, Al Omairi, MA, Cadigal, OD, Alejandrino, R.S., Chifamba, J, Gwaunza, L, Terera, G, Mahachi, C, Murambiwa, P, Machiweni, T, Mapanga, R, Mente, Andrew, Dehghan, Mahshid, Rangarajan, Sumathy, McQueen, Matthew, Dagenais, Gilles, Wielgosz, Andreas, Lear, Scott, Li, Wei, Chen, Hui, Wang, Yang, Diaz, Rafael, Avezum, Alvaro, Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio, Seron, Pamela, Kumar, Rajesh, Gupta, Rajeev, Mohan, Viswanathan, Swaminathan, Sumathi, Kutty, Raman, Zatonska, Katarzyna, Iqbal, Romaina, Yusuf, Rita, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Khatib, Rasha, Nasir, Nafiza Mat, Ismail, Noorhassim, Oguz, Aytekin, Rosengren, Annika, Yusufali, Afzalhussein, Wentzel-Viljoen, Edelweiss, Puoane, Thandi, Chifamba, Jephat, Teo, Koon, Anand, Sonia S, and Yusuf, Salim

Published
2017
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22. Availability and affordability of blood pressure-lowering medicines and the effect on blood pressure control in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: an analysis of the PURE study data

Author

Yusuf, S, Rangarajan, S, Teo, K K, Chow, C K, O'Donnell, M, Mente, A, Leong, D, Smyth, A, Joseph, P, Islam, S, Zhang, M, Hu, W, Ramasundarahettige, C, Wong, G, Dayal, L, Casanova, A, Dehghan, M, Lewis, G, Aliberti, A, Reyes, A, Zaki, A, Lewis, B, Zhang, B, Agapay, D, Hari, D, Milazzo, E, Ramezani, E, Hussain, F, Shifaly, F, Kay, I, Rimac, J, Swallow, J, Heldman, L, Mushtaha, M(a), Mushtaha, M(o), Trottier, M, Aoucheva, N, Kandy, N, Mackie, P, Solano, R, Chin, S, Ramacham, S, Shahrook, S, Trottier, S, Tongana, T, ElSheikh, W, Lindeman, J, McQueen, M, Hall, K, Keys, J, Wang, X, Keneth, J, Devanath, A, Diaz, R, Orlandini, A, Linetsky, B, Toscanelli, S, Casaccia, G, Maini Cuneo, JM, Rahman, O, Yusuf, R, Azad, AK, Rabbani, KA, Cherry, HM, Mannan, A, Hassan, I, Talukdar, AT, Tooheen, RB, Khan, MU, Sintaha, M, Choudhury, T, Haque, R, Parvin, S, Avezum, A, Oliveira, GB, Marcilio, CS, Mattos, AC, Teo, K, Dejesus, J, Elsheikh, W, Dagenais, G, Poirier, P, Turbide, G, Auger, D, De Bluts, A LeBlanc, Proulx, MC, Cayer, M, Bonneville, N, Lear, S, Gasevic, D, Corber, E, de Jong, V, Vukmirovich, I, Wielgosz, A, Fodor, G, Pipe, A, Shane, A, Lanas, F, Seron, P, Martinez, S, Valdebenito, A, Oliveros, M, Wei, Li, Lisheng, Liu, Chunming, Chen, Xingyu, Wang, Wenhua, Zhao, Hongye, Zhang, JiaXuan, Bo, Hu, Yi, Sun, Jian, Bo, Xiuwen, Zhao, Xiaohong, Chang, Tao, Chen, Hui, Chen, Qing, Deng, Xiaoru, Cheng, Xinye, He, Jian, Li, Juan, Li, Xu, Liu, Bing, Ren, Wei, Wang, Yang, Wang, Jun, Yang, Yi, Zhai, Manlu, Zhu, Fanghong, Lu, Jianfang, Wu, Yindong, Li, Yan, Hou, Liangqing, Zhang, Baoxia, Guo, Xiaoyang, Liao, Shiying, Zhang, BianRongwen, TianXiuzhen, Dong, Li, Di, Chen, Jianguo, Wu, Yize, Xiao, Tianlu, Liu, Peng, Zhang, Changlin, Dong, Ning, Li, Xiaolan, Ma, Yuqing, Yang, Rensheng, Lei, Minfan, Fu, Jing, He, Yu, Liu, Xiaojie, Xing, Qiang, Zhou, Lopez-Jaramillo, P, Lopez, PA Camacho, Garcia, R, Jurado, LJA, Gómez-Arbeláez, D, Arguello, JF, Dueñas, R, Silva, S, Pradilla, LP, Ramirez, F, Molina, DI, Cure-Cure, C, Perez, M, Hernandez, E, Arcos, E, Fernandez, S, Narvaez, C, Paez, J, Sotomayor, A, Garcia, H, Sanchez, G, David, T, Rico, A, Mony, P, Vaz, M, Bharathi, A V, Swaminathan, S, Shankar, K, Kurpad, AV, Jayachitra, KG, Kumar, N, Hospital, HAL, Mohan, V, Deepa, M, Parthiban, K, Anitha, M, Hemavathy, S, Rahulashankiruthiyayan, T, Anitha, D, Sridevi, K, Gupta, R, Panwar, RB, Mohan, I, Rastogi, P, Rastogi, S, Bhargava, R, Kumar, R, Thakur, J S, Patro, B, Lakshmi, PVM, Mahajan, R, Chaudary, P, Kutty, V Raman, Vijayakumar, K, Ajayan, K, Rajasree, G, Renjini, AR, Deepu, A, Sandhya, B, Asha, S, Soumya, HS, Kelishadi, R, Bahonar, A, Mohammadifard, N, Heidari, H, Yusoff, K, Ismail, TST, Ng, KK, Devi, A, Nasir, NM, Yasin, MM, Miskan, M, Rahman, EA, Arsad, MKM, Ariffin, F, Razak, SA, Majid, FA, Bakar, NA, Yacob, MY, Zainon, N, Salleh, R, Ramli, MKA, Halim, NA, Norlizan, SR, Ghazali, NM, Arshad, MN, Razali, R, Ali, S, Othman, HR, Hafar, CWJCW, Pit, A, Danuri, N, Basir, F, Zahari, SNA, Abdullah, H, Arippin, MA, Zakaria, NA, Noorhassim, I, Hasni, MJ, Azmi, MT, Zaleha, MI, Hazdi, KY, Rizam, AR, Sazman, W, Azman, A, Khatib, R, Khammash, U, Khatib, A, Giacaman, R, Iqbal, R, Afridi, A, Khawaja, R, Raza, A, Kazmi, K, Dans, A, Co, HU, Sanchez, JT, Pudol, L, Zamora-Pudol, C, Palileo-Villanueva, LAM, Aquino, MR, Abaquin, C, Pudol, SL, Cabral, ML, Zatonski, W, Szuba, A, Zatonska, K, Ilow#, R, Ferus, M, Regulska-Ilow, B, Różańska, D, Wolyniec, M, AlHabib, KF, Hersi, A, Kashour, T, Alfaleh, H, Alshamiri, M, Altaradi, HB, Alnobani, O, Bafart, A, Alkamel, N, Ali, M, Abdulrahman, M, Nouri, R, Kruger, A, Voster, H H, Schutte, A E, Wentzel-Viljoen, E, Eloff, FC, de Ridder, H, Moss, H, Potgieter, J, Roux, AA, Watson, M, de Wet, G, Olckers, A, Jerling, JC, Pieters, M, Hoekstra, T, Puoane, T, Igumbor, E, Tsolekile, L, Sanders, D, Naidoo, P, Steyn, N, Peer, N, Mayosi, B, Rayner, B, Lambert, V, Levitt, N, Kolbe-Alexander, T, Ntyintyane, L, Hughes, G, Swart, R, Fourie, J, Muzigaba, M, Xapa, S, Gobile, N, Ndayi, K, Jwili, B, Ndibaza, K, Egbujie, B, Rosengren, A, Boström, K Bengtsson, Lindblad, U, Langkilde, P, Gustavsson, A, Andreasson, M, Snällman, M, Wirdemann, L, Pettersson, K, Moberg, E, Yeates, K, Sleeth, J, Kilonzo, K, Oguz, A, Akalin, AAK, Calik, KBT, Imeryuz, N, Temizhan, A, Alphan, E, Gunes, E, Sur, H, Karsidag, K, Gulec, S, Altuntas, Y, Yusufali, AM, Almahmeed, W, Swidan, H, Darwish, EA, Hashemi, ARA, Al-Khaja, N, Muscat-Baron, JM, Ahmed, SH, Mamdouh, TM, Darwish, WM, Abdelmotagali, MHS, Awed, SA Omer, Movahedi, GA, Shaibani, H Al, Gharabou, RIM, Youssef, DF, Nawati, AZS, Salah, ZAR Abu, Abdalla, RFE, Shuwaihi, SM Al, Omairi, MA Al, Cadigal, OD, Alejandrino, R.S., Chifamba, J, Gwaunza, L, Terera, G, Mahachi, C, Murambiwa, P, Machiweni, T, Mapanga, R, Attaei, Marjan W, Khatib, Rasha, McKee, Martin, Lear, Scott, Dagenais, Gilles, Igumbor, Ehimario U, AlHabib, Khalid F, Kaur, Manmeet, Kruger, Lanthe, Teo, Koon, Lanas, Fernando, Yusoff, Khalid, Oguz, Aytekin, Gupta, Rajeev, Yusufali, Afzalhussein M, Bahonar, Ahmad, Kutty, Raman, Rosengren, Annika, Mohan, Viswanathan, Avezum, Alvaro, Yusuf, Rita, Szuba, Andrzej, Rangarajan, Sumathy, Chow, Clara, and Yusuf, Salim

Published
2017
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28. Assessing global risk factors for non-fatal injuries from road traffic accidents and falls in adults aged 35–70 years in 17 countries: a cross-sectional analysis of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study

Author

Raina, Parminder, Sohel, Nazmul, Oremus, Mark, Shannon, Harry, Mony, Prem, Kumar, Rajesh, Li, Wei, Wang, Yang, Wang, Xingyu, Yusoff, Khalid, Yusuf, Rita, Iqbal, Romaina, Szuba, Andrzej, Oguz, Aytekin, Rosengren, Annika, Kruger, Annamarie, Chifamba, Jephat, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Darwish, Ebtihal Ahmad, Dagenais, Gilles, Diaz, Rafael, Avezum, Alvaro, Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio, Seron, Pamela, Rangarajan, Sumathy, Teo, Koon, Yusuf, Salim, Yusuf, S, Rangarajan, S, Teo, KK, Chow, C K, OʼDonnell, M, Mente, A, Leong, D, Smyth, A, Joseph, P, Islam, S, Zhang, M, Hu, W, Wong, G, Manandhar, N, Dehghan, M, Royerr, M, DeJesus, J, Lewis, G, Mackie, P, Farago, L, Kay, I, Agapay, D, Solano, R, Ramacham, S, Kandy, N, Rimac, J, Trottier, S, ElSheikh, W, Mustaha, M, Tongana, T, Aoucheva, N, Swallow, J, Ramezani, E, Lindeman, J, McQueen, M, Hall, K, Keys, J, Wang, X, Keneth, J, Devanath, A, Diaz, R, Orlandini, A, Linetsky, B, Toscanelli, S, Casaccia, G, Cuneo, JM Maini, Rahman, O, Yusuf, R, Azad, AK, Rabbani, KA, Cherry, HM, Mannan, A, Hassan, I, Talukdar, AT, Tooheen, RB, Khan, MU, Sintaha, M, Choudhury, T, Haque, R, Parvin, S, Avezum, A, Oliveira, GB, Marcilio, CS, Mattos, AC, Teo, K, Yusuf, S, Dejesus, J, Agapay, D, Tongana, T, Solano, R, Kay, I, Trottier, S, Rimac, J, Elsheikh, W, Heldman, L, Ramezani, E, Dagenais, G, Poirier, P, Turbide, G, Auger, D, De Bluts, A LeBlanc, Proulx, MC, Cayer, M, Bonneville, N, Lear, S, Gasevic, D, Corber, E, de Jong, V, Vukmirovich, I, Wielgosz, A, Fodor, G, Pipe, A, Shane, A, Lanas, F, Seron, P, Martinez, S, Valdebenito, A, Oliveros, M, Wei, Li, Lisheng, Liu, Chunming, Chen, Xingyu, Wang, Wenhua, Zhao, Hongye, Zhang, Xuan, Jia, Bo, Hu, Yi, Sun, Jian, Bo, Xiuwen, Zhao, Xiaohong, Chang, Tao, Chen, Hui, Chen, Qing, Deng, Xiaoru, Cheng, Xinye, He, Jian, Li, Juan, Li, Xu, Liu, Bing, Ren, Wei, Wang, Yang, Wang, Jun, Yang, Yi, Zhai, Manlu, Zhu, Fanghong, Lu, Jianfang, Wu, Yindong, Li, Yan, Hou, Liangqing, Zhang, Baoxia, Guo, Xiaoyang, Liao, Shiying, Zhang, Rongwen, Bian, Xiuzhen, Tian, Dong, Li, Di, Chen, Jianguo, Wu, Yize, Xiao, Tianlu, Liu, Peng, Zhang, Changlin, Dong, Ning, Li, Xiaolan, Ma, Yuqing, Yang, Rensheng, Lei, Minfan, Fu, Jing, He, Yu, Liu, Xiaojie, Xing, Qiang, Zhou, Lopez-Jaramillo, P, Lopez, PACamacho, Garcia, R, Jurado, LJA, Gómez-Arbeláez, D, Arguello, JF, Dueñas, R, Silva, S, Pradilla, LP, Ramirez, F, Molina, DI, Cure-Cure, C, Perez, M, Hernandez, E, Arcos, E, Fernandez, S, Narvaez, C, Paez, J, Sotomayor, A, Garcia, H, Sanchez, G, David, T, Rico, A, Mony, P, Vaz, M, Bharathi, A V, Swaminathan, S, Kurpad, K Shankar AV, Jayachitra, KG, Kumar, N, Hospital, HAL, Mohan, V, Deepa, M, Parthiban, K, Anitha, M, Hemavathy, S, Rahulashankiruthiyayan, T, Anitha, D, Sridevi, K, Gupta, R, Panwar, RB, Mohan, I, Rastogi, P, Rastogi, S, Bhargava, R, Kumar, R, S Thakur, J, Patro, B, Lakshmi, PVM, Mahajan, R, Chaudary, P, Kutty, V Raman, Vijayakumar, K, Ajayan, K, Rajasree, G, Renjini, AR, Deepu, A, Sandhya, B, Asha, S, Soumya, HS, Kelishadi, R, Bahonar, A, Mohammadifard, N, Heidari, H, Yusoff, K, Ismail, TST, Ng, KK, Devi, A, Nasir, NM, Yasin, MM, Miskan, M, Rahman, EA, Arsad, MKM, Ariffin, F, Razak, SA, Majid, FA, Bakar, NA, Yacob, MY, Zainon, N, Salleh, R, Ramli, MKA, Halim, NA, Norlizan, SR, Ghazali, NM, Arshad, MN, Razali, R, Ali, S, Othman, HR, Hafar, CWJCW, Pit, A, Danuri, N, Basir, F, Zahari, SNA, Abdullah, H, Arippin, MA, Zakaria, NA, Noorhassim, I, Hasni, MJ, Azmi, MT, Zaleha, MI, Hazdi, KY, Rizam, AR, Sazman, W, Azman, A, Iqbal, R, Afridi, A, Khawaja, R, Raza, A, Kazmi, K, Zatonski, W, Szuba, A, Zatonska, K, Ilow, R, Ferus, M, Regulska-Ilow, B, Różańska, D, Wolyniec, M, Kruger, A, Voster, HH, Schutte, A E, Wentzel-Viljoen, E, Eloff, FC, de Ridder, H, Moss, H, Potgieter, J, Roux, AA, Watson, M, de Wet, G, Olckers, A, Jerling, JC, Pieters, M, Hoekstra, T, Puoane, T, Igumbor, E, Tsolekile, L, Sanders, D, Naidoo, P, Steyn, N, Peer, N, Mayosi, B, Rayner, B, Lambert, V, Levitt, N, Kolbe-Alexander, T, Ntyintyane, L, Hughes, G, Swart, R, Fourie, J, Muzigaba, M, Xapa, S, Gobile, N, Ndayi, K, Jwili, B, Ndibaza, K, Egbujie, B, Rosengren, A, Bengtsson Boström, K, Lindblad, U, Langkilde, P, Gustavsson, A, Andreasson, M, Snällman, M, Wirdemann, L, Pettersson, K, Moberg, E, Oguz, A, Akalin, AAK, Calik, KBT, Imeryuz, N, Temizhan, A, Alphan, E, Gunes, E, Sur, H, Karsidag, K, Gulec, S, Altuntas, Y, Yusufali, AM, Almahmeed, W, Swidan, H, Darwish, EA, Hashemi, ARA, Al-Khaja, N, Muscat-Baron, JM, Ahmed, SH, Mamdouh, TM, Darwish, WM, Abdelmotagali, MHS, Omer Awed, SA, Movahedi, GA, Hussain, F, Shaibani, H Al, Gharabou, RIM, Youssef, DF, Nawati, AZS, Salah, ZAR Abu, Abdalla, RFE, Shuwaihi, SM Al, Omairi, MA Al, Cadigal, OD, Alejandrino, R.S., Chifamba, J, Gwaunza, L, Terera, G, Mahachi, C, Mrambiwa, P, Machiweni, T, and Mapanga, R

Published
2016
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29. Carga global, regional y nacional de neurológicas. Desórdenes, 1990-2016: un análisis sistemático para el Global Estudio de la carga de enfermedad 2016

Author

Feigin V, Nichols E, Alam T, Bannick M, Beghi E, Blake N, Culpepper W, Dorsey E, Elbaz A, Ellenbogen R, Fisher J, Fitzmaurice C, Giussani G, Glennie L, James S, Johnson C, Kassebaum N, Logroscino G, Marin B, Mountjoy-Venning W, Nguyen M, Ofori-Asenso R, Patel A, Piccininni M, Roth G, Steiner T, Stovner L, Szoeke C, Theadom A, Vollset S, Wallin M, Wright C, Zunt J, Abbasi N, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Aboyans V, Abraha H, Acharya D, Adamu A, Adebayo O, Adeoye A, Adsuar J, Afarideh M, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmed M, Aichour A, Aichour I, Aichour M, Akinyemi R, Akseer N, Al-Eyadhy A, Salman R, Alahdab F, Alene K, Aljunid S, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Anber N, Antonio C, Arabloo J, Aremu O, Arnlov J, Asayesh H, Asghar R, Atalay H, Awasthi A, Quintanilla B, Ayuk T, Badawi A, Banach M, Banoub J, Barboza M, Barker-Collo S, Barnighausen T, Baune B, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Bejot Y, Bekele B, Belachew A, Bennett D, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Beuran M, Bhattacharyya K, Bhutta Z, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bililign N, Bin Sayeed M, Blazes C, Brayne C, Butt Z, Campos-Nonato I, Cantu-Brito C, Car M, Cardenas R, Carrero J, Carvalho F, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Castro F, Catala-Lopez F, Cerin E, Chaiah Y, Chang J, Chatziralli I, Chiang P, Christensen H, Christopher D, Cooper C, Cortesi P, Costa V, Criqui M, Crowe C, Damasceno A, Daryani A, De la Cruz-Gongora V, De la Hoz F, De Leo D, Degefa M, Demoz G, Deribe K, Dharmaratne S, Diaz D, Dinberu M, Djalalinia S, Doku D, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duken E, Edvardsson D, El-Khatib Z, Endres M, Endries A, Eskandarieh S, Esteghamati A, Esteghamati S, Farhadi F, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Farzaei M, Fatima B, Fereshtehnejad S, Fernandes E, Feyissa G, Filip I, Fischer F, Fukumoto T, Ganji M, Gankpe F, Garcia-Gordillo M, Gebre A, Gebremichael T, Gelaw B, Geleijnse J, Geremew D, Gezae K, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Gidey M, Gill P, Gill T, Gnedovskaya E, Goulart A, Grada A, Grosso G, Guo Y, Gupta R, Haagsma J, Hagos T, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh R, Hamidi S, Hankey G, Hao Y, Haro J, Hassankhani H, Hassen H, Havmoeller R, Hay S, Hegazy M, Heidari B, Henok A, Heydarpour F, Hoang C, Hole M, Rad E, Hosseini S, Hu G, Igumbor E, Ilesanmi O, Irvani S, Islam S, Jakovljevic M, Javanbakht M, Jha R, Jobanputra Y, Jonas J, Jozwiak J, Jurisson M, Kahsay A, Kalani R, Kalkonde Y, Kamil T, Kanchan T, Karami M, Karch A, Karimi N, Kasaeian A, Kassa T, Kassa Z, Kaul A, Kefale A, Keiyoro P, Khader Y, Khafaie M, Khalil I, Khan E, Khang Y, Khazaie H, Kiadaliri A, Kiirithio D, Kim A, Kim D, Kim Y, Kisa A, Kokubo Y, Koyanagi A, Krishnamurthi R, Defo B, Bicer B, Kumar M, Lacey B, Lafranconi A, Lansingh V, Latifi A, Leshargie C, Li S, Liao Y, Linn S, Lo W, Lopez J, Lorkowski S, Lotufo P, Lucas R, Lunevicius R, Mackay M, Mahotra N, Majdan M, Majdzadeh R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta D, Manafi N, Mansournia M, Mantovani L, Marz W, Mashamba-Thompson T, Massenburg B, Mate K, McAlinden C, McGrath J, Mehta V, Meier T, Meles H, Melese A, Memiah P, Memish Z, Mendoza W, Mengistu D, Mengistu G, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Miller T, Mini G, Mirrakhimov E, Moazen B, Mohajer B, Mezerji N, Mohammadi M, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Mohammadibakhsh R, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad A, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradinazar M, Moraga P, Velasquez I, Morrison S, Mousavi S, Muhammed O, Muruet W, Musa K, Mustafa G, Naderi M, Nagel G, Naheed A, Naik G, Najafi F, Nangia V, Negoi I, Negoi R, Newton C, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen C, Nguyen L, Ningrum D, Nirayo Y, Nixon M, Norrving B, Noubiap J, Shiadeh M, Nyasulu P, Ogbo F, Oh I, Olagunju A, Olagunju T, Olivares P, Onwujekwe O, Oren E, Owolabi M, Mahesh P, Pakpour A, Pan W, Panda-Jonas S, Pandian J, Patel S, Pereira D, Petzold M, Pillay J, Piradov M, Polanczyk G, Polinder S, Postma M, Poulton R, Poustchi H, Prakash S, Prakash V, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rajati F, Ram U, Ranta A, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Reinig N, Reis C, Renzaho A, Resnikoff S, Rezaeian S, Rezai M, Gonzalez C, Roberts N, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roro E, Roshandel G, Rostami A, Sabbagh P, Sacco R, Sachdev P, Saddik B, Safari H, Safari-Faramani R, Safi S, Safiri S, Sagar R, Sahathevan R, Sahebkar A, Sahraian M, Salamati P, Zahabi S, Salimi Y, Samy A, Sanabria J, Santos I, Milicevic M, Sarrafzadegan N, Sartorius B, Sarvi S, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Sawant A, Sawhney M, Schneider I, Schottker B, Schwebel D, Seedat S, Sepanlou S, Shabaninejad H, Shafieesabet A, Shaikh M, Shakir R, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharif M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, She J, Sheikh A, Sheth K, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shiue I, Siabani S, Siddiqi T, Sigfusdottir I, Sigurvinsdottir R, Silberberg D, Silva J, Silveira D, Singh J, Sinha D, Skiadaresi E, Smith M, Sobaih B, Sobhani S, Soofi M, Soyiri I, Sposato L, Stein D, Stein M, Stokes M, Sufiyan M, Sykes B, Sylaja P, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Ao B, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Temsah M, Temsah O, Thakur J, Thrift A, Topor-Madry R, Tortajada-Girbes M, Tovani-Palone M, Tran B, Tran K, Truelsen T, Tsadik A, Car L, Ukwaja K, Ullah I, Usman M, Uthman O, Valdez P, Vasankari T, Vasanthan R, Veisani Y, Venketasubramanian N, Violante F, Vlassov V, Vosoughi K, Vu G, Vujcic I, Wagnew F, Waheed Y, Wang Y, Weiderpass E, Weiss J, Whiteford H, Wijeratne T, Winkler A, Wiysonge C, Wolfe C, Xu G, Yadollahpour A, Yamada T, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Yatsuya H, Yimer E, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Bin Zaman S, Zamani M, Zandian H, Zare Z, Zhang Y, Zodpey S, Naghavi M, Murray C, Vos T, GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, VU University medical center, Feigin V.L., Nichols E., Alam T., Bannick M.S., Beghi E., Blake N., Culpepper W.J., Dorsey E.R., Elbaz A., Ellenbogen R.G., Fisher J.L., Fitzmaurice C., Giussani G., Glennie L., James S.L., Johnson C.O., Kassebaum N.J., Logroscino G., Marin B., Mountjoy-Venning W.C., Nguyen M., Ofori-Asenso R., Patel A.P., Piccininni M., Roth G.A., Steiner T.J., Stovner L.J., Szoeke C.E.I., Theadom A., Vollset S.E., Wallin M.T., Wright C., Zunt J.R., Abbasi N., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Aboyans V., Abraha H.N., Acharya D., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adeoye A.M., Adsuar J.C., Afarideh M., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Akinyemi R.O., Akseer N., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Shahi Salman R., Alahdab F., Alene K.A., Aljunid S.M., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Anber N.H., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Arnlov J., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Atalay H.T., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayuk T.B., Badawi A., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Baune B.T., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Belachew A.B., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhane A., Beuran M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bililign N., Bin Sayeed M.S., Blazes C.K., Brayne C., Butt Z.A., 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Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, Neurologian yksikkö, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, II kirurgian klinikka, and HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center

Subjects
Dánarmein, Male, Epidemiology, Diseases, Malalties cerebrals, Global Burden of Disease, Disability Evaluation, 0302 clinical medicine, Case fatality rate, Psychology, Konur, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Incidence, Men, Taugavísindi, ddc, 3. Good health, Sálfræði, World health, Muerte, Neurology, GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, Brain diseases, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Alzheimer disease, Carga global de enfermedades, Nervous system, medicine.medical_specialty, Global burden of diseases, Lífsgæði, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Health Sciences, Humans, Women, education, Trastornos neurológicos, VLAG, Aged, Science & Technology, 3112 Neurosciences, Global Burden of Diseases, 030104 developmental biology, Years of potential life lost, Επιστήμες Υγείας, Dementia, Human medicine, Neurosciences & Neurology, Neurology (clinical), Clinical Medicine, 1109 Neurosciences, Neurological disorders, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, dementia, RC, 0301 basic medicine, Pediatrics, Dánartíðni, Nutrition and Disease, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, Disease Study, Taugasjúkdómar, Risk Factors, Voeding en Ziekte, Cause of Death, Global health, Prevalence, Causes of death, Public health, Mortality rate, Mental Disorders, Age Factors, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, neurologic disease, Death, Lýðheilsa, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Quality of life, Adult, Population, Clinical Neurology, Sex Factors, medicine, Life Science, Disability-adjusted life year, Medicine [Science], Mortality, Psychiatry, Disease burden, Neurology & Neurosurgery, burden of neurological disorders, Faraldsfræði, business.industry, Klinisk medicin, Causes de la mort, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Socioeconomic Factors, Karlar, global disease burden, Nervous System Diseases, Cause of death/trends, business
Abstract

Publisher´s version (útgefin grein)., Background Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders.Methods We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.Findings Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer’s and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable).Interpretation Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies., ROA is funded by the National Institutes of Health (U01HG010273). SMA acknowledges the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia and Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. AAw acknowledges funding support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, through INSPIRE Faculty scheme. TBA acknowledges partial funding from the Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies. ABa is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. TWB was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor Award, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. MSBS acknowledges support from the Australian Government Research and Training Program scholarship for a PhD degree at the Australian National University, Australia. JJC is supported by the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation. FCar is supported by the European Union (FEDER funds POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007728 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and National Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia and Ministerio da Educacao e Ciencia) under the Partnership Agreements PT2020 UID/MULTI/04378/2013 and PT2020UID/QUI/50006/2013. EC is supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT3 140100085). KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust [Grant Number 201900] as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. EF is supported by the European Union (FEDER funds POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007728 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and National Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia and Ministerio da Educacao e Ciencia) under the Partnership Agreements PT2020 UID/MULTI/04378/2013 and PT2020UID/QUI/50006/2013. SMSI is funded by the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University and received funding from High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. YKa is a DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellow in Public Health. YJK is supported by the Office of Research and Innovation at Xiamen University Malaysia. BL acknowledges funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. WDL is supported in part by U10NS086484 NINDS. SLo is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1411A). RML is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia Senior Research Fellowship. AMa and the Imperial College London are grateful for support from the NW London NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care. JJM is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the John Cade Fellowship (APP1056929) from NHMRC. TMei acknowledges additional institutional support from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena-Halle-Leipzig. IMV is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (Panama). MOO is supported by SIREN U54 U54HG007479 and SIBS Genomics R01NS107900 grants. AMS was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. MMSM acknowledges the support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (contract no 175087). AShe is supported by Health Data Research UK. MBS' work on traumatic brain injury is supported by grants NIH U01 NS086090 (PI G Manley) from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and DoD W81XWH-14-2-0176 (PI G Manley) from the United States Department of Defense. RTS is supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIIIFEDER. AGT was supported by a Fellowship from the NHMRC (Australia; 1042600. KBT acknowledges funding supports from the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, Cancer Society of New Zealand, Health Research Council, Gut Cancer Foundation, and the University of Auckland. CY acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81773552) and the Chinese NSFC International Cooperation and Exchange Program (grant number 71661167007)., "Peer Reviewed"

Published
2019
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30. The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

Sepanlou, S, Safiri, S, Bisignano, C, Ikuta, K, Merat, S, Saberifiroozi, M, Poustchi, H, Tsoi, D, Colombara, D, Abdoli, A, Adedoyin, R, Afarideh, M, Agrawal, S, Ahmad, S, Ahmadian, E, Ahmadpour, E, Akinyemiju, T, Akunna, C, Alipour, V, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almulhim, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Angus, C, Anoushiravani, A, Arabloo, J, Araya, E, Asmelash, D, Ataeinia, B, Ataro, Z, Atout, M, Ausloos, F, Awasthi, A, Badawi, A, Banach, M, Bejarano Ramirez, D, Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhattacharyya, K, Biondi, A, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Borzì, A, Butt, Z, Cámera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Carvalho, F, Chu, D, Chung, S, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Cowie, B, Daryani, A, de Courten, B, Demoz, G, Desai, R, Dharmaratne, S, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Dorostkar, F, Drake, T, Dubey, M, Duncan, B, Effiong, A, Eftekhari, A, Elsharkawy, A, Etemadi, A, Farahmand, M, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Gebremedhin, K, Geta, B, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gutirrez, R, Haile, M, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamid, S, Hasankhani, M, Hasanzadeh, A, Hashemian, M, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, B, Henok, A, Hoang, C, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hsieh, V, Igumbor, E, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Jafari Balalami, N, James, S, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Kabir, A, Kasaeian, A, Kassaye, H, Kefale, A, Khalilov, R, Khan, M, Khan, E, Khater, A, Kim, Y, Koyanagi, A, La Vecchia, C, Lim, L, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Mai, H, Manafi, N, Manafi, A, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Mazzaglia, G, Mehta, D, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, M, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Montero-Zamora, P, Moradi, G, Naimzada, M, Nayak, V, Negoi, I, Nguyen, T, Ofori-Asenso, R, Oh, I, Olagunju, T, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Pathak, M, Pourshams, A, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rana, S, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Reiner RC, J, Roever, L, Room, R, Roshandel, G, Safari, S, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sartorius, B, Schmidt, M, Senthilkumaran, S, Shaikh, M, Sharif, M, Sharifi, A, Shigematsu, M, Singh, J, Soheili, A, Suleria, H, Teklehaimanot, B, Tesfay, B, Vacante, M, Vahedian-Azimi, A, Valdez, P, Vasankari, T, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Weldegwergs, K, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Wondafrash, D, Wondmieneh, A, Yeshitila, Y, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zarghi, A, Zelber-Sagi, S, Zewdie, K, Zhang, Z, Zhao, X, Naghavi, M, Malekzadeh, R, Sepanlou SG, Safiri S, Bisignano C, Ikuta KS, Merat S, Saberifiroozi M, Poustchi H, Tsoi D, Colombara DV, Abdoli A, Adedoyin RA, Afarideh M, Agrawal S, Ahmad S, Ahmadian E, Ahmadpour E, Akinyemiju T, Akunna CJ, Alipour V, Almasi-Hashiani A, Almulhim AM, Al-Raddadi RM, Alvis-Guzman N, Anber NH, Angus C, Anoushiravani A, Arabloo J, Araya EM, Asmelash D, Ataeinia B, Ataro Z, Atout MMW, Ausloos F, Awasthi A, Badawi A, Banach M, Bejarano Ramirez DF, Bhagavathula AS, Bhala N, Bhattacharyya K, Biondi A, Bolla SR, Boloor A, Borzì AM, Butt ZA, Cámera LA, Campos-Nonato IR, Carvalho F, Chu DT, Chung SC, Cortesi PA, Costa VM, Cowie BC, Daryani A, de Courten B, Demoz GT, Desai R, Dharmaratne SD, Djalalinia S, Do HT, Dorostkar F, Drake TM, Dubey M, Duncan BB, Effiong A, Eftekhari A, Elsharkawy A, Etemadi A, Farahmand M, Farzadfar F, Fernandes E, Filip I, Fischer F, Gebremedhin KBB, Geta B, Gilani SA, Gill PS, Gutirrez RA, Haile MT, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamid SS, Hasankhani M, Hasanzadeh A, Hashemian M, Hassen HY, Hay SI, Hayat K, Heidari B, Henok A, Hoang CL, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hsieh VC, Igumbor EU, Ilesanmi OS, Irvani SSN, Jafari Balalami N, James SL, Jeemon P, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Jozwiak JJ, Kabir A, Kasaeian A, Kassaye HG, Kefale AT, Khalilov R, Khan MA, Khan EA, Khater A, Kim YJ, Koyanagi A, La Vecchia C, Lim LL, Lopez AD, Lorkowski S, Lotufo PA, Lozano R, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Mai HT, Manafi N, Manafi A, Mansournia MA, Mantovani LG, Mazzaglia G, Mehta D, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Mengesha MM, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miller TR, Mirrakhimov EM, Mithra P, Moazen B, Moghadaszadeh M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammed S, Mokdad AH, Montero-Zamora PA, Moradi G, Naimzada MD, Nayak V, Negoi I, Nguyen TH, Ofori-Asenso R, Oh IH, Olagunju TO, Padubidri JR, Pakshir K, Pana A, Pathak M, Pourshams A, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Ramezanzadeh K, Rana SMM, Rawaf S, Rawaf DL, Reiner RC Jr, Roever L, Room R, Roshandel G, Safari S, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sartorius B, Schmidt MI, Senthilkumaran S, Shaikh MA, Sharif M, Sharifi A, Shigematsu M, Singh JA, Soheili A, Suleria HAR, Teklehaimanot BF, Tesfay BE, Vacante M, Vahedian-Azimi A, Valdez PR, Vasankari TJ, Vu GT, Waheed Y, Weldegwergs KG, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Wondafrash DZ, Wondmieneh AB, Yeshitila YG, Yonemoto N, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zarghi A, Zelber-Sagi S, Zewdie KA, Zhang ZJ, Zhao XJ, Naghavi M, Malekzadeh R., Sepanlou, S, Safiri, S, Bisignano, C, Ikuta, K, Merat, S, Saberifiroozi, M, Poustchi, H, Tsoi, D, Colombara, D, Abdoli, A, Adedoyin, R, Afarideh, M, Agrawal, S, Ahmad, S, Ahmadian, E, Ahmadpour, E, Akinyemiju, T, Akunna, C, Alipour, V, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almulhim, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Angus, C, Anoushiravani, A, Arabloo, J, Araya, E, Asmelash, D, Ataeinia, B, Ataro, Z, Atout, M, Ausloos, F, Awasthi, A, Badawi, A, Banach, M, Bejarano Ramirez, D, Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhattacharyya, K, Biondi, A, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Borzì, A, Butt, Z, Cámera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Carvalho, F, Chu, D, Chung, S, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Cowie, B, Daryani, A, de Courten, B, Demoz, G, Desai, R, Dharmaratne, S, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Dorostkar, F, Drake, T, Dubey, M, Duncan, B, Effiong, A, Eftekhari, A, Elsharkawy, A, Etemadi, A, Farahmand, M, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Gebremedhin, K, Geta, B, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gutirrez, R, Haile, M, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamid, S, Hasankhani, M, Hasanzadeh, A, Hashemian, M, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, B, Henok, A, Hoang, C, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hsieh, V, Igumbor, E, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Jafari Balalami, N, James, S, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Kabir, A, Kasaeian, A, Kassaye, H, Kefale, A, Khalilov, R, Khan, M, Khan, E, Khater, A, Kim, Y, Koyanagi, A, La Vecchia, C, Lim, L, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Mai, H, Manafi, N, Manafi, A, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Mazzaglia, G, Mehta, D, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, M, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Montero-Zamora, P, Moradi, G, Naimzada, M, Nayak, V, Negoi, I, Nguyen, T, Ofori-Asenso, R, Oh, I, Olagunju, T, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Pathak, M, Pourshams, A, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rana, S, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Reiner RC, J, Roever, L, Room, R, Roshandel, G, Safari, S, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sartorius, B, Schmidt, M, Senthilkumaran, S, Shaikh, M, Sharif, M, Sharifi, A, Shigematsu, M, Singh, J, Soheili, A, Suleria, H, Teklehaimanot, B, Tesfay, B, Vacante, M, Vahedian-Azimi, A, Valdez, P, Vasankari, T, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Weldegwergs, K, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Wondafrash, D, Wondmieneh, A, Yeshitila, Y, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zarghi, A, Zelber-Sagi, S, Zewdie, K, Zhang, Z, Zhao, X, Naghavi, M, Malekzadeh, R, Sepanlou SG, Safiri S, Bisignano C, Ikuta KS, Merat S, Saberifiroozi M, Poustchi H, Tsoi D, Colombara DV, Abdoli A, Adedoyin RA, Afarideh M, Agrawal S, Ahmad S, Ahmadian E, Ahmadpour E, Akinyemiju T, Akunna CJ, Alipour V, Almasi-Hashiani A, Almulhim AM, Al-Raddadi RM, Alvis-Guzman N, Anber NH, Angus C, Anoushiravani A, Arabloo J, Araya EM, Asmelash D, Ataeinia B, Ataro Z, Atout MMW, Ausloos F, Awasthi A, Badawi A, Banach M, Bejarano Ramirez DF, Bhagavathula AS, Bhala N, Bhattacharyya K, Biondi A, Bolla SR, Boloor A, Borzì AM, Butt ZA, Cámera LA, Campos-Nonato IR, Carvalho F, Chu DT, Chung SC, Cortesi PA, Costa VM, Cowie BC, Daryani A, de Courten B, Demoz GT, Desai R, Dharmaratne SD, Djalalinia S, Do HT, Dorostkar F, Drake TM, Dubey M, Duncan BB, Effiong A, Eftekhari A, Elsharkawy A, Etemadi A, Farahmand M, Farzadfar F, Fernandes E, Filip I, Fischer F, Gebremedhin KBB, Geta B, Gilani SA, Gill PS, Gutirrez RA, Haile MT, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamid SS, Hasankhani M, Hasanzadeh A, Hashemian M, Hassen HY, Hay SI, Hayat K, Heidari B, Henok A, Hoang CL, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hsieh VC, Igumbor EU, Ilesanmi OS, Irvani SSN, Jafari Balalami N, James SL, Jeemon P, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Jozwiak JJ, Kabir A, Kasaeian A, Kassaye HG, Kefale AT, Khalilov R, Khan MA, Khan EA, Khater A, Kim YJ, Koyanagi A, La Vecchia C, Lim LL, Lopez AD, Lorkowski S, Lotufo PA, Lozano R, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Mai HT, Manafi N, Manafi A, Mansournia MA, Mantovani LG, Mazzaglia G, Mehta D, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Mengesha MM, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miller TR, Mirrakhimov EM, Mithra P, Moazen B, Moghadaszadeh M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammed S, Mokdad AH, Montero-Zamora PA, Moradi G, Naimzada MD, Nayak V, Negoi I, Nguyen TH, Ofori-Asenso R, Oh IH, Olagunju TO, Padubidri JR, Pakshir K, Pana A, Pathak M, Pourshams A, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Ramezanzadeh K, Rana SMM, Rawaf S, Rawaf DL, Reiner RC Jr, Roever L, Room R, Roshandel G, Safari S, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sartorius B, Schmidt MI, Senthilkumaran S, Shaikh MA, Sharif M, Sharifi A, Shigematsu M, Singh JA, Soheili A, Suleria HAR, Teklehaimanot BF, Tesfay BE, Vacante M, Vahedian-Azimi A, Valdez PR, Vasankari TJ, Vu GT, Waheed Y, Weldegwergs KG, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Wondafrash DZ, Wondmieneh AB, Yeshitila YG, Yonemoto N, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zarghi A, Zelber-Sagi S, Zewdie KA, Zhang ZJ, Zhao XJ, Naghavi M, and Malekzadeh R.

Abstract

Background: Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases (collectively referred to as cirrhosis in this paper) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, although the burden and underlying causes differ across locations and demographic groups. We report on results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 on the burden of cirrhosis and its trends since 1990, by cause, sex, and age, for 195 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from vital registrations, vital registration samples, and verbal autopsies to estimate mortality. We modelled prevalence of total, compensated, and decompensated cirrhosis on the basis of hospital and claims data. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of years of life lost due to premature death and years lived with disability. Estimates are presented as numbers and age-standardised or age-specific rates per 100 000 population, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). All estimates are presented for five causes of cirrhosis: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and other causes. We compared mortality, prevalence, and DALY estimates with those expected according to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) as a proxy for the development status of regions and countries. Findings: In 2017, cirrhosis caused more than 1·32 million (95% UI 1·27–1·45) deaths (440 000 [416 000–518 000; 33·3%] in females and 883 000 [838 000–967 000; 66·7%] in males) globally, compared with less than 899 000 (829 000–948 000) deaths in 1990. Deaths due to cirrhosis constituted 2·4% (2·3–2·6) of total deaths globally in 2017 compared with 1·9% (1·8–2·0) in 1990. Despite an increase in the number of deaths, the age-standardised death rate decreased from 21·0 (19·2–22·3) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 16·5 (15·8–18·1) per 100 000 population in 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest age-standardised death rate among GBD super-regions fo

Published
2020

31. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author

Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Acharya, D. (Dilaram), Adabi, M. (Maryam), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhena, B. M. (Beyene Meressa), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Ahmad, S. (Sohail), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, R. (Rushdia), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, N. (Noore), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Ali, B. A. (Beriwan Abdulqadir), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Anoushiravani, A. (Amir), Ansari, F. (Fereshteh), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azzopardi, P. S. (Peter S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Babalola, T. K. (Tesleem Kayode), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bairwa, M. (Mohan), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Bali, A. G. (Ayele Geleto), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basaleem, H. (Huda), Basu, S. (Sanjay), Bay, V. D. (Vo Dinh), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Baye, E. (Estifanos), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Bekele, B. B. (Bayu Begashaw), Belayneh, Y. M. (Yaschilal Muche), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Birihane, B. M. (Binyam Minuye), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Bojia, H. A. (Hunduma Amensisa), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Bragazzi, N. L. (Nicola Luigi), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Busse, R. (Reinhard), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Chanie, W. F. (Wagaye Fentahun), Chatterjee, P. (Pranab), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chichiabellu, T. Y. (Tesfaye Yitna), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Culquichicon, C. (Carlos), Daba, M. S. (Matiwos Soboka), Damiani, G. (Giovanni), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davey, G. (Gail), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Davis, A. C. (Adrian C.), Davitoiu, D. V. (Dragos Virgil), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), Demis, A. B. (Asmamaw Bizuneh), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demissie, G. D. (Getu Debalkie), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duko, B. (Bereket), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Kalan, M. E. (Mohammad Ebrahimi), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), El Sayed, I. (Iman), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elema, T. B. (Teshome Bekele), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa I.), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Elyazar, I. R. (Iqbal R. F.), Endalamaw, A. (Aklilu), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Esteghamati, A. (Alireza), Esteghamati, S. (Sadaf), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faridnia, R. (Roghiyeh), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebre, T. (Teshome), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Gebremeskel, G. G. (Gebreamlak Gebremedhn), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghadiri, K. (Keyghobad), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Ghimire, P. R. (Pramesh Raj), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Gomes, N. G. (Nelson G. M.), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Grada, A. (Ayman), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Hailu, G. B. (Gessessew Bugssa), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hamadeh, R. R. (Randah R.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed I.), Hasan, M. M. (Md Mehedi), Hasanpoor, E. (Edris), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed I.), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henry, N. J. (Nathaniel J.), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hoang, C. L. (Chi Linh), Rad, E. H. (Enayatollah Homaie), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hoseini, M. (Mohammad), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseini, M. (Mostafa), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hsairi, M. (Mohamed), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Hussen, M. M. (Mohammedaman Mama), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Igumbor, E. U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Izadi, N. (Neda), Jaca, A. (Anelisa), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kalani, H. (Hamed), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Matin, B. K. (Behzad Karami), Karch, A. (Andre), Karim, M. A. (Mohd Anisul), Karki, H. K. (Hamidreza Karimi-Sari Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasahun, Y. C. (Yawukal Chane), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Karyani, A. K. (Ali Kazemi), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Kelbore, A. G. (Abraham Getachew), Kengne, A. P. (Andre Pascal), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, M. N. (Md Nuruzzaman), Khan, M. S. (Muhammad Shahzeb), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khazaei, S. (Salman), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kissoon, N. (Niranjan), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kraemer, M. U. (Moritz U. G.), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kusuma, V. K. (Vivek Kumar Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lad, S. D. (Sheetal D.), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, F. (Felix), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lamichhane, P. (Prabhat), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Laxmaiah, A. (Avula), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Liu, S. (Simin), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), Longbottom, J. (Joshua), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Abd El Razek, H. M. (Hassan Magdy), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Manda, A. L. (Ana Laura), Manohar, N. D. (Narendar Dawani Dawanu), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Maravilla, J. C. (Joemer C.), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B. B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Mihretie, K. M. (Kebadnew Mulatu), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, A. (Amjad), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mohammad, K. A. (Karzan Abdulmuhsin), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammadifard, N. (Noushin), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Molokhia, M. (Mariam), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moore, C. E. (Catrin E.), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Velasquez, I. M. (Ilais Moreno), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Muchie, K. F. (Kindie Fentahun), Mulaw, G. F. (Getahun Fentaw), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christoper J. L.), Murthy, G. V. (G. V. S.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Nabhan, A. F. (Ashraf F.), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naidoo, K. S. (Kovin S.), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nansseu, J. R. (Jobert Richie), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, C. T. (Cuong Tat), Nguyen, H. L. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, T. H. (Trang Huyen), Nigatu, D. (Dabere), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Nong, V. M. (Vuong Minh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Motlagh, S. N. (Soraya Nouraei), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogah, O. S. (Okechukwu Samuel), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olagunju, T. O. (Tinuke O.), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Oren, E. (Eyal), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris V.), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Paternina-Caicedo, A. J. (Angel J.), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patton, G. C. (George C.), Paudel, D. (Deepak), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Pereira, A. (Alexandre), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Piroozi, B. (Bakhtiar), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourjafar, H. (Hadi), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Poustchi, H. (Hossein), Prada, S. I. (Sergio I.), Prasad, N. (Narayan), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi-Movaghar, A. (Afarin), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, S. (Shafiur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rana, S. M. (Saleem Muhammad), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rawaf, D. L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Reta, M. A. (Melese Abate), Rezaei, N. (Negar), Rezai, M. S. (Mohammad Sadegh), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Rios-Blancas, M. (Maria), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roro, E. M. (Elias Merdassa), Ross, J. M. (Jennifer M.), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabde, Y. D. (Yogesh Damodar), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safari-Faramani, R. (Roya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi Sao), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarkar, K. (Kaushik), Sarker, A. R. (Abdur Razzaque), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Saxena, S. (Sonia), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shabaninejad, H. (Hosein), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shallo, S. A. (Seifadin Ahmed), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharifi, H. (Hamid), Shehata, H. S. (Hatem Samir), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shibuya, K. (Kenji), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shifti, D. M. (Desalegn Markos), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Il Shin, J. (Jae), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, V. (Virendra), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soltani, S. (Shahin), Somayaji, R. (Ranjani), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sultana, M. (Marufa), Sunguya, B. F. (Bruno Fokas), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Tasew, A. A. (Aberash Abay), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, B. (Belay), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Toma, A. (Alemayehu), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Tran, B. X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K. B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Hawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel W.), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Weaver, M. (Marcia), Weji, B. G. (Bedilu Girma), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Welgan, C. A. (Catherine A.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Wu, A.-M. (Ai-Min), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilgwan, C. S. (Christopher Sabo), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Yoon, S.-J. (Seok-Jun), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zepro, N. B. (Nejimu Biza), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Zhao, X. G. (Xiu-Ju George), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon I.), Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Acharya, D. (Dilaram), Adabi, M. (Maryam), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhena, B. M. (Beyene Meressa), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Ahmad, S. (Sohail), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, R. (Rushdia), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, N. (Noore), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Ali, B. A. (Beriwan Abdulqadir), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Anoushiravani, A. (Amir), Ansari, F. (Fereshteh), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azzopardi, P. S. (Peter S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Babalola, T. K. (Tesleem Kayode), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bairwa, M. (Mohan), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Bali, A. G. (Ayele Geleto), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basaleem, H. (Huda), Basu, S. (Sanjay), Bay, V. D. (Vo Dinh), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Baye, E. (Estifanos), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Bekele, B. B. (Bayu Begashaw), Belayneh, Y. M. (Yaschilal Muche), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Birihane, B. M. (Binyam Minuye), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Bojia, H. A. (Hunduma Amensisa), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Bragazzi, N. L. (Nicola Luigi), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Busse, R. (Reinhard), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Chanie, W. F. (Wagaye Fentahun), Chatterjee, P. (Pranab), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chichiabellu, T. Y. (Tesfaye Yitna), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Culquichicon, C. (Carlos), Daba, M. S. (Matiwos Soboka), Damiani, G. (Giovanni), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davey, G. (Gail), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Davis, A. C. (Adrian C.), Davitoiu, D. V. (Dragos Virgil), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), Demis, A. B. (Asmamaw Bizuneh), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demissie, G. D. (Getu Debalkie), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duko, B. (Bereket), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Kalan, M. E. (Mohammad Ebrahimi), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), El Sayed, I. (Iman), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elema, T. B. (Teshome Bekele), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa I.), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Elyazar, I. R. (Iqbal R. F.), Endalamaw, A. (Aklilu), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Esteghamati, A. (Alireza), Esteghamati, S. (Sadaf), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faridnia, R. (Roghiyeh), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebre, T. (Teshome), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Gebremeskel, G. G. (Gebreamlak Gebremedhn), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghadiri, K. (Keyghobad), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Ghimire, P. R. (Pramesh Raj), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Gomes, N. G. (Nelson G. M.), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Grada, A. (Ayman), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Hailu, G. B. (Gessessew Bugssa), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hamadeh, R. R. (Randah R.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed I.), Hasan, M. M. (Md Mehedi), Hasanpoor, E. (Edris), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed I.), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henry, N. J. (Nathaniel J.), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hoang, C. L. (Chi Linh), Rad, E. H. (Enayatollah Homaie), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hoseini, M. (Mohammad), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseini, M. (Mostafa), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hsairi, M. (Mohamed), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Hussen, M. M. (Mohammedaman Mama), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Igumbor, E. U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Izadi, N. (Neda), Jaca, A. (Anelisa), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kalani, H. (Hamed), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Matin, B. K. (Behzad Karami), Karch, A. (Andre), Karim, M. A. (Mohd Anisul), Karki, H. K. (Hamidreza Karimi-Sari Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasahun, Y. C. (Yawukal Chane), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Karyani, A. K. (Ali Kazemi), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Kelbore, A. G. (Abraham Getachew), Kengne, A. P. (Andre Pascal), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, M. N. (Md Nuruzzaman), Khan, M. S. (Muhammad Shahzeb), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khazaei, S. (Salman), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kissoon, N. (Niranjan), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kraemer, M. U. (Moritz U. G.), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kusuma, V. K. (Vivek Kumar Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lad, S. D. (Sheetal D.), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, F. (Felix), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lamichhane, P. (Prabhat), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Laxmaiah, A. (Avula), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Liu, S. (Simin), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), Longbottom, J. (Joshua), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Abd El Razek, H. M. (Hassan Magdy), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Manda, A. L. (Ana Laura), Manohar, N. D. (Narendar Dawani Dawanu), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Maravilla, J. C. (Joemer C.), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B. B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Mihretie, K. M. (Kebadnew Mulatu), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, A. (Amjad), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mohammad, K. A. (Karzan Abdulmuhsin), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammadifard, N. (Noushin), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Molokhia, M. (Mariam), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moore, C. E. (Catrin E.), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Velasquez, I. M. (Ilais Moreno), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Muchie, K. F. (Kindie Fentahun), Mulaw, G. F. (Getahun Fentaw), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christoper J. L.), Murthy, G. V. (G. V. S.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Nabhan, A. F. (Ashraf F.), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naidoo, K. S. (Kovin S.), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nansseu, J. R. (Jobert Richie), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, C. T. (Cuong Tat), Nguyen, H. L. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, T. H. (Trang Huyen), Nigatu, D. (Dabere), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Nong, V. M. (Vuong Minh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Motlagh, S. N. (Soraya Nouraei), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogah, O. S. (Okechukwu Samuel), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olagunju, T. O. (Tinuke O.), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Oren, E. (Eyal), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris V.), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Paternina-Caicedo, A. J. (Angel J.), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patton, G. C. (George C.), Paudel, D. (Deepak), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Pereira, A. (Alexandre), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Piroozi, B. (Bakhtiar), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourjafar, H. (Hadi), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Poustchi, H. (Hossein), Prada, S. I. (Sergio I.), Prasad, N. (Narayan), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi-Movaghar, A. (Afarin), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, S. (Shafiur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rana, S. M. (Saleem Muhammad), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rawaf, D. L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Reta, M. A. (Melese Abate), Rezaei, N. (Negar), Rezai, M. S. (Mohammad Sadegh), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Rios-Blancas, M. (Maria), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roro, E. M. (Elias Merdassa), Ross, J. M. (Jennifer M.), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabde, Y. D. (Yogesh Damodar), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safari-Faramani, R. (Roya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi Sao), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarkar, K. (Kaushik), Sarker, A. R. (Abdur Razzaque), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Saxena, S. (Sonia), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shabaninejad, H. (Hosein), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shallo, S. A. (Seifadin Ahmed), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharifi, H. (Hamid), Shehata, H. S. (Hatem Samir), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shibuya, K. (Kenji), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shifti, D. M. (Desalegn Markos), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Il Shin, J. (Jae), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, V. (Virendra), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soltani, S. (Shahin), Somayaji, R. (Ranjani), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sultana, M. (Marufa), Sunguya, B. F. (Bruno Fokas), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Tasew, A. A. (Aberash Abay), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, B. (Belay), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Toma, A. (Alemayehu), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Tran, B. X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K. B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Hawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel W.), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Weaver, M. (Marcia), Weji, B. G. (Bedilu Girma), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Welgan, C. A. (Catherine A.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Wu, A.-M. (Ai-Min), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilgwan, C. S. (Christopher Sabo), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Yoon, S.-J. (Seok-Jun), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zepro, N. B. (Nejimu Biza), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Zhao, X. G. (Xiu-Ju George), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon I.), and Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.)

Abstract

Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall O

Published
2020

33. Descriptive epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 in Nigeria, 27 February–6 June 2020

Author

Elimian, K. O., primary, Ochu, C. L., additional, Ilori, E., additional, Oladejo, J., additional, Igumbor, E., additional, Steinhardt, L., additional, Wagai, J., additional, Arinze, C., additional, Ukponu, W., additional, Obiekea, C., additional, Aderinola, O., additional, Crawford, E., additional, Olayinka, A., additional, Dan-Nwafor, C., additional, Okwor, T., additional, Disu, Y., additional, Yinka-Ogunleye, A., additional, Kanu, N. E., additional, Olawepo, O. A., additional, Aruna, O., additional, Michael, C. A., additional, Dunkwu, L., additional, Ipadeola, O., additional, Naidoo, D., additional, Umeokonkwo, C. D., additional, Matthias, A., additional, Okunromade, O., additional, Badaru, S., additional, Jinadu, A., additional, Ogunbode, O., additional, Egwuenu, A., additional, Jafiya, A., additional, Dalhat, M., additional, Saleh, F., additional, Ebhodaghe, G. B., additional, Ahumibe, A., additional, Yashe, R. U., additional, Atteh, R., additional, Nwachukwu, W. E., additional, Ezeokafor, C., additional, Olaleye, D., additional, Habib, Z., additional, Abdus-Salam, I., additional, Pembi, E., additional, John, D., additional, Okhuarobo, U. J., additional, Assad, H., additional, Gandi, Y., additional, Muhammad, B., additional, Nwagwogu, C., additional, Nwadiuto, I., additional, Sulaiman, K., additional, Iwuji, I., additional, Okeji, A., additional, Thliza, S., additional, Fagbemi, S., additional, Usman, R., additional, Mohammed, A. A., additional, Adeola-Musa, O., additional, Ishaka, M., additional, Aketemo, U., additional, Kamaldeen, K., additional, Obagha, C. E., additional, Akinyode, A. O., additional, Nguku, P., additional, Mba, N., additional, and Ihekweazu, C., additional

Published
2020
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34. Household, community, sub-national and country-level predictors of primary cooking fuel switching in nine countries from the PURE study

Author

Shupler, Matthew, Hystad, Perry, Gustafson, Paul, Rangarajan, Sumathy, Mushtaha, Maha, Jayachtria, KG, Mony, Prem K, Mohan, Deepa, Kumar, Parthiban, Lakshmi, PVM, Sagar, Vivek, Gupta, Rajeev, Mohan, Indu, Nair, Sanjeev, Varma, Ravi Prasad, Li, Wei, Hu, Bo, You, Kai, Ncube, Tatenda, Ncube, Brian, Chifamba, Jephat, West, Nicola, Yeates, Karen, Iqbal, Romaina, Khawaja, Rehman, Yusuf, Rita, Khan, Afreen, Seron, Pamela, Lanas, Fernando, Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio, Camacho, Paul A, Puoane, Thandi, Yusuf, Salim, Brauer, Michael, Yusuf, S, Rangarajan, S, Teo, KK, Anand, SS, Chow, CK, O'Donnell, M, Mente, A, Leong, D, Smyth, A, Joseph, P, Duong, M, Kurmi, O, D'Souza, R, Walli-Attaei, M, Balaji, B, Naito, R, Islam, S, Hu, W, Ramasundarahettige, C, Sheridan, P, Bangdiwala, S, Dyal, L, Casanova, A, Dehghan, M, Lewis, G, Agapay, D, Aliberti, A, Aoucheva, N, Arshad, A, Reyes, A, Bideri, B, Buthool, R, Chin, S, Di Marino, M, Frances, R, Gopal, S, Jakymyshn, M, Kandy, N, Kay, I, Lindeman, J, McAlpine, G, McNeice, E, Mushtaha, M, Patel, R, Pattath, D, Ramacham, S, Ramezani, E, Rimac, J, Shifaly, F, Swallow, J, Trottier, M, Trottier, S, Solano, R, Zaki, A, Zhang, B, Zhang, V, Rahman, O, Yusuf, R, Ahmed, SAKS, Choudhury, T, Sintaha, M, Khan, A, Alam, O, Nayeem, N, Mitra, SN, Pasha, F, Lanas, F, Seron, P, Oliveros, MJ, Cazor, F, Palacios, Y, Wei, Li, Lisheng, Liu, Jian, Bo, Bo, Hu, Lu, Yin, Wenhua, Zhao, Hongye, Zhang, Xuan, Jia, Yi, Sun, Xingyu, Wang, Xiuwen, Zhao, Xinye, He, Tao, Chen, Hui, Chen, Xiaohong, Chang, Qing, Deng, Xiaoru, Cheng, Liya, Xie, Zhiguang, Liu, Juan, Li, Jian, Li, Xu, Liu, Bing, Ren, Wei, Wang, Yang, Wang, Jun, Yang, Yi, Zhai, Manlu, Zhu, Fanghong, Lu, Jianfang, Wu, Yindong, Li, Yan, Hou, Liangqing, Zhang, Baoxia, Guo, Xiaoyang, Liao, Shiying, Zhang, BianRongwen, Xiuzhen, Tian, Dong, Li, Di, Chen, Jianguo, Wu, Yize, Xiao, Tianlu, Liu, Peng, Zhang, Changlin, Dong, Ning, Li, Xiaolan, Ma, Yuqing, Yang, Rensheng, Lei, Minfan, Fu, Jing, He, Yu, Liu, Xiaojie, Xing, Qiang, Zhou, Lopez-Jaramillo, P, Camacho-Lopez, PA, Otero-Wandurraga, J, Molina, DI, Cure-Cure, C, Perez, M, Hernandez, E, Arcos, E, Narvaez, C, Sotomayor, A, Garcia, H, Sanchez, G, Cotes, F, Rico, A, Duran, M, Torres, C, Mony, P, Vaz, M, Swaminathan, S, Shankar, K, Kurpad, AV, Jayachitra, KG, Kumar, N, Hospital, HAL, Mohan, V, Deepa, M, Parthiban, K, Anitha, M, Hemavathy, S, Rahulashankiruthiyayan, T, Anitha, D, Anjana, RM, Dhanasekar, R, Sureshkumar, S, Sridevi, K, Gupta, R, Panwar, RB, Mohan, I, Rastogi, P, Rastogi, S, Bhargava, R, Kumar, R, Thakur, JS, Patro, B, Mahajan, R, Chaudary, P, Kutty, V Raman, Vijayakumar, K, Ajayan, K, Rajasree, G, Renjini, AR, Deepu, A, Sandhya, B, Asha, S, Soumya, HS, Kaur, M, Sagar, V, Iqbal, R, Khawaja, R, Azam, I, Kazmi, K, Kruger, L, Kruger, A, Bestra, P, Voster, HH, Schutte, AE, Wentzel-Viljoen, E, Eloff, FC, de Ridder, H, Moss, H, Potgieter, J, Roux, AA, Watson, M, de Wet, G, Olckers, A, Jerling, JC, Pieters, M, Hoekstra, T, Puoane, T, Swart, R, Igumbor, E, Tsolekile, L, Ndayi, K, Sanders, D, Naidoo, P, Steyn, N, Peer, N, Mayosi, B, Rayner, B, Lambert, V, Levitt, N, Kolbe-Alexander, T, Ntyintyane, L, Hughes, G, Fourie, J, Muzigaba, M, Xapa, S, Gobile, N, Jwili, B, Ndibaza, K, Egbujie, B, Yeates, K, Oresto, M, West, N, Chifamba, J, Ncube, T, Ncube, B, Chimhete, C, Neya, GK, Manenji, T, Gwaunza, L, Mapara, V, Terera, G, Mahachi, C, Murambiwa, P, Mapanga, R, Chinhara, A, Epidemiolo, Prospective Urban Rural, and Everest

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural economics, Article, Country level, 11. Sustainability, medicine, Coal, Baseline (configuration management), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, Kerosene, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Multilevel model, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Survey data collection, Community setting, business
Abstract

Digital, Introduction. Switching from polluting (e.g. wood, crop waste, coal) to clean (e.g. gas, electricity) cooking fuels can reduce household air pollution exposures and climate-forcing emissions. While studies have evaluated specific interventions and assessed fuel-switching in repeated cross-sectional surveys, the role of different multilevel factors in household fuel switching, outside of interventions and across diverse community settings, is not well understood. Methods. We examined longitudinal survey data from 24 172 households in 177 rural communities across nine countries within the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study. We assessed household-level primary cooking fuel switching during a median of 10 years of follow up (∼2005–2015). We used hierarchical logistic regression models to examine the relative importance of household, community, sub-national and national-level factors contributing to primary fuel switching. Results. One-half of study households (12 369) reported changing their primary cooking fuels between baseline and follow up surveys. Of these, 61% (7582) switched from polluting (wood, dung, agricultural waste, charcoal, coal, kerosene) to clean (gas, electricity) fuels, 26% (3109) switched between different polluting fuels, 10% (1164) switched from clean to polluting fuels and 3% (522) switched between different clean fuels. Among the 17 830 households using polluting cooking fuels at baseline, household-level factors (e.g. larger household size, higher wealth, higher education level) were most strongly associated with switching from polluting to clean fuels in India; in all other countries, community-level factors (e.g. larger population density in 2010, larger increase in population density between 2005 and 2015) were the strongest predictors of polluting-to-clean fuel switching. Conclusions. The importance of community and sub-national factors relative to household characteristics in determining polluting-to-clean fuel switching varied dramatically across the nine countries examined. This highlights the potential importance of national and other contextual factors in shaping large-scale clean cooking transitions among rural communities in low- and middle-income countries., Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud

Published
2019
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35. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Feigin, V, Nichols, E, Alam, T, Bannick, M, Beghi, E, Blake, N, Culpepper, W, Dorsey, E, Elbaz, A, Ellenbogen, R, Fisher, J, Fitzmaurice, C, Giussani, G, Glennie, L, James, S, Johnson, C, Kassebaum, N, Logroscino, G, Marin, B, Mountjoy-Venning, W, Nguyen, M, Ofori-Asenso, R, Patel, A, Piccininni, M, Roth, G, Steiner, T, Stovner, L, Szoeke, C, Theadom, A, Vollset, S, Wallin, M, Wright, C, Zunt, J, Abbasi, N, Abd-Allah, F, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Aboyans, V, Abraha, H, Acharya, D, Adamu, A, Adebayo, O, Adeoye, A, Adsuar, J, Afarideh, M, Agrawal, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, M, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akinyemi, R, Akseer, N, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al-Shahi Salman, R, Alahdab, F, Alene, K, Aljunid, S, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Asayesh, H, Asghar, R, Atalay, H, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayuk, T, Badawi, A, Banach, M, Banoub, J, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Baune, B, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Béjot, Y, Bekele, B, Belachew, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhane, A, Beuran, M, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Bijani, A, Bililign, N, Bin Sayeed, M, Blazes, C, Brayne, C, Butt, Z, Campos-Nonato, I, Cantu-Brito, C, Car, M, Cárdenas, R, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castro, F, Catalá-López, F, Cerin, E, Chaiah, Y, Chang, J, Chatziralli, I, Chiang, P, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Cooper, C, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Criqui, M, Crowe, C, Damasceno, A, Daryani, A, De la Cruz-Góngora, V, De la Hoz, F, De Leo, D, Demoz, G, Deribe, K, Dharmaratne, S, Diaz, D, Dinberu, M, Djalalinia, S, Doku, D, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duken, E, Edvardsson, D, El-Khatib, Z, Endres, M, Endries, A, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Esteghamati, S, Farhadi, F, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Farzaei, M, Fatima, B, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fukumoto, T, Ganji, M, Gankpe, F, Garcia-Gordillo, M, Gebre, A, Gebremichael, T, Gelaw, B, Geleijnse, J, Geremew, D, Gezae, K, Ghasemi-Kasman, M, Gidey, M, Gill, P, Gill, T, Girma, E, Gnedovskaya, E, Goulart, A, Grada, A, Grosso, G, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Haagsma, J, Hagos, T, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hankey, G, Hao, Y, Haro, J, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hegazy, M, Heidari, B, Henok, A, Heydarpour, F, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Homaie Rad, E, Hosseini, S, Hu, G, Igumbor, E, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Jakovljevic, M, Javanbakht, M, Jha, R, Jobanputra, Y, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Jürisson, M, Kahsay, A, Kalani, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamil, T, Kanchan, T, Karami, M, Karch, A, Karimi, N, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, T, Kassa, Z, Kaul, A, Kefale, A, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Khazaie, H, Kiadaliri, A, Kiirithio, D, Kim, A, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kokubo, Y, Koyanagi, A, Krishnamurthi, R, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kumar, M, Lacey, B, Lafranconi, A, Lansingh, V, Latifi, A, Leshargie, C, Li, S, Liao, Y, Linn, S, Lo, W, Lopez, J, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lucas, 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Abstract

Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·

Published
2019

36. Burden of injury along the development spectrum : Associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

Haagsma, J. A., James, S. L., Castle, C. D., Dingels, Z. V., Fox, J. T., Hamilton, E. B., Liu, Z., Lucchesi, L. R., Roberts, N. L. S., Sylte, D. O., Adebayo, O. M., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, M. B., Aichour, M. T. E., Alahdab, F., Alghnam, S. A., Aljunid, S. M., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Appiah, S. C. Y., Aremu, O., Arora, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Awasthi, A., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Balalla, S., Banstola, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., BÀrnighausen, T. W., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Behzadifar, M., Benjet, C., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Bhaumik, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Bijani, A., Borges, G., Borschmann, R., Bose, D., Boufous, S., Brazinova, A., Campuzano Rincon, J. C., Cárdenas, R., Carrero, J. J., Carvalho, F., Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., Catalá-López, F., Choi, J. -YJ., Christopher, D. J., Crowe, C. S., Dalal, Koustuv, Daryani, A., Davitoiu, D. V., Degenhardt, L., De Leo, D., De Neve, J. -W, Deribe, K., Dessie, G. A., Deveber, G. A., Dharmaratne, S. D., Doan, L. P., Dolan, K. A., Driscoll, T. R., Dubey, M., El-Khatib, Z., Ellingsen, C. L., El Sayed Zaki, M., Endries, A. Y., Eskandarieh, S., Faro, A., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fernandes, E., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Franklin, R. C., Fukumoto, T., Gezae, K. E., Gill, T. K., Goulart, A. C., Grada, A., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Haro, J. M., Hassankhani, H., Hassen, H. Y., Havmoeller, R., Hendrie, D., Henok, A., Híjar, M., Hole, M. K., Homaie Rad, E., Hossain, N., Hostiuc, S., Hu, G., Igumbor, E. U., Ilesanmi, O. S., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Ivers, R. Q., Jacobsen, K. H., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jha, R. P., Jonas, J. B., Jorjoran Shushtari, Z., Jozwiak, J. J., JÌrisson, M., Kabir, A., Kalani, R., Kasaeian, A., Kelbore, A. G., Kengne, A. P., Khader, Y. S., Khafaie, M. A., Khalid, N., Khan, E. A., Khoja, A. T., Kiadaliri, A. A., Kim, Y. -E, Kim, D., Kisa, A., Koyanagi, A., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kumar, M., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lami, F. H., Lansingh, V. C., Leasher, J. L., Li, S., Linn, S., Lunevicius, R., MacHado, F. R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahotra, N. B., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, M. A., Malta, D. C., Manda, A. -L, Mansournia, M. A., Massenburg, B. B., Maulik, P. K., Meheretu, H. A. A., Mehndiratta, M. M., Melese, A., Mendoza, W., Mengesha, M. M., Meretoja, T. J., Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, T., Miller, T. R., Mini, G. K., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Moazen, B., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Mohammadibakhsh, R., Mohammed, S., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Mondello, S., Montero-Zamora, P. A., Moodley, Y., Moosazadeh, M., Moradi, G., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Velásquez, I. M., Morrison, S. D., Moschos, M. M., Mousavi, S. M., Murthy, S., Musa, K. I., Naik, G., Najafi, F., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B. R., Ndwandwe, D. E., Negoi, I., Nguyen, T. H., Nguyen, S. H., Nguyen, L. H., Nguyen, H. L. T., Ningrum, D. N. A., Nirayo, Y. L., Ofori-Asenso, R., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I. -H, Oladimeji, O., Olagunju, A. T., Olagunju, T. O., Olivares, P. R., Orpana, H. M., Otstavnov, S. S., Mahesh, P. A., Pakhale, S., Park, E. -K, Patton, G. C., Pesudovs, K., Phillips, M. R., Polinder, S., Prakash, S., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rafiei, A., Rahimi, S., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M. A., Rai, R. K., Ramezanzadeh, K., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Renzaho, A. M. N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaeian, S., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Sabde, Y. D., Saddik, B., Salamati, P., Salimi, Y., Salz, I., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Sanchez Riera, L., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Sawyer, S. M., Saxena, S., Saylan, M., Schneider, I. J. C., Schwebel, D. C., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Shaikh, M. A., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shamsizadeh, M., Sharif-Alhoseini, M., Sheikh, A., Shen, J., Shigematsu, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Silva, J. P., Singh, J. A., Sinha, D. N., Soares Filho, A. M., Soriano, J. B., Soshnikov, S., Soyiri, I. N., Starodubov, V. I., Stein, D. J., Stokes, M. A., Sufiyan, M. B., Sunshine, J. E., Sykes, B. L., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tessema, G. A., Thakur, J. S., Tran, K. B., Tran, B. X., Tudor Car, L., Uthman, O. A., Uzochukwu, B. S. C., Valdez, P. R., Varavikova, E., Vasconcelos, A. M. N., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Waheed, Y., Wang, Y. -P, Wijeratne, T., Winkler, A. S., Yadav, P., Yano, Y., Yenesew, M. A., Yip, P., Yisma, E., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zafar, S., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S. B., Zamani, M., Zhao, Y., Zodpey, S., Hay, S. I., Lopez, A. D., Mokdad, A. H., Vos, T., Haagsma, J. A., James, S. L., Castle, C. D., Dingels, Z. V., Fox, J. T., Hamilton, E. B., Liu, Z., Lucchesi, L. R., Roberts, N. L. S., Sylte, D. O., Adebayo, O. M., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, M. B., Aichour, M. T. E., Alahdab, F., Alghnam, S. A., Aljunid, S. M., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Appiah, S. C. Y., Aremu, O., Arora, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Awasthi, A., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Balalla, S., Banstola, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., BÀrnighausen, T. W., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Behzadifar, M., Benjet, C., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Bhaumik, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Bijani, A., Borges, G., Borschmann, R., Bose, D., Boufous, S., Brazinova, A., Campuzano Rincon, J. C., Cárdenas, R., Carrero, J. J., Carvalho, F., Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., Catalá-López, F., Choi, J. -YJ., Christopher, D. J., Crowe, C. S., Dalal, Koustuv, Daryani, A., Davitoiu, D. V., Degenhardt, L., De Leo, D., De Neve, J. -W, Deribe, K., Dessie, G. A., Deveber, G. A., Dharmaratne, S. D., Doan, L. P., Dolan, K. A., Driscoll, T. R., Dubey, M., El-Khatib, Z., Ellingsen, C. L., El Sayed Zaki, M., Endries, A. Y., Eskandarieh, S., Faro, A., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fernandes, E., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Franklin, R. C., Fukumoto, T., Gezae, K. E., Gill, T. K., Goulart, A. C., Grada, A., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Haro, J. M., Hassankhani, H., Hassen, H. Y., Havmoeller, R., Hendrie, D., Henok, A., Híjar, M., Hole, M. K., Homaie Rad, E., Hossain, N., Hostiuc, S., Hu, G., Igumbor, E. U., Ilesanmi, O. S., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Ivers, R. Q., Jacobsen, K. H., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jha, R. P., Jonas, J. B., Jorjoran Shushtari, Z., Jozwiak, J. J., JÌrisson, M., Kabir, A., Kalani, R., Kasaeian, A., Kelbore, A. G., Kengne, A. P., Khader, Y. S., Khafaie, M. A., Khalid, N., Khan, E. A., Khoja, A. T., Kiadaliri, A. A., Kim, Y. -E, Kim, D., Kisa, A., Koyanagi, A., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kumar, M., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lami, F. H., Lansingh, V. C., Leasher, J. L., Li, S., Linn, S., Lunevicius, R., MacHado, F. R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahotra, N. B., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, M. A., Malta, D. C., Manda, A. -L, Mansournia, M. A., Massenburg, B. B., Maulik, P. K., Meheretu, H. A. A., Mehndiratta, M. M., Melese, A., Mendoza, W., Mengesha, M. M., Meretoja, T. J., Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, T., Miller, T. R., Mini, G. K., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Moazen, B., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Mohammadibakhsh, R., Mohammed, S., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Mondello, S., Montero-Zamora, P. A., Moodley, Y., Moosazadeh, M., Moradi, G., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Velásquez, I. M., Morrison, S. D., Moschos, M. M., Mousavi, S. M., Murthy, S., Musa, K. I., Naik, G., Najafi, F., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B. R., Ndwandwe, D. E., Negoi, I., Nguyen, T. H., Nguyen, S. H., Nguyen, L. H., Nguyen, H. L. T., Ningrum, D. N. A., Nirayo, Y. L., Ofori-Asenso, R., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I. -H, Oladimeji, O., Olagunju, A. T., Olagunju, T. O., Olivares, P. R., Orpana, H. M., Otstavnov, S. S., Mahesh, P. A., Pakhale, S., Park, E. -K, Patton, G. C., Pesudovs, K., Phillips, M. R., Polinder, S., Prakash, S., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rafiei, A., Rahimi, S., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M. A., Rai, R. K., Ramezanzadeh, K., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Renzaho, A. M. N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaeian, S., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Sabde, Y. D., Saddik, B., Salamati, P., Salimi, Y., Salz, I., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Sanchez Riera, L., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Sawyer, S. M., Saxena, S., Saylan, M., Schneider, I. J. C., Schwebel, D. C., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Shaikh, M. A., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shamsizadeh, M., Sharif-Alhoseini, M., Sheikh, A., Shen, J., Shigematsu, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Silva, J. P., Singh, J. A., Sinha, D. N., Soares Filho, A. M., Soriano, J. B., Soshnikov, S., Soyiri, I. N., Starodubov, V. I., Stein, D. J., Stokes, M. A., Sufiyan, M. B., Sunshine, J. E., Sykes, B. L., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tessema, G. A., Thakur, J. S., Tran, K. B., Tran, B. X., Tudor Car, L., Uthman, O. A., Uzochukwu, B. S. C., Valdez, P. R., Varavikova, E., Vasconcelos, A. M. N., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Waheed, Y., Wang, Y. -P, Wijeratne, T., Winkler, A. S., Yadav, P., Yano, Y., Yenesew, M. A., Yip, P., Yisma, E., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zafar, S., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S. B., Zamani, M., Zhao, Y., Zodpey, S., Hay, S. I., Lopez, A. D., Mokdad, A. H., and Vos, T.

Abstract

Background: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum. © 2020 Author(s).

Published
2019
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37. Epidemiology of injuries from fire, heat and hot substances : Global, regional and national morbidity and mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Author

James, S. L., Lucchesi, L. R., Bisignano, C., Castle, C. D., Dingels, Z. V., Fox, J. T., Hamilton, E. B., Henry, N. J., McCracken, D., Roberts, N. L. S., Sylte, D. O., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, M. B., Alahdab, F., Alipour, V., Andualem, Z., Antonio, C. A. T., Arabloo, J., Badiye, A. D., Bagherzadeh, M., Banstola, A., BÀrnighausen, T. W., Barzegar, A., Bayati, M., Bhaumik, S., Bijani, A., Bukhman, G., Carvalho, F., Crowe, C. S., Dalal, Koustuv, Daryani, A., Nasab, M. D., Do, H. T., Do, H. P., Endries, A. Y., Fernandes, E., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fukumoto, T., Gebremedhin, K. B. B., Gebremeskel, G. G., Gilani, S. A., Haagsma, J. A., Hamidi, S., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Igumbor, E. U., Ilesanmi, O. S., Irvani, S. S. N., Jayatilleke, A. U., Kahsay, A., Kapoor, N., Kasaeian, A., Khader, Y. S., Khalil, I. A., Khan, E. A., Khazaee-Pool, M., Kokubo, Y., Lopez, A. D., Madadin, M., Majdan, M., Maled, V., Malekzadeh, R., Manafi, N., Manafi, A., Mangalam, S., Massenburg, B. B., Meles, H. G., Menezes, R. G., Meretoja, T. J., Miazgowski, B., Miller, T. R., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Morrison, S. D., Negoi, I., Nguyen, T. H., Nguyen, S. H., Nguyen, C. T., Nixon, M. R., Olagunju, A. T., Olagunju, T. O., Padubidri, J. R., Polinder, S., Rabiee, N., Rabiee, M., Radfar, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rezapour, A., Rickard, J., Roro, E. M., Roy, N., Safari-Faramani, R., Salamati, P., Samy, A. M., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Schwebel, D. C., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Shigematsu, M., Soheili, A., Stokes, M. A., Tohidinik, H. R., Tran, B. X., Valdez, P. R., Wijeratne, T., Yisma, E., Zaidi, Z., Zamani, M., Zhang, Z. -J, Hay, S. I., Mokdad, A. H., James, S. L., Lucchesi, L. R., Bisignano, C., Castle, C. D., Dingels, Z. V., Fox, J. T., Hamilton, E. B., Henry, N. J., McCracken, D., Roberts, N. L. S., Sylte, D. O., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, M. B., Alahdab, F., Alipour, V., Andualem, Z., Antonio, C. A. T., Arabloo, J., Badiye, A. D., Bagherzadeh, M., Banstola, A., BÀrnighausen, T. W., Barzegar, A., Bayati, M., Bhaumik, S., Bijani, A., Bukhman, G., Carvalho, F., Crowe, C. S., Dalal, Koustuv, Daryani, A., Nasab, M. D., Do, H. T., Do, H. P., Endries, A. Y., Fernandes, E., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fukumoto, T., Gebremedhin, K. B. B., Gebremeskel, G. G., Gilani, S. A., Haagsma, J. A., Hamidi, S., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Igumbor, E. U., Ilesanmi, O. S., Irvani, S. S. N., Jayatilleke, A. U., Kahsay, A., Kapoor, N., Kasaeian, A., Khader, Y. S., Khalil, I. A., Khan, E. A., Khazaee-Pool, M., Kokubo, Y., Lopez, A. D., Madadin, M., Majdan, M., Maled, V., Malekzadeh, R., Manafi, N., Manafi, A., Mangalam, S., Massenburg, B. B., Meles, H. G., Menezes, R. G., Meretoja, T. J., Miazgowski, B., Miller, T. R., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Morrison, S. D., Negoi, I., Nguyen, T. H., Nguyen, S. H., Nguyen, C. T., Nixon, M. R., Olagunju, A. T., Olagunju, T. O., Padubidri, J. R., Polinder, S., Rabiee, N., Rabiee, M., Radfar, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rezapour, A., Rickard, J., Roro, E. M., Roy, N., Safari-Faramani, R., Salamati, P., Samy, A. M., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Schwebel, D. C., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Shigematsu, M., Soheili, A., Stokes, M. A., Tohidinik, H. R., Tran, B. X., Valdez, P. R., Wijeratne, T., Yisma, E., Zaidi, Z., Zamani, M., Zhang, Z. -J, Hay, S. I., and Mokdad, A. H.

Abstract

Background: Past research has shown how fires, heat and hot substances are important causes of health loss globally. Detailed estimates of the morbidity and mortality from these injuries could help drive preventative measures and improved access to care. Methods: We used the Global Burden of Disease 2017 framework to produce three main results. First, we produced results on incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years from 1990 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. Second, we analysed these results to measure mortality-to-incidence ratios by location. Third, we reported the measures above in terms of the cause of fire, heat and hot substances and the types of bodily injuries that result. Results: Globally, there were 8 991 468 (7 481 218 to 10 740 897) new fire, heat and hot substance injuries in 2017 with 120 632 (101 630 to 129 383) deaths. At the global level, the age-standardised mortality caused by fire, heat and hot substances significantly declined from 1990 to 2017, but regionally there was variability in age-standardised incidence with some regions experiencing an increase (eg, Southern Latin America) and others experiencing a significant decrease (eg, High-income North America). Conclusions: The incidence and mortality of injuries that result from fire, heat and hot substances affect every region of the world but are most concentrated in middle and lower income areas. More resources should be invested in measuring these injuries as well as in improving infrastructure, advancing safety measures and ensuring access to care. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

Published
2019
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39. Ab initio study of transition metals impurities and stability of complexes in germanium (Ge)

Author

Igumbor, E, Omotoso, E, Khaleed, A.A., and Taleatu, B.A.

Subjects
Density functional theory, vacancy-interstitial, formation energy, impurities
Abstract

By means of density functional theory, we present results of an ab initio calculation of vacancy-interstitial complexes (TGe -VnGe IT , for n = 1, 2, 3 and T: Cr, Mo, W, Mn and Fe) in Ge. The projector-augmented wave pseudo-potential within the generalized gradient approximation was used for all calculations. Structural properties and formation energies of the TGe -VnGe IT for the neutral charge state were obtained. Our results show that under equilibrium conditions, vacancy-interstitial complex TGe -VnGe IT formed with formation energies not higher than –1.00 eV. The formation energy result showed that the TGe -VnGe IT is energetically more favourable for n = 1 and 2 than n = 3. The stabilities of the vacancy-interstitial complexes were obtained from their binding energies. For all T, the binding energies of the TGe -VGe IT are stable. For the TGe -V2Ge IT and TGe -V3Ge IT , their binding energies lie between 1.79 and 6.10 eV and defect complexes are stable.Keywords: Density functional theory, vacancy-interstitial, formation energy, impurities

Published
2018

43. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

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Abstract

Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with th

Published
2018

44. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

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Abstract

Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent compon

Published
2018

45. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

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Abstract

Background: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods: Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0–100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derive

Published
2018

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