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L’ús del vehicle elèctric ha d’esdevenir clau per aconseguir assolir una descarbonització energètica de la mobilitat. L’increment d’ús d’aquest representa un repte important a causa de les necessitats elèctriques que aquests necessiten. El present treball analitza els potencials beneficis que la recàrrega del vehicle mitjançant carregadors bidireccionals (V2G) pot proporcionar a l’operador d’una estació de recàrrega. Aquests beneficis poden originar-se per la flexibilitat que aquests vehicles poden donar en moments de congestió de la xarxa elèctrica. En aquest treball s’analitza quina és la potencial flexibilitat que els vehicles elèctrics poden proporcionar tot proposant un model de programació estocàstica en dues etapes. Els escenaris d’aquest model han estat generats mitjançant xarxes neuronals LSTM híbrides. Els resultats demostren que l’ús dels vehicles elèctrics per a proporcionar flexibilitat, des d’un punt de vista en la demanda, permet reduir els costos de recàrrega dels vehicles elèctrics fins a un 70%. A part altres beneficis indirectes en són identificats com ara alliberar a la xarxa elèctrica en moments de congestió., El uso del vehículo eléctrico ha de convertirse en un factor clave para alcanzar la descarbonización energética de la movilidad. El incremento en su uso representa un reto importante a causa de las necesidades energéticas que estos requieren. El presente trabajo analiza los potenciales beneficios que la recarga del vehículo eléctrico mediante cargadores bidireccionales (V2G) puede proporcional al operador de una estación de recarga. Estos beneficios pueden originarse por la flexibilidad que estos vehículos pueden dar en momentos de congestión de la red eléctrica. EN este trabajo se analiza cual es la potencial flexibilidad que los vehículos eléctricos pueden proporcionar. Ello se consigue proponiendo un modelo estocástico en dos etapas. Los escenarios del modelo estocástico son generados mediante redes neuronales LSTM híbridas. Los resultados demuestran que el uso de los vehículos eléctricos para proporcionar flexibilidad, des de un punto de vista de la demanda, periten reducir los costes de recarga de los vehículos hasta un 70%. A parte de otros beneficios indirectos que son identificados, pero no cuantificados como el hecho de liberar a la red eléctrica en momentos de congestión., The use of electric vehicles must be important due to energy decarbonization of mobility. However, the increase in electric vehicles, implies high needs of electrical consumption. This Master’s thesis analyses the potential benefits that vehicle recharging through bidirectional (V2G) chargers can provide to the recharger station operator. These benefits may have their origin in the flexibility that these vehicles can offer in times of grid congestion. In this work, it's analyzed what is the potential flexibility that electric vehicles can provide by proposing a two-stage stochastic programming model. The scenarios of this model have been generated by using LSTM hybrid neural network for each charger simulated. The results show that the use of electric vehicles helps to provide demand flexibility, allows reducing charging costs up to 70%. And helps to lighten the power grid in times of congestion due to lower generation or high demand.

Energy communities will be a key element within the future of the electric system and the smart grid environment. They will help pave the way for a cleaner energy transition with the citizens as the main force driving it. This figure will provide the necessary legal structure so that consumers, prosumers and small distributed generators could group together to actively participate into the electrical system. Based on this, the proposed master s thesis presents a new approach where distributed generators and consumers could be organized under a common energy community and implement a market clearing model to exchange their energy requirements in it. Thus, an active and reactive market clearing model for a network constrained multiperiod auction is proposed. This approach offers a new concept for exchanging market offers in its complex form (with active and reactive terms) and to also integrate the procedure for allocating network losses, congestion management and system stability within the solution.

© 2020. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, European Directives are incentivizing consumers to play an active role in the electricity system and to collaborate to maintain its stability, which has been historically provided by large generation power plants. However, it is not easy for the System Operator to handle the coexistence of consumers and generators in the same markets. Under these circumstances, a new actor allows small residential and commercial consumers to participate in flexibility markets: The Demand Aggregator. However, balancing markets opened to Demand Aggregators still present several barriers that do not allow their practical participation. This study analyzes barriers and enablers of four European electricity markets and proposes a new market framework that would enhance Demand Aggregators’ participation. To validate the proposed market and to understand the economic potentials of aggregated small tertiary buildings, a Demand Aggregator is simulated using real building’s consumption data. Results show that technical requirements to participate in balancing markets such as the minimum bid size, the symmetricity of the offer and the product resolution strongly affect incomes for Demand Aggregators. However, neither in the proposed market, the creation of a Demand Aggregator whose business model is focused on small tertiary buildings does not seem realistic due to low incomes in comparison to the fixed costs necessary to enable Demand Response, especially if only the air conditioning system is considered., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting /republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works, This study shows the results of the SABINA H2020 project, which analyzes the effect of two level optimization algorithms to increase the consumption of renewable power sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. First, at building level, a building algorithm maximizes the self-consumption of generated energy by its own renewable power sources. Second, at district level, a market integrated district algorithm takes into account aspects related to the electricity grid, such as the electricity generation mix and the prices of electricity and ancillary services, and aggregates the energy flexibility forecast of buildings to minimize the overall CO 2 emissions while ensuring a cost reduction to prosumers, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The integration of Electric Vehicles in electricity grids is very likely to pose several challenges to the electrical grid operation and expansion. The potential flexibility of the load associated to the EV charging and the possibility of discharging the EV using vehicle to grid (V2G) chargers offers the opportunity to provide new services to the end users. One real installation in Nissan headquarters in Barcelona has been selected to perform and present a comparative analysis of the differences in EV charge performance and electricity purchase between the use of dummy chargers, smart chargers and V2G chargers managed by an EMS based., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

La flexibilidad de la demanda implica, siempre, un desplazamiento de la misma buscando un beneficio, aunque este beneficio se pueda obtener por medios distintos: el arbitraje de precios aprovechando la fluctuación del precio de la electricidad o la participación en mercados secundarios o de ajustes. Ambas opciones pueden facilitarse con la implementación de sistemas de gestión inteligentes de la energía, pero la segunda opción presenta ciertas dificultades añadidas además de coordinarse con el operador. El estado de madurez de los mercados de flexibilidad de la demanda es el primer escollo a superar. Aunque Europa esté potenciando su implementación, solamente unos pocos países tienen un marco regulatorio que permita la gestión de la demanda y menos aún que permitan una gestión agregada de la demanda. La gestión de la demanda agregada aparece como respuesta a otra dificultad, el requisito de participación con un mínimo de potencia, capacidad y duración que existe en todos los mercados secundarios. Este valor mínimo se exige para que el cambio en la demanda tenga un impacto significativo en la red. La demanda agregada da la oportunidad de participar en estos mercados a la mayor parte de los consumidores que, en condiciones normales, nunca alcanzarían dichos límites. Otras limitaciones como la duración de la activación de la flexibilidad, el número de activaciones o la velocidad de respuesta también pueden encontrar un buen aliado en la figura del agregador de demanda. Por otro lado, el agregador tiene el reto de saber gestionar bien sus recursos (edificios, generadores, etc.). Existen 2 líneas típicas de investigación, agregadores con pleno conocimiento de la realidad de las fuentes y agregadores que, sin conocer nada, reciben ofertas por parte de los consumidores para ofrecer los servicios. El proyecto SABINA presenta una solución que exige poco conocimiento de las fuentes persiguiendo una reducción del impacto ambiental, Postprint (published version)

IREMS, an optimization model developed to manage self-consumption solutions and overcome the limitations the commercial management functionalities present has been validated under the conditions of one of the real installations in Barcelona where the software has been installed. The aim of this paper is to perform and present a comparative analysis of the differences in battery performance and electricity purchase between the use of commercial management functionalities for PV self-consumption systems and the more advanced functionalities IREMS offers for this type of solutions., Postprint (author's final draft)

Demand Response (DR) mechanisms promise to increase competition in the electricity sector and grid's reliability. Balancing and ancillary services could be offered by consumers for frequency balances but a new actor is necessary: demand aggregator. However, new challenges appear for systems operator (SO) when handling generators and consumers coexisting in the same market. Furthermore, aggregators need to create a reliable business model, being able to combine the grid's request and assuring revenues for their clients and themselves. So, how are European countries facing this challenge? This work reviews technical requirements and the legislative framework of five different regions in Europe: Belgium, France, Nordic Countries, Germany and Great Britain. The aim is to describe the measures that SOs are taking in order to allow and ease DR penetration. Comparing different markets allows for the identification of winning policies and remaining market barriers., The authors gratefully acknowledge the project REFER (COMRDI15-1-0036), funded by ACCIÓ and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) under the RIS3CAT Energy Community., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

IREC

The aim of this paper is to present a hybrid AC-DC offshore wind power plant (OWPP) topology and to optimize its design in order to minimize the OWPP's total cost. This hybrid concept is based on clustering wind turbines and connecting each group to an AC/DC power converter installed on a collector platform which is located between the AC wind turbine array and the HVDC offshore platform. Thereby, individual power converters of each wind turbine are not required, since such AC/DC converters can provide variable speed generator control for each cluster. The optimal design for an OWPP based on the hybrid AC-DC topology is formulated as a MINLP problem. The capital costs of each component within the OWPP as well as the costs associated to the inherent losses of this topology are minimized. The optimal number of AC/DC converters and offshore collector platforms needed, as well as their locations, are determined. The cable route connecting the wind turbines between each other is also optimized. The results suggests a good potential for the hybrid AC-DC OWPP topology achieving a total cost saving of 3.76% for the case study compared to the conventional OWPP topology., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

An optimization model is proposed to manage a residential microgrid including a charging spot with a vehicle-togrid system and renewable energy sources. In order to achieve a realistic and convenient management, we take into account: (1) the household load split into three different profiles depending on the characteristics of the elements considered; (2) a realistic approach to owner behavior by introducing the novel concept of range anxiety; (3) the vehicle battery management considering the mobility profile of the owner and (4) different domestic renewable energy sources. We consider the microgrid operated in grid-connected mode. The model is executed one-day-ahead and generates a schedule for all components of the microgrid. The results obtained show daily costs in the range of 2.82eto 3.33e; the proximity of these values to the actual energy costs for Spanish households validate the modeling. The experimental results of applying the designed managing strategies show daily costs savings of nearly 10%., Postprint (author’s final draft)

The aim of this paper is to find the optimal location of electric vehicle (EV) fast charging stations by means of two methodologies: a classical flow-capturing optimization model involving only mobility needs, and an advanced flow-capturing optimization model including distribution network and location costs. While the first model aims to maximize the public service provided by the fast charging stations, the second also considers the incurred cost for providing it. Results from both models are compared in order to analyse the effect of both planning approaches in total cost of installation. As a case study it has been chosen the city of Barcelona., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Como solución para los nuevos edificios que desean adquirir la etiqueta de “edificios inteligentes” proponemos un software de gestión energética optima. Se trata de un sistema centralizado capaz de gestionar elementos de generación (por ejemplo, unidades de generación renovables integradas en el edificio), un sistema de almacenamiento y los distintos tipos de demanda que puede generar dicho edificio. Con el objetivo de un control energético total, el sistema consta de tres niveles distintos de gestión y a su vez, con tres modos de funcionamiento diferentes. Para demostrar el funcionamiento de esta herramienta se incluyen los resultados sobre un escenario emulado que consta de una pequeña generación solar, de tres niveles distintos de demanda propia y la demanda de un vehículo eléctrico que a su vez podrá servir de almacenaje energético mientras este permanezca aparcado., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author’s final draft)

In this work we focus on the optimal design of electric vehicle charging stations. We consider investment, operational costs, physical constraints and different electricity pricing strategies. The size of the various components in the microgrid architecture and the suitability of the storage system are analysed. The electric vehicle charging demand is modelled through a queuing system., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)