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PurposeArtificial intelligence (AI) reasoning is fuelled by high-quality, detailed behavioural data. These can usually be obtained by the biometrical sensors embedded in smart devices. The currently used data collecting approach, where data ownership and property rights are taken by the data scientists, designers of a device or a related application, delivers multiple ethical, sociological and governance concerns. In this paper, the author is opening a systemic examination of a data sharing concept in which data producers execute their data property rights.Design/methodology/approachSince data sharing concept delivers a substantially different alternative, it needs to be thoroughly examined from multiple perspectives, among them: the ethical, social and feasibility. At this stage, theoretical examination modes in the form of literature analysis and mental model development are being performed.FindingsData sharing concepts, framework, mechanisms and swift viability are examined. The author determined that data sharing could lead to virtuous data science by augmenting data producers' capacity to govern their data and regulators' capacity to interact in the process. Truly interdisciplinary research is proposed to follow up on this research.Research limitations/implicationsSince the research proposal is theoretical, the proposal may not provide direct applicative value but is largely focussed on fuelling the research directions.Practical implicationsFor the researchers, data sharing concepts will provide an alternative approach and help resolve multiple ethical considerations related to the internet of things (IoT) data collecting approach. For the practitioners in data science, it will provide numerous new challenges, such as distributed data storing, distributed data analysis and intelligent data sharing protocols.Social implicationsData sharing may post significant implications in research and development. Since ethical, legislative moral and trust-related issues are managed in the negotiation process, data can be shared freely, which in a practical sense expands the data pool for virtuous research in social sciences.Originality/valueThe paper opens new research directions of data sharing concepts and space for a new field of research.

Purpose This paper aims to define hybrid reality (HyR) as an ongoing process in which artificial intelligence (AI) technology is gradually introduced as an active stakeholder by using reasoning to execute real-life activities. Also, to examine the implications of social responsibility (SR) concepts as featured in the HyR underlying common framework to progress towards the redefinition of global society. Design/methodology/approach A combination of systemic tools is used to examine and assess the development of HyR. The research is based on evolutionary and learning concepts, leading to the new meta-system development. It also builds upon the viable system model and AI, invoking SR as a conceptual framework. The research is conducted by using a new approach: using system dynamics based interactions modelling, the following two models have been proposed. The state-of-the-art HyR interactions model, examined using SR concepts; and a SR concept-based HyR model, examined using a smart vehicle case. Findings In the HyR model, interaction asymmetry between stakeholders is identified, possibly leading to pathological behaviour and AI technology learning corruption. To resolve these asymmetry issues, an interaction model based on SR concepts is proposed and examined on the example of an autonomous vehicle transport service. The examination results display significant changes in the conceptual understanding of transport services, their utilisation and data-sharing concepts. Research limitations/implications As the research proposal is theoretical in nature, the projection may not display a fully holistic perspective and can/should be complemented with empirical research results. Practical implications For researchers, HyR provides a new paradigm and can thereby articulate potential research frameworks. HyR designers can recognise projected development paths and the resources required for the implication of SR concepts. Individuals and organisations should be aware of their not necessarily passive role in HyR and can therefore use the necessary social force to activate their status. Originality/value For the first time, to the best of the author’s knowledge, the term HyR is openly elaborated and systemically examined by invoking concepts of SR. The proposed model provides an overview of the current and potential states of HyR and examines the gap between them.

Purpose Students develop knowledge through an ongoing process of learning embodied in their daily experiences. As citizens, they develop an identity in their communities as they build relationships through recurrent interactions, thus constructing citizenship by strengthening stable interactions. This paper aims to examine the development of student active citizenship within a Jean Monnet module summer school that uses a participative approach and experiential learning. Design/methodology/approach The research provides a multi-level systems perspective on the learning experience in a Jean Monnet module. It combines state-of-the-art analysis of the Jean Monnet modules reports, analysis of a selected module’s activities and delayed participants feedback analysis. The methodology addresses complexity at multiple levels and leaves sufficient variance to invite readers to test the approaches themselves. Findings First, opportunities and gaps in the development of active citizen abilities were identified within the Jean Monnet modules. Second, it was established that the use of a participative approach and experiential learning aligned activities in the learning process yielded positive results in participant engagement. Third, long-term effects in the form of an improved understanding of active citizenship and the execution of activities in real life were also observed. The authors point to the need for active communication in the development of a full-cycle experiential learning process. Additionally, the multi-level monitoring model contributed positively towards the continual improvement of the learning process, and thus, provided a learning experience for teachers. Research limitations/implications The research is limited regarding the clear articulation of the research results, rendering comparison with other learning experience reports challenging. Practical implications For lecturers, the importance of integrating the participative approach into the student learning process is documented; the effects of experience learning on students’ active participation are presented; and the importance of systems perspective on multiple aspects of the learning process is reinforced. For students, an example of the importance of being active in the learning process and using available resources is provided. For policymakers, the paper attests to the importance of learning programmes expanding the limitations of the regular curricula and the need to support additional programmes and the benefits of a participative approach and experience learning in the process of developing active citizens. Social implications The authors point to the need for authentic situational-context experience and active communication in the learning process. Additionally, the authors provide an example of systems investigation of the learning process. Originality/value The paper identifies the gap between the Jean Monnet modules and active citizen abilities and provides a potential approach towards reducing them. It also provides a multi-level method for monitoring and adjusting the learning process.

The complexity of a successful tourist operations planning provides an everlasting challenge. It requires a vast array of data, managed and owned by multiple tourist business ecosystem players. Specifically, the rostering – planning staff and materials is especially hard to manage. In this paper, we elaborate information resources that have the potential to increase the planning accuracy in a well-developed tourist ecosystem with ever developing information systems. First, we identify the major tourist business ecosystem players, elaborate on their information related resources and needs, then we then examine their relations using system dynamics. Based on the developed model, a set of activities is proposed that would allow all the players to exploit the full potential of the data available, regarding the existing legal and ethical considerations.

In this chapter, we elaborate on effects of recently induced digitalization of teaching, and consequently on innovative learning. A series of workshops on using digital tools in the teaching process—performed by teachers for teachers—was used to conduct a two-level analysis on how digitally supported teaching is performed. In the first level, a teachers Delphi analysis was performed, in the second level, we observed teacher performance in the role of learners, examining the user experience of multiple digitally supported teaching technologies. The study reveals that only some elements of innovative learning, i.e. understanding, commenting and providing feedback, modifying the environment and upgrading the learning content were positively influenced by digital technology. The proposed text can provide value-added for teachers in preparing their on-site and on-line courses; furthermore, it provides educational organization backgrounds on how to deliver adequate support for their staff, and finally: it gives learners an insight into how to participate in an innovative course.

Purpose The purpose of this memorandum is to share the awarding of one of the most prestigious recognitions in systems thinking and cybernetics: The World Organisation of Systems and Cybernetics (WOSC) Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold medal was awarded in June 2019 to Professor Emeritus, PhD, PhD, Matjaž Mulej for his long-life contributions. Design/methodology/approach The Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold medal was awarded to Professor Emeritus, PhD, PhD, Matjaž Mulej based on the combination of extensive literature analysis and the Delphi approach. Findings Based on Professor Emeritus, PhD, PhD, Matjaž Mule’s exceptional accomplishments in the field of systems thinking and cybernetics, especially the Dialectical Systems Theory and the notion of requisite holism, combined with his visionary projects as, for instance, the development and application of social responsibility concepts, he was nominated and awarded this esteemed medal. Research limitations/implications The Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold medal draws the focus to important work of exceptional individuals and at the same time drives researchers to follow his example in research and overall behaviour. Originality/value The Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold medal has been awarded to 12 people during the past 50 years of WOSC’s existence. Only researchers that have provided significant imprint in systems thinking and cybernetics with their research and organisational activities in society, organisations and communities can be nominated for this prize.

In this paper, the effect of behavioural analytics on short-term default predictions at the invoice level is addressed by answering a question that slightly diverges from the traditional probability of default definition: ‘What is the probability that this invoice will be paid within the next 30 days?’ Resultantly improving short-term liquidity planning accuracy and supporting financial management in companies. To provide a valid answer to the research question, a set of issues needs to be resolved, including identifying an appropriate data set, increasing the data predictive power, and creating and testing predictive models. Since the appropriate data set is not yet presented, we primarily focus on the first two issues: identifying appropriate data and raising its predictive power. In this paper, we propose to build predictive models upon a new data source from multiple companies, acquired by business partners' data sharing concept. Furthermore, we upgrade these data with behavioural analysis to test the assumption that the probability of default depends not only on payment capability but also on payment preparedness. The predictive power of shared invoice data and the effects of behavioural analysis are tested in a two-phase experiment: first, basic shared data are used to predict short-term invoice defaults, and in the second phase, the behavioural analysis results are included in the dataset. Lastly, the predictive models’ test results are compared. Both results are positive: the already high accuracy of models, build upon basic data is significantly upgraded in models, using the behaviour analysis extended data set.

Gaming has the potential to support the development of young people’s capabilities in social responsibility (SR) and, at the same time, represents a threat of developing undesired behaviour patterns. Successful integration of gaming in the lives of young people requires a systemic approach, which, to the best of our knowledge, hasn’t been provided in the literature. We provide insight into this issue. In this paper, multiple methods are used. To elaborate the backgrounds on the gaming’s effects and social behaviour, the literature is analysed. To assess the state-of-the art of young people characteristics, their pressing social challenges and gaming evaluation reports are analysed. The synthesis is provided and placed in the context with social responsibility properties using system dynamics. Gaming concepts, appropriate for education for SR, and relationships between young people’s challenges and the players in the gaming environment in SR terms are proposed. Currently, the loop of games development is negatively propelled by the short-term games demand. We propose effective feedback loops, linking young people and their social environment, using a SR tool set to provide demands to the game providers. The experience will support the games developers to design socially constructive games, aiming to develop the desired skills and competencies in social transformation processes of young people toward SR. The proposed model provides merely an overview model, designed by the literature review and state-of-the-art analysis. To fully understand the games’ effects on young people, a more detailed analysis is required.

In the provided research, some of the Big Data most prospective usage domains connect with distinguished player groups found in the business ecosystem. Literature analysis is used to identify the state of the art of Big Data related research in the major domains of its use-namely, individual marketing, health treatment, work opportunities, financial services, and security enforcement. System theory was used to identify business ecosystem major player types disrupted by Big Data: individuals, small and mid-sized enterprises, large organizations, information providers, and regulators. Relationships between the domains and players were explained through new Big Data opportunities and threats and by players’ responsive strategies. System dynamics was used to visualize relationships in the provided model.

Purpose – The new concept of business partner behavior sharing practice is addressed from three perspectives: technical/technological, legal and ethical/moral with the aim to elaborate its sharing feasibility, value added, legal restrictions and moral considerations. Research results are synthetized to present an overview on business partners behavior sharing direct and indirect value added, costs and risks and proposing mitigation strategies. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – To evaluate technical feasibility, a real-life sharing experiment is conducted. Using a sharing agency data are collected, summarized and reported. For the purpose of legal evaluation, relevant legislation is analyzed. Ethicality/morality is assessed utilizing theoretical applied-ethics analysis. Two major normative moral theories – teleology and deontology – are selected for this purpose. The synthesis of the research results is represented in system dynamics model. Findings – Results show no significant technical obstacles for the systematic business partner behavior sharing. Also, no major legal or ethical arguments against it are found, although some important conditions are identified that have to be met in order for the practice to be performed legally and to be qualified as ethical/moral. Research limitations/implications – Analysis of legality is limited to the EU and legislation of the Republic of Slovenia. Ethicality of the practice is assessed from the utilitarian and rights perspectives. Practical implications – Important technical, legal and ethical insights into business partner behavior sharing concepts and practices are provided. Originality/value – To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that the practice of business partner behavior sharing is addressed simultaneously from technical, legal and ethical perspectives using a real-life experiment. Therefore it is an important contribution to a more holistic account/insight of/into such a business practice.

Research highlights? Active process management prevents decrease of analytic models accuracy over time. ? Content dependent unification of results is required in a multi-model system. ? Reasoning enabled knowledge management structures provide a content framework. ? Dynamic intelligent agents manage processes upon content rules and environment data. ? Probability of the default evaluation results accuracy is managed over time. For the successful probability of default (PD) evaluation with the application of multiple prediction models two issues should be addressed: the accuracy of the analytic models which decreases over time and the evaluation of results which must be presented in a uniform shape. To deal with these two issues, a multi-agent system (MAS) and knowledge management systems (KMS) based process management system is proposed. The proposed system has two goals: to prevent the PD information quality deterioration by active management of analytical processes and to provide a universal access point allowing the simultaneous use of multiple prediction models.

Big data radically disrupts the world perspective, and provides potentials for redefinition of individuals, organisations and whole ecosystems. The provided research clarifies business ecosystem's requests for big data. Research uses systemic research tools: business cybernetics, system viability, requisite variety and requisite holism to explore a case of duality where the complexity of business ecosystem verses big data toolset variety limitations. Requests are generated by examining the gap between the current issues in organisations and business ecosystem and their desired state. The requests' feasibility is evaluated by comparing the posted requests with big data state of excellence and research trends, while requests' implications are deducted from the literature analysis and environment observations. Paper provides a requisitely holistic set of requests for big data, required for individuals, organisations and whole ecosystem.

revision of information systems. Present ERP solutions are not suitable in a multi-project environment. This chapter presents a newly designed IS model that supports strategic and commercial multiple project operations. The importance of connecting business goals with project performance and upgrading operational CRM into multi-partner management technology is considered. Significant added functions of IS in a multi-project environment should support project evaluation and management of project portfolios, intra- and inter-project communication, and mastering multi-task workflow. To reduce the need to spend limited SMEs’ resources, technological development of the designed IS model must assure its simplicity for use and deployment.

The Business Intelligence (BI) traditional goals still stay: provide the right information users in organization with right information at the right time and place. The BI systems by their nature demonstrate as heterogeneous, while all plans to unify them eventually fail. Moreover the expectations of R&D of proactive BI let us conclude, the heterogeneity may become chaotic. We claim that, for mastering such a heterogeneous and dynamic system, a programmatically accessible and self managed knowledge management system, capable of storing and representing the whole content of a BI system is required. The properties of Knowledge Management Structures (KMS), combined with intelligent agents (IA) and Multi-agent systems (MAS) show great capabilities, and have, in limited scope, proved their strengths, acting in heterogeneous svstems. In the following paper we synthesized the state of the art research in the fields of BI, KMS, IA and tried to fill a gap disabling successful application of IA for management of KMS in a dynamical environment. To do so, a model of an IA, capable of reasoning and acting in a dynamic KMS environment and sharing its knowledge is presented.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of entrepreneurship policy support for the internationalisation of Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Slovenia. For this purpose, the mean importance of the primary motives for entering foreign markets, as well as the barriers to entering and doing business in foreign markets, together with knowledge and expectations about governmental and non-governmental support services, were measured in the first part of this research. In the second part, the web portal of the central Slovenian institution for entrepreneurship acceleration – Public Agency for Entrepreneurship and Foreign Investment (PAEFI) – was analysed. The last part of our research comprised website analyses of institutional support for the internationalisation of SMEs, in three other selected member states of the European Union. The study highlights the low awareness and negative experiences of Slovenian SMEs with institutional support for the internationalisation of SMEs.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of the relationships between hotels and online travel agencies. Traditional travel agents have played an important role as proxies enabling travelers to make connections with hotels. Information and Communication Technologies have deeply transformed business strategies and practices in the tourism and hospitality industries (Ip et al., 2011). Specifically, the Internet has served as one of the most effective marketing and communication tools for hoteliers in facilitating information sharing and online transactions (Tse, 2013), thus leading businesses into a new era. In response to the new challenges (Buhalis and Law, 2008) and in order to increase their competitiveness, hotels have established various online presences. In this field Online Travel Agencies (OTAs) have a strategic role in inducing travelers to make reservations mainly through discounts on travel packages (Toh et al., 2011), coupons or cash-back (Guo et al., 2014). The online travel represents about 20% of the Italian market, for a value higher than EUR 10 billion buying through OLTA grew by 14% in the Italian travel market (Politecnico di Milano – Observatory of Digital Innovation 2016). Hotels pay them a commission fee to ensure such a desirable achievement, and face a trade-off between reservations and a high commission fee

International audience; This work proposes a formulation of propositional logic, named Eigenlogic, using quantum observables as propositions. The eigenvalues of these operators are the truth-values and the associated eigenvectors the interpretations of the propositional system. Fuzzy logic arises naturally when considering vectors outside the eigensystem, the fuzzy membership function is obtained by the Born rule of the logical observable.This approach is then applied in the context of quantum robots using simple behavioral agents represented by Braitenberg vehicles. Processing with non-classical logic such as multivalued logic, fuzzy logic and the quantum Eigenlogic permits to enlarge the behavior possibilities and the associated decisions of these simple agents.

Elektronsko poslovanje lahko bistveno prispeva k pospeševanju postopkov ter prihranku časa in s tem k zniževanju stroškov tako ustanov kot strank. Izrazit primer take ustanove je Zavod za zdravstveno zavarovanje Slovenije, s katerim ima prek sistema obveznega zdravstvenega zavarovanja opravka tako rekoč vsak državljan Republike Slovenije. Delo z zavezanci v Zavodu je do nedavnega temeljilo izključno na papirni dokumentaciji, zato v Zavodu pospešeno tečejo projekti vpeljave elektronskega poslovanja. E-poslovanje prek interneta spremljajo potrebe po zagotavljanju visoke stopnje varnosti, tajnosti in nespremenljivosti poslanih podatkov. V prvem delu naloge so predstavljena digitalna potrdila, s pomočjo katerih zagotovimo visoko stopnjo varnosti poslovanja. Opisani so infrastruktura javnih ključev, na kateri temelji generiranje in hranjenje ključev, overjanje imetnikov in izdajanje digitalnih potrdil, objavljanje digitalnih potrdil (imeniki), preklicevanje in objavljanje preklicev digitalnih potrdil ter časovno označitev postopkov. Na kratko sta predstavljena overitelj na MNZ, ki ga sestavljata dva izdajatelja kvalificiranih digitalnih potrdil ter izdajatelj varnih časovnih žigov in overitelj ZZZS-CA, ki izdaja digitalna potrdila za potrebe delovanja sistema kartice zdravstvenega zavarovanja. V drugem delu so opisani obstoječi portali Zavoda, dostop do portalov ter njihova vsebina pri vsakem je podan predlog za izboljšavo. Opisan je tudi sistem neposrednega dostopa do zdravstvenega zavarovanja (On-line ZZ), ki zagotavlja pregledno, varno in zanesljivo izmenjevanje podatkov o obveznem zdravstvenem zavarovanju, prostovoljnih zdravstvenih zavarovanjih in preostalih podatkih zavarovanih oseb med informacijskimi sistemi Zavoda, prostovoljnih zdravstvenih zavarovalnic in izvajalci zdravstvenih storitev. Naloga pokaže, da Zavod uspešno izkorišča možnosti, ki jih ponuja internet, in je uporabnikom z uvedbo portalov omogočil varno, pregledno in sledljivo elektronsko poslovanje. Predlaganih je nekaj možnosti, da Zavod elektronske storitve nadgradi in svoje poslovanje še bolj približa uporabnikom. Electronic business can substantially increase speed of procedures and thus save time and significantly lower the costs for both institutions and users. A good proof of that is the practice of Health Insurance Institute of Slovenia, which deals with practically every citizen of the Slovenian state through the system of mandatory health insurance. Until recently all the procedures were conducted exclusively on paper now, however, the Institute is rapidly introducing electronic business into its practices. Internet based e-business procedures need to ensure a high level of security and secrecy as well as immutability of data. In the first part of the thesis digital certificates, ensuring a high level of security, are presented. The infrastructure of public keys as a base of generating and keeping of keys, mechanisms for certifying users and issuing digital certificates, publishing of certificates (registering), recalling and publishing recalls of digital certificates as well as time stamping, are described. The thesis describes the certifier at the MNZ, composed of two qualified digital certificate publishers, two publishers of qualified digital certificates and the issuer of safe time stamps and certifier ZZZS-CA, issuer of digital certificates, which enable the functioning of the mandatory health insurance card. The thesis further describes the existing portals of the Institute, their data access and contents, suggesting improvements for both. Also, the thesis outlines the on-line system for health insurance (On-line ZZ), which ensures a clear, safe and reliable exchange of data on mandatory health insurance, voluntary health insurances and other data of insurants between the Institute's information systems, voluntary health insurance companies and health service performers. The thesis shows that the Institute is making good use of the Internet possibilities and provides the safe, transparent and traceable e-business solutions for the users. A few possible upgrades for the Institute’s e-solutions, making them even more consumer-friendly, are proposed.