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Introduction. Currently, the influence of the psychoemotional state of a person on the results of exposure to exogenous damaging factors is well studied. However, until now, this circumstance has been taken into account when assessing the stochastic effects of radiation. The work is devoted to analyzing the influence of the psychoemotional state of a person (stress) on the results of irradiation in the range of 10-1000 mGy. Materials and methods. The results of our research and literature data on the effects of chemical and radiation factors, taking into account the level of stress, on the health of the studied cohorts are summarized. Results. The article summarizes the results of our studies of the effects of genome instability in adults and children from large and small industrial cities of Russia and Kazakhstan, taking into account the severity of stress. It was shown that the genotoxic effects of exogenous toxic and radiation factors acting, including in vitro, were comparable with the degree of severity of stress determined using standard psychological tests. The main damaging factor in the groups of liquidators was the state of pronounced maladaptive stress. The study established that to assess the stochastic effects of training and their relationship with the dose, it is also necessary to allocate a group of adaptive and maladaptive stress based on the results of stress testing. The differences in the results can be 2-3 times. The authors propose a new approach to stress assessment, which provides an adequate forecast of possible changes in the individual sensitivity of the genome to the action of exogenous toxic and genotoxic factors, including ionizing radiation. Conclusion. The peculiarities of the body’s perception of weak stressors of a physical nature should be taken into account when analyzing the medical consequences of exposure to ionizing radiation. To quantify the stochastic effects of the effectiveness of protective measures, it is proposed to use a coefficient that considers the impact of stress - the stress coefficient (SC), and its value, before conducting clarifying studies, should be taken equal to 2.

Introduction. Authors present information on the results of social and hygienic monitoring of personnel’s health status at hazardous radiation facilities and the assigned contingent of healthcare institutions of Russia’s FMBA. The main causal patterns of the influence of risk factors on morbidity and mortality from malignant neoplasms (MNO) among employees of enterprises and the attached contingent of organizations served by healthcare institutions of the FMBA of Russia were revealed. Material and methods. The object of the study was the data on malignant neoplasms obtained from the Federal State Budgetary Institution FTSITEP FMBA of Russia and the Branch Medical and Dosimetric Register of the A.I. Burnazyan FMBA of Russia for 2012-2016. Comparative data of official medical statistics on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and mortality from them in the contingent served by FMBA hospitals, according to the nosological forms of ICD-10 and age groups with similar indices in Russia as a whole, were studied and analyzed (“NMITs Radiology” of the Ministry of Health of Russia). Results. An increase in the incidence of malignant neoplasms in Russia’s FMBA for 2012-2016 (328.4-359.6) and the Russian Federation (367.3-408.6) was noted. 9, which is significantly less than the all-Russian indices (201.0–201.6). The annual mortality rate in 2016 was lower in Russia’s FMBA patients (17.7%) than in the Russian Federation (23.3%). The five-year survival rate in Russia’s FMBA was close to that in the Russian Federation (49.9-54.3%.) It was noted that the largest number of cancer cases was observed in the older age groups: 40-59 years: 23.3-26.6%; 60-85 years: 72.2-68.3%, the same as in the Russian Federation. Conclusion. The research results can become the basis for the development of measures for medical and social rehabilitation of employees of enterprises and organizations served by medical and preventive institutions of the FMBA of Russia and the assigned contingent. In the area of the location of hazardous radiation facilities, constant monitoring and analysis of indicators of cancer incidence, carried out at a personal level using register technologies, is required.

Introduction. Currently, modern medical radiation technologies, including the use of radiopharmaceuticals, are becoming more widely used. At the same time, it should be noted that these technologies themselves have undergone a significant evolution towards improving their radiation safety. But while radiation technologies have been steadily improving, approaches to controlling and regulating activities with ionizing radiation sources remain highly conservative. In law enforcement practice, this approach leads more and more to excessive requirements that are not justified for the basic principles of radiation safety – rationing, justification, optimization. This paper substantiates the ways to improve the issues of regulation and regulation of activities using modern radiation technologies Purpose of research. Conducting radiation and hygiene assessment of working conditions in PET centers and developing proposals for improving regulatory requirements, taking into account the features of modern technologies Material and methods. Protocols of industrial radiation control, results of own research of effective equivalent doses, equivalent doses for the skin and lens of the eye by thermoluminescent dosimetry, timekeeping of the working time of the PET center staff were used. Results. As part of the work, the results of industrial radiation monitoring of the PET- center of a large medical organization were analyzed. It is shown that the annual radiation doses are within no more than 1/3 of the dose limit for limited personnel, most of whom receive less than 5 mS per year. The data of our research carried out based on the scientific LRC of the Department of radiochemistry of the Lomonosov Moscow State University are in good agreement with the data of the medical institution. Conducting time-lapse studies allowed us to conclude that the time of direct exposure of personnel is significantly less than the standard values provided for by regulatory documents, and the dose rates for many operations can not correspond to the values regulated by these documents. It is shown how a safe technology can relate, on formal grounds, to “highly dangerous”, which is a significant modern contradiction in the field of regulating activities with radiation sources. Conclusion. An important factor in ensuring radiation safety is the identification of critical groups of personnel, the most exposed organs, and tissues, taking into account the annual activity consumed. The standardized dose rate criteria laid down in regulatory documents do not provide for the use of indicators of the actual workload (time of exposure). It is necessary to introduce appropriate changes to the normative documents.

Introduction. The document analyzes the current state of issues of medical exposure of the population using methods of radiation diagnostics. Purpose of research is thr development of approaches to optimization of radiation doses to patients, taking into account radio-succeptibility and radioresistance of different age groups exposed to medical irradiation (MI), forming radiation doses and risks of induction of long-term stochastic effects in these groups. Material and methods. Analysis of factors affecting the formation of dose load approaches to the study of x-ray diagnostics at the present stage. Results. The paper gives a detailed review of modern scientific views on the effect of low doses of radiation, identifies controversial aspects of this problem, including the threshold of stochastic effects. The analysis of the main factors of MI dose formation is carried out. It is concluded that it is formed mainly in the field of diagnostic irradiation, while the restriction (1 mSv) applies only to preventive irradiation. This leads to a lack of systematic approaches to the reasonable limitation, optimization, and justification of diagnostic radiation procedures. The significant part of the dose load was shown to be formed due to unreasonable or erroneous directions to the study. Medical exposure is significantly different from other types - man-made and natural, and the risk of medical exposure competes with the risk of failure of radiation diagnostics. A number of measures aimed at reasonable limitation of medical exposure and reduction of risks of stochastic effects while ensuring high quality of diagnostics are proposed. The proposals are based on the provision to reduce radiogenic risks with increasing age. It is also proposed to develop “practical thresholds” of medical exposure for different age groups. Conclusion. The necessity of correction and approaches detailing on justification and purpose of studies in x-ray diagnostics, taking into account features of irradiated contingents, development on this basis of “practical thresholds” of MI at a priority of quality of clinical diagnostics is established.

The aim of the study. An analysis of the problems of the development of the dose-effect relationship (DER) in the assessment of the risk under exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) and harmful chemicals (HC) on human health and proposals for improving them. Material and methods. Problems of the development and application of the methodology for assessing the risk of exposure to IR and HC are in the area of delivering DER based on the results of biological experiments and epidemiological studies (ES). These problems are associated with such properties of the effects of exposure to IR and HCh as nonspecificity and latency, low statistical power, fragmentation of the actual information available on the studied effects, possible dependence on the level of the associated spontaneous morbidity or mortality rate. A number of DER models have been developed by national and international organizations. However, between these models, there are significant differences in the choice both of model parameters and the ratio between the multiplicative and additive dependencies on spontaneous effects. The relevance of improving DER models suitable for reliable predictive risk assessments of exposure to IR and HC remains. Results. In modern DER models, the ratio between the multiplicative and additive dependencies on spontaneous effects was chosen by an expert way on the basis of the available results of biological experiments and ESs without sufficient rigorous justification. This was reflected in the different choice of this ratio by different developers. For a more reasonable choice of the ratio, it is proposed to consider two possibilities: 1) implementing additional targeted biological research on the molecular-cellular and organismic levels; 2) a joint analysis of the results of two independent ESs on different cohorts affected by exposure to IR or HC. For IR there is a real opportunity to solve the problem according to the second option. A specific possible method of action in the second direction and an algorithm for its implementation are proposed. Conclusion. Current models of DER for IR and HC require further development, in particular, in terms of the relationship between multiplicative and additive dependencies in DER. A method of justifying the choice of this ratio is proposed and an algorithm for its implementation for IR is described.

Policy management of institutes and business organizations’ activity, dealing with radiation sources, has more of a bulky and confusing complex of requirements at the present day. The requirements being very substantial, slow down economic growth of entire branches in the field of the beneficial use of radiation technologies, and, at the same time, do not provide the condition of radiation safety. Prime Minister Dmitriy Medvedev, without any coincidence, pointed out the problem during a plenary meeting as an overpressure of regulatory and supervisory bodies on the Russian private sector. According to him, the task can be solved with ‘a regulatory guillotine’. The upcoming article resembles the first attempt to analyze and sort reasons and factors, providing a glimpse of the current situation, search key elements that cause negative influence in the field taken. On the ground of analysis of regulatory documents, vast survey experience and estimation of radiation objects and technologies, authors suggest a new complex of requirements to provide radiation security, their breakdown of classes depending on danger level of radiation objects and operating with sources of ionizing radiation. The article presents the analysis of current regulatory documents on radiation hygiene field and radiation security, retrospective view on valid documents, the expertise of activity of regulatory and supervisory bodies as part of licensing of the activity with man-made sources of ionizing radiation.

Purpose. The identification and hygienic assessment of main sources of natural exposure of the population of the city of Moscow. Ranking areas of the territory of the city according to the potential radon hazard. The elaboration of criteria for the radon hazard of the territory. Material and Methods. There are provided data of the radiation control of the territory of the city (g-spectrometry, the determination of the activity of natural radioactive substances, including samples of the soil and in lithological layers, the density of radon flux (DRF) from the soil), surveys of residential and public buildings for different purposes according to the content of the equivalent equilibrium volumetric activity of radon (EEVAR). Results. There is presented the analysis of materials concerning the evaluation of results of radiation control (the of 226Ra activity in different types of soils, the levels of the DRF from the soil, the concentration of radon in newly constructed and operated buildings, various premises) in administrative districts of Moscow. There was executed the comparison of the spatial distribution of the fields of DRF and EEVAR values in basements and premises of buildings exceeding 200 Bq/m3. There was performed the analysis of criteria of radon-dangerous of areas. Conclusion. There were substantiated criteria and zones of the aggravated radon danger within the city according to following indices: 226Ra content in soils, DRF on soil surfaces, EEVAR in premises, annual dose of the radiation. Performed long-term studies allowed to rank the territory of Moscow into various zones of the radon danger and allocate most dangerous areas (South-Eastern Administrative District, South Administrative District, South-Western Administrative District). There was obtained a map of the interrelationship of the spatial distribution of anomalous DRFs from the soil surface and elevated EEVA values in premises. Ranging of areas for the radon danger permits to significantly optimize the system of radiation control and measures for radiation protection of the population.