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The article is devoted to the study of such a phenomenon as communication between opposing sides during wars and armed conflicts, carried out with the help of inscriptions and images that were applied to military equipment and striking elements. Archetypal grounds that largely determine the specifics of these communications are considered. The article provides an overview of the development of the studied phenomenon in the course of the history of world culture with the involvement of a variety of specific historical material. Special emphasis is placed on Modern times and the analysis of various processes that contributed to the popularization, modification and further dissemination of these communications (first, we are talking about the emergence and development of mass culture, new means of information replication, etc.). A thematic analysis of communications between «friends» and «enemies» is undertaken.

The article continues the discussion of the topic related to strategies for working with historical and cultural heritage monuments that contain traces of the impact of wars and armed conflicts. Based on the exposition and funds of the CNM, the analysis of specific monuments, the form and semantic aura of which bear the «scars» of history, is carried out. Among the monuments, which are given special attention in the article, there are St. Andrew's flag from the battleship «Tsesarevich», items from the cruiser «Varyag», a fragment of the foremast from the battleship «Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky», a shot-through helmet of a marine infantry soldier found at the Sinyavino heights, a damaged propeller blade of the DB-3F bomber, etc. The article considers the status of «scarred» artifacts as «places of memory» that ensure the preservation and transmission of ideas about the military past and are an integral part of military culture. The article describes the main strategies for working with monuments whose «patina of time» contains traces of military influences. As an example of a complex artifact with a deep semantic load, symbolizing the unity of different periods of national history, demonstrating the historical and cultural continuity of its epochs (including through the synthesis of different-time military-historical materials with a high sacred component), the image of the Saviour Not Made with Hands – the main icon of the Main Temple of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is considered.

The first part of the article is devoted to the study of a special group of historical and cultural artifacts that bear the traces of the impact of wars and armed conflicts. These «scars» of history are a rather contradictory phenomenon, on the one hand distorting the monument, and on the other, often supplementing and even strengthening the material form and value-semantic aura of the artifact. Within the framework of this article, an attempt is made to study the value-semantic nature of these scars and the mental and psychological characteristics of their perception; the archetypal foundations are also considered, which underlie the specific perception of military «scars» on the monuments of historical and cultural heritage. With regard to the presented group of monuments, there are various work practices in terms of their identification, preservation, restoration, exhibiting and popularization; among these, there are practices aimed at «erasing» the scars received by monuments in the course of historical and cultural collisions; there are also practices of preserving these traces of the impact of history; in addition, the practice of fragmentary preservation of war scars on artifacts finds their manifestation. The article contains a number of specific historical examples of the implementation of these practices, including both domestic and foreign experience of working with cultural heritage; the historical evolution of the practices of working with «scarred» monuments is also considered. Special attention is paid to the humanitarian and technological features of the popularization of «scarred» artifacts as «places of military memory»; the question is raised about the significance of this activity for national commemorative policy, for the preservation and intergenerational transmission of the system-forming value-semantic attitudes of the national culture. In the second part of the article, the main attention will be paid to the study of the practice of working with monuments of historical and cultural heritage with traces of military experience – based on the exposition and experience of the Central Naval Museum after the Emperor Peter the Great (St.-Petersburg).

The paper is dedicated to a phenomenon of “new traditions” in modern culture and, in particular, in touristic sector of culture. The first part of the article discloses general issues of appearance of “new traditions” within the cultures that entry into modernization era. The second part of the article highlights the specifics of phenomenon's life in touristic sphere. The authors name the next key directions and reasons of formation of “new tradition”: penetration of modeling technologies in semiosphere of touristic destinations; “elongation” of history of sites and monuments; mythmaking process acceleration in today's culture; pseudography of sites and artifacts; appearance of new “sites of commemoration”; popularization of “international” touristic traditions, etc. The article makes reference to examples that help the authors to disclose basic theoretical aspects of the topic.

The analysis of scientific publication, dedicated to human pathogenic orthopoxviruses over the past 40 years is generalizated. The essential activation of focies of monkeypox in Central Africa, cowpox in Europe, buffalopox in South-East Asia, camelpox in South-West and Central Asia and vaccinia-like viruses in Southern America is marked on the background of the apperance of three novel representatives of orthopoxviruses in North America (agents of volepox, raccoonpox and skunpox) and two representatives of African orthopoxviruses (agents of Uasingishu, named self-titled province of Kenya and taterpox). It is concluded, that this is facilitated by almost complete absence of anti-smallpox immunity after the elimination of smallpox and stopping immunization in the world on the background of active human intervention in the nature. Expert do not exclude, that as a result of a mutation of one of orthopoxviruses of animal, similar to smallpox virus agent will exist. Whereat the world will face a threat, much more serious that swine flu or avian flu. It is concluded that modern scientific and methodological approachesto study of orthopoxvirus infections evolution allow to predict threats, related on biological safety of Russian Federation.

The problem of synthesis of adaptive dynamic filter is presented in the form of problem of quasi-optimal control. The solution is obtained based on the theorem of the maximum of the function of the generalized power and analysis of the Lagrangian along characteristic trajectories in phase space. This allows to construct a model of controlled motion that can be represented in a quasilinear form. The obtained equation of the adaptive filter of the dynamic estimation of the motion parameters differs from the known equations by its feedback structure. On the basis of mathematical modeling it is shown that estimations of the proposed filter provide an increase in accuracy with less computational costs.

This paper examines the design principles of microstrip filters with increased frequency selectivity based on compact structures with a significantly limited number of resonators. It is shown for the first time that in four-resonator counter-comb structures with an additional galvanic connection between adjacent resonators, it is possible to form four working attenuation poles at finite frequencies. The conditions for creating on the basis of these structures microstrip filters with increased one-way frequency selectivity and with a quasisymmetric characteristic are given.

The mass composition of cosmic rays with ultrahigh energies (2 × 10182–5 × 1019 eV) is studied using the publicly accessible data of the Pierre Auger Collaboration as of January 1, 2014. Employing tools for describing intrinsic relations inside multidimensional distribution (the Copula function) at 3 × 1018–3 × 1019 eV, the investigation reveals a mass composition weight of a complex nature.

Building resilient infrastructures is cross-disciplinary topic which is important in systems engineering, network security, transportation systems, etc. This paper describes dynamic quantitative model for estimating infrastructure resilience and it potential costs. Currently there are no models that could describe dynamic effects of threat impact on infrastructure and estimate costs of different prevention strategies. This work defines multi-layered graph model that describes threat impact through system interdependencies at every moment of time and chooses optimal response strategy in the terms of system performance and resilience strategy costs.

The present paper proposes a method for measuring sodium flow rate of annular linear induction pumps. The feature of the method lies in measuring the leaked magnetic field with measuring coils near the stator end on the outlet side and in correlating it with the sodium flow rate. This method is verified through an experiment and a numerical analysis. The data obtained in the experiment reveals that the correlation between the leaked magnetic field and the sodium flow rate is almost linear. The result of the numerical analysis agrees with the experimental data. The present method will be particularly effective to sodium flow rate monitoring of each one of plural annular linear induction pumps arranged in parallel in a vessel which forms a large-scale pump unit.

The paper describes and compares three computer codes that are able to estimate the double-supply-frequency (DSF) pulsations in annular linear induction pumps (ALIPs). The DSF pulsations are the result of interaction of the magnetic field and induced in liquid metal currents both changing with supply-frequency. They may be of some concern for electromagnetic pumps (EMP) exploitation and need to be evaluated at their design. The results of computer simulation are compared with experimental ones for annular linear induction pump ALIP-1.

In the previous work, the authors showed some detailed aspects of the magnetohydrodynamic instability arising in an annular linear induction pump: the instability is accompanied with a low frequency pressure pulsation in the range of 0–10 Hz when the magnetic Reynolds number is larger than unity; the low frequency pressure pulsation is produced by the sodium vortices that come from some azimuthal non-uniformity of the applied magnetic field or of the sodium inlet velocity. In the present work, an experiment and a numerical analysis are carried out to verify the pump winding phase shift that is expected as an effective way to suppress the instability. The experimental data shows that the phase shift suppresses the instability unless the slip value is so high, but brings about a decrease of the developed pressure. The numerical results indicate that the phase shift causes a local decrease of the electromagnetic force, which results in the suppression of the instability and the decrease of the developed pressure. In addition, it is exhibited that the intensity of the double-supply-frequency pressure pulsation is in nearly the same level in the case with and without the phase shift. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Approximation of individual cascades of giant energies is an essential part of energy determination methods for primary particles. Fluctuations of the cascades and their distribution shapes were investigated based on a sufficient number of MC simulated showers, as dependent on primary energy and zenith angle. Individual cascades were approximated with high accuracy using very simple formula with interpreted parameters. This formula is convenient for both processing experimental data and analytical investigation. The primary energy dependence of physically interpreted values of the mean cascade parameters is shown. The problems of correct description of individual and mean showers are discussed.

This paper reports on recent research into magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena applicable to fusion technology. In Europe, experiments on the relative enhancement of heat transfer in liquid metal (LM) flows in ducts with electrically thin or insulated walls show a factor of two increase due to strong shear flow boundary layers when compared to slug flow solutions. This increase has no associated increase in pressure drop. Stronger enhancement is possible with mechanical promoters, but pressure drop increased concomitantly. Electrical turbulence promoters have been shown in theory to aid in heat transfer as well, although preliminary experiments in Europe show no enhancement and a 20% increase in pressure drop. Experiments in Japan show that the maximum enhancement for liquid Lithium occurs for values of the interaction parameter in the N=10–20 range. Other recent experimental efforts in Europe, Japan and Russia on natural convection in the presence of magnetic field, formation of insulator coatings and modeling of insulator imperfections are also described. In the USA, design and analysis of liquid systems utilizing all-liquid walls have lead to interest in turbulence simulations for heat transfer at free surfaces of both LMs and Flibe. Free surface flows are particularly sensitive to changes in MHD drag since no applied pressure can be used to drive the free surface flow. For this reason, Flibe is considered a prime candidate for liquid walls and is also considered in Japan as the top candidate for Large Helical Device (LHD) breeder blanket. Experimental work with Flibe simulants is currently underway in Japan, and under development in the USA. Analysis of LM flows under liquid wall conditions is being performed in the USA as well. In Russia some further experiments were made for divertor/first wall LM free surface flow, LM heat pipes and porous structures with Li evaporation.

In the previous work, the authors showed that the double-supply-frequency pressure pulsation comes from a disturbance of the electromagnetic force occurring near the stator ends, and hence the pressure pulsation may be reduced by some way that suppresses this disturbance, e.g. by a winding grading at the stator ends. In the present work, an experiment and a numerical analysis are carried out to verify the effect of linear winding grading. The experimental data and the numerical results show that this type of grading is an effective way to reduce the pressure pulsation. In addition, the experimental data reveals that the linear winding grading improves the pump efficiency.

The main article focus is creating of machine and human readable vocabulary describing emergencies. Vocabulary tends to solve problem of low interoperability and technological and semantic incompatibility of departmental information systems. Vocabulary is developed in the form of OWL ontology. Proposed ontology could help to establish shared situation awareness between all participants of crisis management (emergency services, medical services, police, population exposed to risk). Article describes all stages for creating such ontology, from creating high level conceptual metamodel to development of formal ontology and it evaluation in real information system prototype. Ontology depicts all phases of emergency management, from mitigation and preparedness to recovery. Developed ontology is deployed to public access and could be freely used in information systems, it could serve as semantic foundation for information exchange within "system-of-systems".

A review of experimental work on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and heat transfer (HT) characteristics of liquid metal flows in fusion relevant conditions is presented. Experimental data on MHD flow pressure drop in straight channels of round and rectangular cross-section with electroconducting walls in a transverse magnetic field show good agreement with theoretical predictions, and simple engineering formulas are confirmed. Less data are available on velocity distribution and HT characteristics, and even less data are available for channels with electroinsulating walls or artificially made self-healing electroinsulating coatings. Some experiments show an interesting phenomena of HT increase in the presence of a transverse or axial magnetic field. For channels of complex geometry — expansions, contractions, bends, and manifolds — few experimental data are available. Future efforts should be directed toward investigation of MHD/HT in straight channels with perfect and nonperfect electroinsulated walls, including walls with controlled imperfections, and in channels of complex geometry. International cooperation in manufacturing and operating experimental facilities with magnetic fields at, or even higher than, 5–7 T with comparatively large volumes may be of great help.

A key feasibility issue for the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER) vanadium/lithium breeding blanket is the question of insulator coatings. Design calculations show that an electrically insulating layer is necessary to maintain an acceptably low magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pressure drop. To begin experimental investigations of the MHD performance of candidate insulator materials and the technology for putting them in place, a new test section was prepared. Aluminum oxide was chosen as the first candidate insulating material because it may be used in combination with NaK in the ITER vacuum vessel and/or the divertor and MHD performance tests could begin early in Argonne's liquid-metal experiment (ALEX) because NaK was already the working fluid in use. Details on the methods used to produce the aluminum oxide layer, as well as the microstructures of the coating and the aluminide sublayer, are presented and discussed. The overall MHD pressure drop, local MHD pressure gradient, local transverse MHD pressure difference and surface voltage distributions in both the circumferential and axial directions are reported and discussed. The overall MHD pressure drop, measured at 30 and 85°C, was higher than the perfectly insulating case, but many times lower than the bare-wall case. It was demonstrated that the increase in MHD pressure drop above the theoretical values is largely due to the presence of instrumentation penetrations in the test section walls, which provide current paths from the fluid to the walls of the pipe, resulting in local areas of near-bare-wall MHD pressure drop.

The results of numerical and experimental studies of liquid metal heat transfer in slotted channels in a transverse magnetic field are presented. Test results showed an improvement in heat transfer in a straight channel at low and moderate interaction parameter N . The Nusselt number at small N (around 120) was up to twofold higher than in turbulent flow without a magnetic field, the Peclet number being equal. This effect of heat transfer enhancement is caused by the generation and development of large-scale velocity fluctuations close to the heated wall area. Qualitative and quantitative correlations between heat transfer and velocity fluctuation characteristics are presented.

A review of experimental results is presented for magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow in rectangular channels with conducting walls and high aspect ratios (longer side parallel to the applied magnetic field), which are called slotted channels. The slotted channel concept was conceived at Efremov Institute as a method for reducing MHD pressure drop in liquid metal cooled blanket design. The experiments conducted by the authors were aimed at studying both fully developed MHD-flow, and the effect of a magnetic field on the hydrodynamics of 3-D flows in slotted channels. Tests were carried out on five models of the slotted geometry. A good agreement between test and theoretical results for the pressure drop in slotted channels was demonstrated. Application of a “one-electrode movable probe” for velocity measurement permitted measurement of the M-shape velocity profiles in the slotted channels. Suppression of 3-D inertial effects in slotted channels of complex geometry was demonstrated based on potential distribution data.

The main article focus is leveraging power of human-oriented modelling paradigms such as UML and concept maps frameworks for creating upper levels of crisis management ontology. Domain experts, which are involved in ontology creation process, usually are not comfortable with direct ontology creation. From the other side, ontology engineers may not know modelled domain as deeply as experts. Utilization of intermediate modelling techniques such as UML and concept maps removes gap between domain experts and ontology engineers. This work includes detailed research of workflow for transforming UML and concept maps model to OWL ontology which is ready for further formalization. Comparison of UML and concept maps workflows for creating upper levels of crisis ontology is provided.

The reader may be inclined to reproach us for overburdening this article with statistical material. We want to warn you in advance that this has been done deliberately. Our purpose is to show in condensed form that the negative processes that have been written about so often in Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia and other publications, far from declining, actually have the tendency to rise.

In this paper, we review application of virtual environment systems to emergency management. Section 1 describes new possibilities that virtual environment technology offers. In Section 2, we analyze application of virtual environment technology to simulation and first responders training during the preparedness phase of an emergency. Section 3 discusses mobile augmented reality systems for first responders’ equipment, navigation and three-dimensional (3D) geographic information representation, damage evaluation and reconstruction of buildings. Section 4 explains how virtual environment technologies provide visualization and decision support for management personnel. In the last section, we make some conclusions about current research in this field, present systems and future trends.

Progress on comprehensive validation of the short chemical kinetic mechanism for the JetA/air mixtures under conditions, typical of Pulsed Detonation Engines (PDE) operating conditions, is reported. The reduced (13 reactions, 15 species) kinetic mechanism (under development in Kurchatov Institute for the high fidelity simulations of the PDEs) is subjected to a specially designed, multi-step validation procedure. The results of the zerodimensional thermodynamic- and kinetic-based simulations are briefly described. This report discusses the procedures and the results of the one-dimensional reactive CFD validation of the reduced kinetic mechanism. For the 1-dimensional validation of the mechanism (as well as any other kinetic mechanism for any fuel), implemented in the computational fluid dynamics software (CFD software), the test data of detonation initiation behind reflected shock waves are proposed as proper detonation initiation validation measurements. The predictions show acceptable agreement with the available experimental measurements on detonation initiation in Jet-A/air mixtures. Additional investigation of the mechanisms of detonation formation behind reflected shock wave in 1-dimensional simulations allows to explain several experimental observations, which could not be explained before.

Recent progress in several related research areas such as first‐principles electronic‐structure calculations of atoms and diatomic molecules, theory of elementary processes, kinetics, and numerical engineering, and also continued exponential growth in computational resources enhanced by recent advances in massively parallel computing have opened the possibility of directly designing kinetics mechanisms to describe chemical processes and light emission in such complex media as nonequilibrium plasmas and reacting gases. It is important that plasma and combustion kinetics can be described in the framework of this direct approach to a sufficiently high accuracy, which makes it an independent predictive research tool complementary to experimental techniques. This paper demonstrates the capabilities of the first‐principles based approach to develop kinetic mechanisms. Two examples are discussed in detail: (1) the mechanism of hydrocarbon fuel combustion at high temperatures and (2) light emission in non‐thermal glow discharge plasma of metal halides; special attention is paid to a comparison of the results obtained at every level of system description with the appropriate experimental data. In house software tools that can be used in such multilevel theoretical works are discussed as well.

Different types of liquid metal (LM) divertor targets are characterized and compared. Conceptual designs of these targets for a number of Tokamak projects are considered. The conducted R&D and design studies confirm the potential attractiveness of LM divertor targets and require further efforts, including testing in present day Tokamaks.

A key feasibility issue for the ITER Vanadium/Lithium breeding blanket is the question of insulator coatings. Design calculations show that an electrically insulating layer is necessary to maintain an acceptably low MHD pressure drop. To begin experimental investigations of the MHD performance of candidate insulator materials and the technology for putting them in place, a new test section was prepared. Aluminum oxide was chosen as the first candidate insulating material because it may be used in combination with NaK in the ITER vacuum vessel and/or the divertor. Details on the methods used to produce the aluminum oxide layer as well as the microstructures of the coating and the aluminide sublayer are presented and discussed. The overall MHD pressure drop, local MHD pressure gradient, local transverse MHD pressure difference, and surface voltage distributions in both the circumferential and the axial directions are reported and discussed. The positive results obtained here for high-temperature NaK have two beneficial implications for ITER. First, since NaK may be used in the vacuum vessel and/or the divertor, these results support the design approach of using electrically insulating coatings to substantially reduce MHD pressure drop. Secondly, while Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/SS is not the same coating/base material combination which would be used in the advanced blanket, this work nonetheless shows that it is possible to produce a viable insulating coating which is stable in contact with a high temperature alkali metal coolant.

This paper describes an experimental and analytical study of double-supply-frequency pressure pulsation arising in an annular linear induction pump. In a large-scale induction pump, it is known that the supply frequency should be relatively low in order to satisfy a magnetohydrodynamic stability criterion. Under such a low supply frequency, however, double-supply-frequency pressure and flow rate pulsation generated in an induction pump may be of concern. The experimental data obtained in the present work shows that the amplitude of the pressure pulsation increases with decreasing supply frequency, number of poles and/or slip. The numerical result reveals that the pressure pulsation comes from a disturbance of the electromagnetic force near the stator ends.