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The Afrotropical genus Meganaclia Aurivillius, 1892 is revised, five new species M. smithi sp. n., M. grehani sp. n., M. josephi sp. n., M. johannae sp. n. and M. gaerberfesti sp. n. are described with a key for identification of species based on male genitalia structures. Habitus and genitalia of all taxa are illustrated and a distribution map is provided.

Meganaclia grehani Ignatev, sp. n. zoobank.org: (Figs 4, 5, 12, 17, 23, 28, 33, 39) Holotype. ♁, “W-Africa, Guinea, Konakri, Macenta prefecture, Ziama forest 550 m, 250 watt, 17.11- 01.12.2016; leg. Petrányi G; Muller GC; Kravchenko VD et al. ”, gen. slide No. GP 34.682 (MWW). Paratypes (525J, 48♀ in total). Guinea. 307♁, 31♀, with the same data as in the holotype, gen. slide No GP 34.674(♁), 34.767(♁), 34.690(♁), 34.691(♁), GP 34.683(♀); 2♁, same locality, “ ii.2017 ”; 1♀, same locality, “ iii.2017 ”; 7♁, same locality, “ iv.2017 ” gen. slide No. GP 34.692; 1♁, same locality, “ vi.2017 ”; 132♁,, “Nzérékoré Region, Mt. Nimba, Ziela, 550m, v.2017, Leg. GC Muller, VD Kravchenko & G Petranyi.”, gen. slide No. GP 34.767(♁); 58♁, same locality, “ ii.2017 ”; 7♀, same locality “ iv.2017 ” (CHS). 2♁, Geipa Camp, Forêt de Diecké, 435m, 7°26′7.06″N, 8°50′47.87″W, 5– 14.iv.2019, Light Trap Blended Bulb (250W), Sáfián, Sz., Koivogui, S, leg., ANHRT:2019.7; 1 ♁, 619km ESE of Conakry, Nzérékoré Region, Prefecture de Lola, Ziela env., 540–600m, 7°42′N, 8°21′W, x.2017, local collectors leg., ANHRT:2020.6 (ANHRT). Mali. 2♁, 2♀, SE of Sikasso, River Gallery near Kadiolo Village, November 2010, G.C. Muller & M.M. Traore (CHS). Ivory Coast. 1♁, [Nationalpark Tai], 11.xii.1982, leg. Dr. Politzar, gen. slide No. GP 34.691 (ZSM). 2♁, 2♀, Banco National Park, 40 m, 05°23′3.8″N, 04°03′11.2″W, 29.xi–5.xii.2019, LepiLED and Actinic Light Trap, Aristophanous M., Dérozier, V., Moretto, P., Ouattara, S. leg. ANHRT: 2019.23, gen. slide Nos LG 6003(♁), LG 6004(♀); 1♁, Abidjan, Banco Forest (Parc – National du Banco), 39–48m, 05°23′03.8″N, 04°03′11.2″W, 21– 30.iv.2017, MV light, Aristophanous, A., Aristophanous, M., Geiser, M., Moretto, P. leg. ANHRT:2017.25; 1♁, Mt Tonkoui Peak, 1171m, 07°27′15.2″N, 07°38′12.5″W, 20–27.v.2018, General coll., Aristophanous, M., Miles, W., Moretto, P., Outtara, Y. leg., ANHRT:2018.28; 1♀, Mt. Nimba Camp, Savannah & gallery forest, 823m, 07°35′15″N, 08°25′05″W, 28.iv.–8.v.2016, General coll., Aristophanous, M., Geiser, M., Moretto, P., ANHRT:2017.17 (ANHRT). 3♁, Forest classee de la Bossematie, 20 km south of Abengourou, 02.1996, leg. Ugo Dall’ Asta, gen. slide No. S466, S470, S473 (ISEA PAS). Liberia. 1♁, Grand Gedeh, County Putu Range, 19–31.xii.2010, leg. Sáfián, Sz., Zakar, E. gen. slide No. S467 (ISEA PAS). 1♁, 1♀, Lofa county, Wologizi Mts, Rosewood Camp, 585m, 8°06′14.9″N, 9°58′27.3″W, 18.xi.–1.xii.2018, MV Light Trap, Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. leg., ANHRT:2018.43; 2♀, Lofa county, Wologizi Mts, Ridge Camp, 865m, 8°07′10″N, 9°57′11″W, 24–29.xi.2017, Light Trap (blended bulb 250W & cold cathode), Aristophanous, M., Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. & Smith, L. leg., ANHRT:2017.33; 1♀, Lofa county, Wologizi Mts, Ridge Camp 2, 883m, 8°07′20.79″N, 9°56′50.75″W, 22–30.xi.2018, Light Trap Blended Bulb (250W), Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. leg., ANHRT:2018.43; 1♁, Lofa County, Wonegizi Nature Reserve, Welezu camp, 551m, 8°4″57.11″”N, 9°34″47.86″”W, 19–27.iii.2019, Light Trap Blended Bulb (250W), Sáfián, Sz., Koivogui, S. leg., ANHRT:2019.7; 1♁, Nimba county, Nimba Mts., ENNR (Cellcom road), 1000–1100m, 7°32″45.86″”N, 8°31″21.04″”W, 2–14.xii.2017, Cold Cathode Light Bucket, Aristophanous, M., Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G., Smith, L. leg., ANHRT:2017.36 (ANHRT). DRC. 1♁, Kinshasa, Zone de Pimete, 20.v.1982, leg. Ph. Oremans, gen. slide No. S 474 (ISEA PAS). Diagnosis. The habitus of M. grehani sp. n. is similar to M. sippia and M. smithi sp. n. (Figs 1, 2, 3) but distinguished from the former in the darker colouration of the male antenna and from the latter in the darker, more greyish rather than brownish wing colouration and the noticeably larger hindwing spots. In the male genitalia, the new species has a markedly shorter, broader and more heavily sclerotized dorsal projection of the parrot beak-shaped uncus compared to its closest allies (Figs 15–17). The dorsal appendage of the uncus is absent in M. grehani and only two very small membranous humps covered by short sparse setae are present, whilst the membranous dorsal humps are larger in M. sippia and similarly short, but markedly more densely setose in M. smithi sp. n. (Figs 15–17). The costal margin of the valva is almost straight in M. grehani with only its distal quarter gently arched ventrad, whilst all other Meganaclia species has a markedly more curved valva costa, the tip of which is rounded in M. grehani, similarly to M. smithi sp. n. whereas it is pointed in all other Meganaclia species. (Figs 21–26). Description. Male (Fig. 4). Wingspan: 44–48 mm; FW length: 25 mm, width: 11 mm, ratio 2.3: 1; HW length: 15 mm, width: 10 mm, ratio 1.5: 1. Antenna bipectinate, dark blackish-brown. Head and patagia light orange. Tegula yellow. Thorax covered in pale brown and pale orange scales with two black spots near patagia. Abdomen dorsally pale brown, or orange with a black rounded spot on each segment. Forewing light brown or greyish-brown, slightly transparent, all forewing spots light grey; m1 small, blurred, m2, m3, m4, m5 rounded. Forewing base with a small, black dot. Hindwing pale greyish-brown, basal half somewhat transparent; all hindwing spots light grey; m1 absent or strongly diffuse; m2, m3, m4 oval shaped, m2 markedly smaller than m3 and m4. Male genitalia (Figs 17, 23, 28). Uncus parrot beak-shaped, broad dorso-ventrally, laterally covered by short setae; dorsal process heavily sclerotized, strongly curved subapically, pointed apically; ventral process less sclerotized, gently curved, rounded apically; dorsal appendage absent, two small membranous humps covered in short, sparse setae present (Fig. 17). Tegumen broad, dome shaped. Valva broad, ventro-medially dilated, ventral margin evenly arcuate; costal margin almost straight, sclerotisation of valva costa dilated ventro-medially forming a broad-based triangle with apex reaching the center of valva. Sacculus narrow, extending to middle of ventral valva margin, distally expanding into a more or less triangular plate with sclerotized distal margin pointing caudad reaching central part of valva. Juxta well developed, distally tapered tubular. Saccus extremely long and thin, thread-like, slightly dilated subapically. Aedeagus extremely long and thin, needle-like, proximally slightly dilated with short, rounded coecum penis, tapered distally, pointed apically; vesica without cornuti (Fig. 28). Description. Female (Fig. 5). Wingspan: 51–55 mm; FW length: 27 mm, width: 12 mm, ratio 2.3: 1; HW length: 16 mm, width: 10 mm, ratio 1.6: 1. Antenna bipectinate, dark brown. Head and tegula pale yellow, patagia dark yellow. Thorax covered in pale brown scales bearing two rounded black spots near patagia. Abdomen dorsally pale brown, with an admixture of dark yellow scales and black rounded spot on each segment. Forewing grey, spot m1 very small, teardrop-shaped; m2, m3, m4, m5 rounded, m3 smaller than m2, m4 and m5, all spots light grey. Forewing has a small, rounded black basal spot. Hindwing grey, inner half semi-transparent; spot m1 is strongly blurred; m2, m3 and m4 oval shaped, m2 markedly smaller than m3 and m4; all spots are light grey. Female genitalia (Fig. 33). Papilla analis rounded trapezoidal, covered in short, sparse setae; apophysis posterioris short, thin, slightly dilated subapically, rounded apically. Eighth sternite very short, weakly sclerotized, distal margin medially concave, proximal margin convex; apophysis anterioris well developed, broad basally, gradually tapered, apically pointed, 1.5 times longer than apophysis posterioris. Lamella postvaginalis narrow, gently curved, heavily sclerotized. Ostium bursae narrow, infundibular. Ductus bursae narrow and extremely long, heavily sclerotized, medially slightly constricted, distal two-thirds straight, proximal third curved; cervix bursae moderately sclerotized, short sack-like. Corpus bursae membranous, ovoid; signum bursae large elongate ribbon-like, finely scobinate, covering two-thirds of bursa copulatrix. Etymology. It is with great pleasure to dedicate this new species to Dr John Grehan, American lepidopterist, thanking his research support and collaborations in studies on Hepialidae., Published as part of Ignatev, Nikolai, László, Gyula M., Paśnik, Anna, Fric, Zděnek Faltýnek, Sulak, Harald & Müller, Günter C., 2023, Five new species of the genus Meganaclia Aurivillius, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini), pp. 457-474 in Zootaxa 5296 (3) on pages 460-463, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7984227

Key to the species of the genus Meganaclia based on male genitalia structures 1 Uncus without sclerotized dorsal appendage (Fig. 16)........................................................ 2 - Uncus with sclerotized dorsal appendage (Fig. 20)........................................................... 4 2(1) Uncus laterally without distinct setae (Fig. 15)........................................................ M. sippia - Uncus laterally with distinct setae (Fig. 16)................................................................. 3 3(2) Uncus parrot beak shaped (Fig. 17).......................................................... M. grehani sp. n. - Uncus rather C-shaped (Fig. 16).............................................................. M. smithi sp. n. 4(1) Dorsal appendage of uncus bifurcate, antler-shaped (Fig. 20)................................... M. gaerberfesti sp. n. - Dorsal appendage of uncus bifurcate, simple-shaped......................................................... 5 5(4) Dorsal appendage of uncus pointed apically (Fig. 19)........................................... M. johannae sp. n. - Dorsal appendage of uncus rounded apically (Fig. 18)............................................ M. josephi sp. n., Published as part of Ignatev, Nikolai, László, Gyula M., Paśnik, Anna, Fric, Zděnek Faltýnek, Sulak, Harald & Müller, Günter C., 2023, Five new species of the genus Meganaclia Aurivillius, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini), pp. 457-474 in Zootaxa 5296 (3) on page 473, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7984227

Meganaclia sippia (Plötz, 1880) (Figs 1, 15, 21, 32, 38) Naclia sippia Plötz, 1880, Plötz C. 1880. Verzeichniss der vom Prof. Dr. R. Buchholz in West–Afrika gesammelten Schmetterlinge. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 76–88, 298–307. Type locality: [Cameroon] Cameroons Gebirge [mountain]. Syntypes, 4♁ (coll. ZIMG). Type material examined. Lectotype (designated herein). ♁, “ Cameroon Mountains, W Africa, leg. R. Buchholz “, gen. slide No. P 316 (ZIMG). Additional material examined. DRC. 1♁, Coll. Mus. Congo, Sankuru: Katako–Kombe, 12.x.1952, Dr M. Fontaine, gen. slide No. P 317 (RMCA). Liberia. 1♁, Grand Gedeh, County, Putu Range, 19–31.xii.2011, leg. Sáfián, Sz., Zakar, E., gen. slide No. S 476 (ISEA PAS). Sierra Leone. 1♁, Malema District, Mogbaima near Moro River, 18–22.i.2011, leg. Sáfián, Sz., gen. slide No. S 477 (ISEA PAS). Diagnosis. The habitus of male adult M. sippia is highly reminiscent of M. grehani sp. n. due to the similarly pale brownish-grey colouration and large hindwing spots, but clearly differs from it by the lighter coloration of the antenna. Nevertheless, examination of the male genital morphology is required for the reliable identification of the species. In the male genitalia, M. sippia differs from all other taxa of the genus by the longest dorsal and ventral projections of the C-shaped uncus lacking sclerotized dorsal appendages (Fig. 15) but bearing two short, membranous humps covered sparsely by short setae. The sclerotized costal margin of the valva is narrower than in other species of the genus, gently concave in basal two-thirds (it is straight, convex or undulate in the other congeners), its distal third abruptly tapered and curved ventrad ending in a pointed apex, whereas the distal tapered section of the valva costa is considerably longer in the other Meganaclia species. The sacculus of M. sippia has the shortest, and least sclerotized, broad-based triangular plate in the genus (Figs 21, 32). In 1955 Kiriakoff described the female genitalia structures of M. sippia collected in Sankuru, Katako-Kombe. However, neither the simplified description nor the extremely schematic drawing given in the paper are informative enough for using them for the identification of females of M. sippia, and rather are appropriate only for characterizing the female reproductive organs of the genus in general., Published as part of Ignatev, Nikolai, László, Gyula M., Paśnik, Anna, Fric, Zděnek Faltýnek, Sulak, Harald & Müller, Günter C., 2023, Five new species of the genus Meganaclia Aurivillius, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini), pp. 457-474 in Zootaxa 5296 (3) on pages 458-460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7984227, {"references":["Plotz, C. (1880) Verzeichniss der vom Prof. Dr. R. Buchholz in West-Afrika gesammelten Schmetterlinge. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 41, 76 - 88 + 298 - 307.","Aurivillius, C. (1892) Verzeichniss einer vom Herrn Fritz Theorin aus Gabun und dem Gebiete des Camerunflusses Heimgebrachten Schmetterlingssammlung. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 7, 37 - 56."]}

Meganaclia josephi Ignatev, Paśnik & Sulak, sp. n. Zoobank.org (Figs 6, 7, 18, 24, 29, 35, 38, 39) Holotype. ♁, “ Guinea Konakri, Macenta prefecture, Ziama forest 550 m., Mt. Nimba, April, 2017; Leg. GC Muller, VD Kravchenko & G Petranyi”, gen. slide No. GP 34.764 (MWW). Paratypes (20J, 12♀ in total). Mali. 1♁, SE of Sikasso, River gallery near Kadiolo village, xi.2010: G.C. Muller & M.M. Traore, gen. slide No. GP 34.765 (CHS). Ivory Coast. 1♁, Côte d’Ivoire, San Pedro, 22.4.79, leg. Dr. Politzar (ZSM). 2♁, 3♀, Tai NP., Tai Research Station, (SRET), 174m, 05°50′00″N, 07°20′32″W, 25.iii.–17.iv.2017, MV Light Trap, Aristophanous, A., Aristophanous, M., Geiser, M., Moretto, P. leg., ANHRT: 2017.25, gen. slide No. LG 6001(♀); 1♁, Mt. Nimba Camp, 823m, 07°35′15″N, 08°25′05″W, 28.iv.–8.v.2016, Light Trap, Aristophanous, M., Geiser, M., Moretto, P., ANHRT:2017.17 (ANHRT). Nigeria. 1♀, S. Nigeria, Ore, 27.12.1970, leg. Dr. Politzar, gen. slide No. GP 34.685 (ZSM). 1♁, Anambra State, Nsukka F. Res., 12–25.iii.1983, leg. J. Wojtusiak, gen. slide No. S 456; 1♁, Anambra State, Nsukka, 11.v.1982, leg. J. Wojtusiak, gen. slide No. S 462; 1♁, Bendel State, Okomu Forest Res., 20.x.1984, leg. J. Wojtusiak, gen. slide No. S 463; 1♁, Omo Forest, Erin Camp, 7–10.x.2010, leg. Szabolcs Sáfián & Ágnes Horváth, gen. slide No. S 465 (ISEA PAS). Liberia. 1♁, Lofa County, Wologizi Mts, Elephant Ridge, 1002m, 8°07′1.46″N, 9°55′24.18″W, 23–26.xi.2018, LepiLED Light Trap, Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. leg., ANHRT:2018.43; 1♀, Lofa County, Wologizi Mts, Ridge camp, 865m, 8°07′10″N, 9°57′11″W, 24–29.xi.2017, Light Trap (blended bulb 250W), Aristophanous, M., Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. & Smith, L., leg., ANHRT: 2017.33, gen. slide No. LG 6000; 3♀, Lofa county, Wologizi Mts, Ridge Camp 2, 883m, 8°07′20.79″N, 9°56′50.75″W, 22–30.xi.2018, Cold Cathode UV Light Trap (8W) & Blended Bulb (250W), Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. leg. ANHRT:2018.43; 1♀, Nimba Mts., ENNR, Cellcom Rd, 1000–1100m, 7°32′45.9″N, 8°31′21″W, 12–16.iii.2017, Light Trap (250W blended bulb) & cold cathode UV light bucket trap (8W), Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. leg., ANHRT:2017.36; 2♀, Sinoe County, 6.5km NW of Jacksonville, Forest near Solve Problem Village, 5°26′25″N, 9°7′39.9″W, 23–27.i.2018, MV Light Trap, Geiser, M., Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. leg., ANHRT:2017.33 (ANHRT). 1 ♁, Nimba Mountains, Mount Gangra summit, 7°32′45.82″N. 8°38′9.36″W, 17– 25.iii.2017, leg. Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G., gen. slide No. S 461 (ISEA PAS). 3 ♁, Nimba County, Yekepa, Camp 4, East Nimba NR, Cellcom Road, 1150 m, 20.xi.2022, 7°31′44.2”N 8°31′38.4”W, at light, D. Bartsch leg. (SMNS). Guinea. 1♀, Geipa Camp, Foret de Diecke, 435m, 7°26′7.06″N, 8°50′47.87″W, 5–14.iv.2019, Cold Cathode UV Light Trap (8W), Sáfián, Sz., Koivogui, S, leg., ANHRT: 2019.7 (ANHRT); 1♁ Nzerekore Region, Mt. Nimba, Ziela, 550 m, 7,716°N, 8,36°W, April 2017, leg Petranyi G, Müller G.C. & V.D. Kravchenko (CHS). DRC. 1♁, Zaire, 180km W of Bukavu, rainforest, light trap 160 W, No 330 MV lamp, Hung. Sci. Africa, Exp. “Teleki”, 16 May 1988, leg. A. Vojnits, gen. slide No. S 457 (ISEA PAS); 1♁, Equateur, Bikoro, 18.vii.1991, leg. Ph. Oremans, gen. slide No. S 459 (ISEA PAS); 1♁, Kinshasa, Bombo, 07.iii.1996, leg. Ph. Oremans, gen. slide No. S 460 (ISEA PAS); 1♁, Kinshasa, Zone de Pimete, 20.v.1982, leg. Ph. Oremans, gen. slide No. S 464 (ISEA PAS); 1 ♁ (illegible label), gen. slide No. S458 (ISEA PAS). Diagnosis. The new species resembles the sympatric M. johannae sp. n. (Figs 8, 9) but differs from it in the markedly darker wing coloration of males (Figs 6–9) and antennae and the considerably smaller hindwing dots. In contrast to M. johannae sp. n., and M. gaerberfesti sp. n., the forewing of M. josephi sp. n. is more pointed apically with outer margin lacking a tiny subapical notch (Fig. 38); in addition, the m2 spot of the forewing is distinctly larger and rounded in comparison with the narrow dash-like, blurred m2 spots of M. johannae sp. n. and M. gaerberfesti sp. n., (Figs 6–11). It is important to note, that the colouration of adults from Mali and Nigeria tends to be of paler shade. The reliable identification requires the examination of the male genitalia configuration where M. josephi posseses a pair of well-developed, moderately sclerotized, C-shaped, distally slightly divaricate dorsal appendages of the uncus which are absent in M. sippia, M. grehani and M. smithi. Dorsal appendages of the uncus are present in M. johannae sp. n. and M. gaerberfesti sp. n., but those are more heavily sclerotized and largely different in shape (Figs 15 –20). Description. Male (Fig. 6). Wingspan: 44–48 mm; FW length: 22 mm, width: 10 mm, ratio 2.2: 1; HW length: 14 mm, width: 8 mm, ratio 1.7: 1. Antenna bipectinate, dark brown. Head and patagia pale orange. Tegula dark brown. Thorax covered by pale brown and greyish-orange scales with two black spots near patagia. Abdomen dorsally rusty-brown, with a black rounded spot on each segment, ventrally pale yellow. Forewing dark brown slightly transparent, all forewing spots whitish-grey; m1 very small, triangular, blurred, m2, m3, m4, m5 rounded, m3 and m5 markedly smaller than m2 and m4. Forewing base with small black dot. Hindwing dark brown, slightly transparent basal half with a admixture of pale brown scales; all hindwing spots are pale grey; m1 absent; m2, m3 rounded and slightly blurred; m4 sharply defined, round. Male genitalia (Figs 18, 24, 29). Uncus dorso-ventrally C-shaped with well-developed dorsal appendages; dorsal process tapered distally, pointed apically, slightly curved, basal part covered by moderately long setae; ventral process of uncus gently curved, slightly tapered distally, pointed apically, shorter than dorsal process; dorsal appendage of uncus divided into two, distally diverging C-shaped elongate lobes. Tegumen short and broad, dome-shaped. Valva rather narrow at base, slightly dilated ventro-medially, pointed apically; valva costa heavily sclerotized, somewhat S-shaped, ventro-medially dilated, costal margin gently concave in basal half, distal half strongly convex. Ventral margin straight in basal half, gently arched in distal half. Sacculus very narrow, medially slightly constricted, distally dilated into a narrow-triangular setose plate reaching the center of valva. Juxta well developed, broad tubular. Saccus extremely long and thin, thread-like, distal part slightly dilated. Aedeagus extremely long and thin, needle-like, proximally slightly dilated with short, rounded coecum penis, tapered distally, pointed apically; vesica without cornuti (Fig. 29). Description. Female (Fig. 7). Wingspan: 48–52 mm; FW length: 25 mm, width: 12 mm, ratio 2.1: 1; HW length: 15 mm, width: 11 mm, ratio 1.4: 1. Antenna bipectinate, pale brown. Head rusty-brown, tegula and patagia brownish-yellow. Thorax covered by pale brown scales with two black blotches near patagia. Abdomen dorsally pale rusty-brown, with admixture of yellow scales and black round spot on each segment. Forewing pale brown, slightly transparent in ventral half, with a tiny black dot basally. Spot m1 very small, poorly detectable, elongate; m2, m3, m4, m5 rounded, whitish-grey, m3 and m5 markedly smaller than m2 and m4. Hindwing pale brown, slightly transparent; spot m1 absent or strongly blurred; m2, m3 and m4 oval shaped, m2 noticeably smaller than m3 and m4. Female genitalia (Fig. 35). Papilla analis rounded trapezoidal, covered in short, sparse setae; apophysis posterioris short, thin, slightly dilated subapically, rounded apically. Eighth sternite short, well-sclerotized, proximal margin slightly convex; apophysis anterioris well developed, broad basally, gradually tapered, apically pointed, as long as apophysis posterioris. Lamella postvaginalis rather large and heavily sclerotized, with two humps distal margin. Ostium bursae narrow, infundibular. Ductus bursae narrow and extremely long, heavily sclerotized, medially slightly constricted, distal three-quarters straight, proximal quarter curved; cervix bursae moderately sclerotized, elongate sack-like. Corpus bursae membranous, ovoid; signum bursae large elongate ribbon-like, finely scobinate, covering two-thirds of bursa copulatrix. Etymology. This new species is dedicated to the fond memories of the late Joseph Sulak (Weiden in der Oberpfalz, Germany), adored father of Harald Sulak., Published as part of Ignatev, Nikolai, László, Gyula M., Paśnik, Anna, Fric, Zděnek Faltýnek, Sulak, Harald & Müller, Günter C., 2023, Five new species of the genus Meganaclia Aurivillius, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini), pp. 457-474 in Zootaxa 5296 (3) on pages 465-468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7984227

Meganaclia smithi László, sp. n. zoobank.org (Figs 2, 3, 16, 22, 27, 34, 39) Holotype: J, “ Entebbe Uganda ” / “ Ex. Coll. R. Smith, ANHRT: 2018.39”, unique id.: ANHRTUK 00214406, gen. slide No. LG 6005 (ANHRT). Paratypes (10J, 2♀ in total). Uganda. 1♁, 1♀ Entebbe, CUIC 000068672 (♁), CUIC 000068671 (♀) (CUIC). 3♁, 1♀, Kisubi, 8.5.1964, gen. slide (female) No. 3898 (SMNS). 1♁, Kabarole, Kibale Forest N.P. Kanyawara (MUBFS), 0°33′N 30°21′E, 1200–1400m, 18.– 19.viii.1997, leg. Chr. Häuser LF (SMNS). 1♁, Mpanga Forest, 1200 m, Ecotourism Camp side ca. 3 km SW Mpigi Regenwald, 0°12′26,8″N, 32°18′03,3″E, 26.x.2014 LF, leg. K.R. Beck, gen. slide No. 3899 (SMNS). 1♁, SE Uganda, 1.2km W of Lake Nabugabo, 1160 m edge of forest, 30.x.2014 (at light), 0°20′35″S, 31°52′13”E, leg. Ł. Przybyłowicz, gen. slide No. S 468 (ISEA PAS). 1♁, Mukono District, Mabira Forest, 02–15.iv.2010, leg. Szabolcs Sáfián, gen. slide No. S 472 (ISEA PAS). Tanzania. 2♁, 5 km S of Bukoba, Kibira Forest, 1.vi.1912, Troitsky leg., gen. slide Nos P 314, P315 (ZIN). Diagnosis. Meganaclia smithi sp. n. is reminiscent of M. grehani but distinguished by its darker, more brownish forewing colouration, paler brown antenna (it is blackish-brown in M. grehani) and considerably smaller, more rounded hindwing spots. In the male genitalia, M. smithi has a markedly narrower, dorsally slightly concave, less sclerotized and more setose dorsal and a much broader, membranous, lobe-like ventral process of the uncus in comparison to M. grehani. The dilated section of the valva costa is found in the proximal half of the valval plate in the new species, while it is situated postmedially in M. grehani. The distal sclerotisation of the sacculus is markedly wider in M. smithi than in M. grehani, forming a narrow triangular plate. Description. Male (Fig. 2). Wingspan: 38–49 mm; FW length: 26 mm, width: 11.5 mm, ratio 2.3: 1; HW length: 16 mm, width: 10 mm, ratio 1.6: 1. Antenna bipectinate, yellowish-brown. Head yellow, patagia yellowish-brown. Tegula orange-brown. Thorax covered in pale orange-brown scales with two black spots near patagia. Abdomen dorsally orange-brown, with a black rounded spot on each segment. Forewing greyish-brown, slightly transparent, all forewing spots whitish-grey; m1 small, elongate, m2, m3, m4, m5 rounded, m3 and m5 are markedly smaller than m2 and m3. Forewing base with a small, black dot. Hindwing pale greyish-brown, basal third somewhat transparent; all hindwing spots whitish-grey; m1 absent or strongly diffuse; m2 round, m3 and m4 oval shaped, m2 markedly smaller than m3 and m4. Male genitalia (Figs 16, 22, 27). Uncus moderately broad dorso-ventrally, laterally densely covered by short setae; dorsal process weakly sclerotized, slightly concave dorsally, curved subapically, pointed apically; ventral process membranous, distally dilated into short rounded lobe; dorsal appendage absent, two small membranous humps present covered in medium long, very dense setae (Fig. 16). Tegumen broad, dome shaped. Valva broad, ventro-medially dilated, ventral margin evenly arcuate; costal margin almost straight in proximal two-thirds, evenly convex in distal third, sclerotisation of valva costa dilated ventro-medially forming a broad-based triangle with rounded apex reaching the center of valva. Sacculus very narrow, extending to middle of ventral valva margin, distally with a strongly sclerotized triangular plate pointing caudad reaching central part of valva. Juxta well developed, distally tapered tubular. Saccus extremely long and thin, thread-like, dilated subapically, apex spatula-shaped. Aedeagus extremely long and thin, needle-like, proximally slightly dilated with short, rounded coecum penis, tapered distally, pointed apically; vesica without cornuti (Fig. 27). Description. Female (Fig. 3). Wingspan: 59 mm; FW length: 29 mm, width: 12 mm, ratio 2.4: 1; HW length: 18 mm, width: 11 mm, ratio 1.6: 1. Antenna bipectinate, dark brown. Head and tegula pale yellow, patagia light gray. Thorax covered in pale brown scales bearing two rounded black spots near patagia. Forewing grey, spot m1 small, teardrop-shaped; m2 oval shaped; m3, m4, m5 rounded, m3 smaller than m2, m4 and m5, all spots light grey. Forewing has a small, rounded black basal spot. Hindwing grey, inner half semi-transparent; spot m1 is strongly blurred; m2, m3 and m4 oval shaped, m2 markedly smaller than m3 and m4; all spots are light grey. Female genitalia (Fig. 34). Papilla analis rounded trapezoidal, covered in short, sparse setae; apophysis posterioris short, thin, slightly dilated subapically, rounded apically. Apophysis anterioris well developed, broad basally, gradually tapered, apically pointed, 1.5 times longer than apophysis posterioris. Lamella postvaginalis rather large and well sclerotized, with two humps distal margin. Ostium bursae narrow, infundibular. Ductus bursae narrow and extremely long, heavily sclerotized, distal two-thirds straight, proximal third curved; cervix bursae moderately sclerotized, short sack-like. Corpus bursae membranous, ovoid; signum bursae large elongate ribbon-like, finely scobinate, covering two-thirds of bursa copulatrix. Etymology. The new species is dedicated to Mr Richard Smith, Chairman of the Board of Trustees, African Natural History Research Trust, appreciating his supreme efforts in facilitating entomological research in Sub–Saharan Africa., Published as part of Ignatev, Nikolai, László, Gyula M., Paśnik, Anna, Fric, Zděnek Faltýnek, Sulak, Harald & Müller, Günter C., 2023, Five new species of the genus Meganaclia Aurivillius, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini), pp. 457-474 in Zootaxa 5296 (3) on pages 463-465, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7984227

Meganaclia johannae Ignatev & Sulak, sp. n. zoobank.org (Figs. 8, 9, 13, 19, 25, 30, 36, 38, 39) Holotype. ♁, “W– Africa, Guinea, Konakri, Macenta prefecture, Ziama forest 550 m, 250 watt, April 2017; leg. Petrányi G; Muller GC; Kravchenko VD et al. ”, gen. slide No. GP 34.678 (MWW). Paratypes (310J, 34♀ in total). Guinea. 1 94♁, 5♀, with the same data as in the holotype, gen. slide Nos GP 34.763(♁), 34.692(♁); 26♁, same data, “ 17.xi–01.xii.2016 ”, gen. slide Nos GP 34.675; 34.677; 34.680; 34.681; 34.689; 2♀, same data, gen. slide No. GP 34.684; 1♁, 1♀, same data, “ iii.2017 ”, gen. slide No. GP 34.693 (♁); 2♁, 2♀, same data, “ v.2017 ”, gen. slide Nos GP 34.762 (♁); 34.766 (♁); 1♁, same data “ vi.2017 ”; 61♁, 4♀, Nzerekore Region, Mt. Nimba, Ziela, 550 m, 7,716°N, 8,36°W, iv.2017, leg Petranyi G, Müller G.C. & Kravchenko V.D.; 3♁, Ziela Mnt. Nimba area, ix.2012; 4♁, 3♀, same data, “ xi.2012 ” (CHS). 4♁, Nzerekore Region, 619km ESE of Conakry, Prefecture de Lola, Ziela env. 540–600m, X.2017, 7°42′N, 8°21′W, local collectors leg., ANHRT:2020.6; 1♁, Forêt Classée de Ziama, Sérédou camp, 870m, 08°21′26″N, 09°17′48″W, 24.ii.–6.iii.2019, Light Trap, Blended bulb (250W), Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G., Florczyk, K., Koivogui, S. leg., ANHRT:2019.10; 1♁, Nimba Mts, SMFG concession area, (Societé des Mines de Fer de Guinée), Cité 1, 700m, 7°42′2.83″N, 8°23′58.6″W, 25.viii–05.ix.2017, General Coll., Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. leg., ANHRT:2017.36 (ANHRT). Ghana. 2♁, Bobiri forest and Butterfly sanctuary, 06°41′13.4″N, 001°20′37.2″W, 222 m, 07–15.iii.2013, leg. Kurshakov & Prozorov (MWW). 1♁ Eastern Region, Bunso Arboretum, x.2011, leg. Sáfián, Sz., LN 012, gen. slide No. S 478 (ISEA PAS). Nigeria. 1♁, Ore, 27.xii.1970, leg. Dr. Politzar (ZSM). Cameroon. 1♀, Centre Akamantan, 20.xii.2005 – 10.i.2006; 1♀, Dept. Meme Ediki (südl. Kumba) ca. 50m., 24.i.1995, LF leg. Aistleitner, coll. De Freina (MWW). 1 ♁, 6♀, “ Efulen “, 31.xii.1918 (1#), 19.x.1922, 03–09.iv.1922, 14–20.iv.1923, 23.v.1925, H.L. Weber leg. (CMNH). Liberia. 1♁, Nimba county, Yarwein – Mehnsohnneh District, East Nimba Nature reserve, 7.52934°N, 8.52623°W, 1150 m., 15–21.xi.2022, Z.F. Fric leg. (MWW); 1♁, Sinoe County, Krahn–Bassa Reserve, Juboe River, 7.5km South West Pellokon Town, 140m, 5°39′4″N, 8°39′4″W, 14–21.i.2018, Cold Cathode UV Bucket Light Trap, Geiser, M., Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. leg., ANHRT:2017.33; 1♁, Nimba County, Yekepa residential area, 508m, 7°34′26.3″N, 8°32′31.6″W, Ex-Pupa hatched on 10–31.iii.2017, Sáfián Sz. leg., ANHRT:2017.36; 1♁, Nimba county, Nimba Mts., ENNR, Grassfield FDA Field Station, 494m, 7°29′32.45″N, 8°34′54.05″W, 22.xi.2018, Light Trap, Blended Bulb (250W), Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. leg., ANHRT:2018.43; 2♀, Lofa County, Foya Proposed Protected Area, 530m, 7°56′36″N, 10°16′36″W, 10–19.xi.2017, MV Light Trap (125W), Aristophanous, M., Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. & Smith, L. leg. ANHRT:2017.33; 1♀, Lofa county, Wologizi Mts, Ridge Camp, 865m, 8°07′10″N, 9°57′11″W, 24–29.xi.2017, Light Trap (blended bulb 250W), Aristophanous, M., Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. & Smith, L. leg., ANHRT:2017.33; 1♀, Lofa County, Wologizi Mts, Ridge Camp 2, 883m, 8°07′20.79″N, 9°56′50.75″W, 22–30.xi.2018, Light Trap Blended Bulb (250W), Sáfián, Sz., Simonics, G. leg., ANHRT:2018.43, gen. slide No. LG 6002 (ANHRT). 1♀, Nimba Mountains, Gbarpa–Grassfield, CMC office for ENNR, 494 m, 7°29′32.45”N 8°34′54.05”W, at light, 13.xi.2022, D. Bartsch leg. (SMNS). Ivory Coast. 3♁, 4♀, Tai National Park, Tai Research Station (SRET), 174m, 05°50′00″N, 07°20′32″W, 25.iii.– 17.iv.2017, MV light trap, Aristophanous, A., Aristophanous, M., Geiser, M., Moretto, P. leg., ANHRT:2017.25 (ANHRT). Diagnosis. The habitus and colouration of the wings of M. johannae sp. n. are almost identical to those of M. gaerberfesti sp. n. (Figs 8–11). However, the two species are readily distinguished in the colouration of the antenna, where M. gaerberfesti sp. n. in contrast to M. johannae sp. n. has distinctly brighter antennae, without an admixture of dark brown scales. The allopatric distribution pattern (Fig. 38) of the two species allows an easy separation as M. johannae displays a wider West African distribution, whilst M. gaerberfesti sp. n. seems to be confined to the Congolian Basin with confirmed records from Gabon and Congo only. However, examination of additional material from adjacent regions may reveal a possible sympatry of these two taxa. Examination of male genitalia structures allows an easy separation of the two species where M. johannae has markedly smaller, simple thorn-like, acute dorsal appendages of the uncus, whereas these structures are much larger and bifurcate in M. gaerberfesti sp. n. (Figs 19–20). Description. Male (Fig. 8). Wingspan: 42–46 mm; FW length: 23 mm, width: 10 mm, ratio 2.3: 1; HW length: 13 mm, width: 9 mm, ratio 1.4: 1. Antenna bipectinate, brownish-yellow. Head and patagia light brown. Tegula light brown with a mixture of yellow elongate scales. Thorax covered by pale brown and pale yellow scales with two black spots near patagia. Abdomen dorsally pale brown, or brown with a black round spot on each segment. Forewing brown, slightly transparent; spots m1, m2 yellowish-white, strongly blurred without clear outlines; m3, m4, m5 dirty white, rounded, m3 and m5 markedly smaller than m4. Forewing base with small black dot. Hindwing pale brown, slightly transparent, basal part with an admixture of pale yellow scales; hindwing spots light grey; m1 absent; m2 small, round, m3, m4 larger, oval. Male genitalia (Figs. 19, 25, 30). Uncus dorso-ventrally C-shaped with short, but heavily sclerotized dorsal appendages; dorsal process rather elongate, tapered distally, strongly curved subapically, pointed apically, basal part covered by moderately long setae; ventral process of uncus gently curved, slightly dilated distally, rounded apically, shorter than dorsal process; dorsal appendage of uncus divided into two, distally diverging short, acute thorn-shaped projections. Tegumen short and broad, dome-shaped. Valva rather elongate, narrow at base, slightly dilated ventro-medially, pointed apically; valva costa heavily sclerotized, somewhat S-shaped, relatively narrow, somewhat dilated ventro-medially, costal margin concave in basal half, distal half strongly convex. Ventral margin straight in basal half, gently arched in distal half. Sacculus very narrow, medially slightly constricted, distally dilated into a broadtriangular setose plate reaching the center of valva. Juxta well developed, short and broad tubular. Saccus extremely long and thin, thread-like, distal part slightly dilated. Aedeagus extremely long and thin, needle-like, proximally slightly dilated with short, rounded coecum penis, tapered distally, pointed apically; vesica without cornuti (Fig. 30). Description. Female (Fig. 9). Wingspan: 50–54 mm; FW length: 26 mm, width: 11 mm, ratio 2.4: 1; HW length: 15 mm, width: 9 mm, ratio 1.6: 1. Antenna bipectinate, light brown. Head and patagia pale brown, tegula light yellow. Thorax covered by pale brown scales, with two rounded black spots near patagia. Abdomen dorsally brown, with an admixture of grey scales and black round spot on each segment. Forewing brownish-grey, spots m1 and m2 blurred, with admixture of pale yellow scales; m3 teardrop shaped, whitish-grey; m4, m5 rounded, whitish-grey, m3 and m5 markedly smaller than m4. Forewing base with a small, black dot. Hindwing brownish-grey, slightly transparent; spot m1 absent; m2, m3 and m4 oval shaped, m2 markedly smaller than m3 and m5; all spots whitish-grey. Female genitalia (Fig. 36). Papilla analis rounded trapezoidal, covered in short, sparse setae; apophysis posterioris relatively long, thin, noticeably dilated subapically, rounded apically. Eighth sternite short, weakly sclerotized, with more or less straight margins; apophysis anterioris well-developed, short, ca. half as long as apophysis posterioris, equally broad in entire length, apex pointed. Lamella postvaginalis rather large and heavily sclerotized, inverse trapezoidal. Ostium bursae very narrow with plate-like lateral sclerotization connecting with base of posterior apophysis. Ductus bursae very narrow and long, heavily sclerotized, slightly dilated proximally, distal three-quarters straight, proximal quarter curved; cervix bursae moderately sclerotized, elongate sack-like. Corpus bursae membranous, ovoid; signum bursae large elongate ribbon-like, finely scobinate, covering three-quarters of bursa copulatrix. Etymology. It is with a great honor to name this new species after Johanna Sulak (Weiden in der Oberpfalz, Germany), beloved mother of Harald Sulak., Published as part of Ignatev, Nikolai, László, Gyula M., Paśnik, Anna, Fric, Zděnek Faltýnek, Sulak, Harald & Müller, Günter C., 2023, Five new species of the genus Meganaclia Aurivillius, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini), pp. 457-474 in Zootaxa 5296 (3) on pages 468-471, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7984227

Palpifer climoi Ignatev, Grehan & C. Mielke, sp. n. (Fig. 3a–b, 7a–b, 9b, 10b, 10c, 11b, 11c, 11i, 12c, 13g –i, 14d, 15d, 16d, 17d, 19, 20d, 121d, 23a, 23b, 23c, 23d) Palpifer sordidus f. notatus (Daniel 1940: 1024) Type material. Holotype ♂: Li-Kiang [China, Lijian, Yunnan, China], Prov. Nord-Yuennan. 9.7.193 4. H. Höne / Palpifer sordidus f. notatus Pf. Det. F. Daniel / ZFMK Lep155603 / ZFMK Lep148047 / Dissection Lep148047 (ZFMK) / Holotypus, Palpifer climoi ♂, Ignatev, Grehan & C. Mielke des. 2023 Paratype ♀: / Li-Kiang [Lijiang, Yunnan China] ca. 3000 m, Prov. Nord-Yuennan. 9.7.193 5. H. Höne / ZFMK Lep148048. / Dissection Lep148048 (ZFMK)/ Paratypus, Palpifer climoi ♀, Ignatev, Grehan & C. Mielke des. 2023. Deposited in the collection of ZFMK. Diagnosis. The short digitiform arm of the valva in P. climoi sp. n. (Fig. 14d) is shared with the Malaysian P. hylandae (Fig. 22b), from which it is distinguished by an elongate pseudoteguminal arm apex instead of the broad apex of P. climoi sp. n. Description. Male. Wingspan (HT): ~ 25 mm; forewing length: 11 mm, width: 5 mm; hindwing length: 9 mm, width: 4 mm. Head (Figs 7a, 7b, 9b): As for P. nielseni sp. n. except that ocular-antenna scales were not observed due to disturbed scale condition of specimen. Antenna with 35 flagellomeres (paratype female Lep148048). Thorax: Body and legs (Fig. 12c) as for P. nielseni sp. n. Dorsal forewing (Figs 3a, 11i) with dark patches on outer costa and along outer and dorsal margins; large costal patch on outer costa extending between costal margin and R, two costal patches near apex extending to Rs1; large marginal patch on dorsal margin basal to vein A; discal cells darker shading. Ventral hindwing outer margin with yellowish marginal scales. Male venation (Fig. 11b) not markedly different from P. nielseni sp. n. Pregenital abdomen (Figs 13g –h): Tergosternal sclerite and Sternum II not removed with abdominal integument. Tergum II partially recovered, rectangular, lateral ridge present. Tergum VIII sub-triangular, narrowing posteriorly, nearly three times longer than wide, shallow concave lateral margins; sternum VII subrectangular; sternum VIII elongate, subtriangular with almost straight lateral edges (Fig.13h). Genitalia (Fig. 14d, 15d, 16d, 17d). Postero-ventral spur of pseudoteguminal rim curved laterally, larger than postero-medial spur; pseudoteguminal arms short, broad, distally sclerotized, oriented medially; digitiform arm of valva about half length of valva blade (Fig. 14d), valva blade distally narrowing to blunt, obtuse apex with sharply angled antero-distal tip. Fultura inferior sub-ovoid with laterally convex margins anteriorly and narrow longitudinal ridge (Fig. 20d), fultura superior v-shaped. Female. Wingspan: 35 mm; forewing length: 16 mm, width: 7 mm; hindwing length: 14 mm, width: 7 mm. Head (Fig 7b): inter ocular-antennal scales not observed. Antenna with 35 flagellomeres. Thorax: Body and legs as for male. Hindwing with two A veins, and without basal forewing scent gland (Fig. 11c). Forewing ground colour greyish brown with basal yellowish-white patch and posterior marginal dark spot as in the male, but worn condition precludes further assessment of wing pattern. Hindwing greyish-brown ground colour. Wing margin scales missing. Pregenital abdomen: Sternum II and tergum II not retrieved intact. Sternum VII narrower than tergum VII, tergum VIII subtriangular, convex margins, wider to posterior, sternum VIII membranous (Fig. 13i). Genitalia (Fig. 23a–d): Ductus bursae about double length of corpus bursae, widening to merge with a sub-ovoid corpus bursae without any apparent morphological distinction between the two structures. Corpus bursae with a lateral, sub-ovoid diverticulum (Fig. 23a). External genitalia comprising a broad, narrow dorsal plate (tergum IX) with shallow anal papillae; prominent subanal plates meeting at median, separating antrum from the anal region; lamella antevaginalis v-shaped, with medial central process projecting posteriorly, and terminating in narrow, rounded, setose central process (Figs 23b–d). Habitat and Phenology. Habitat unknown, presumed to be forest or adjacent agricultural environments as with some other species (Grehan & Mielke 2019). Specimens were collected in May, which corresponds to late spring. Yunnan province is situated in the buffer zone of the Indian summer monsoon and the East Asian summer monsoon wet season, generally between May and October, with May 23rd being the average start date with a standard deviation of 15 days (Chen et al. 2015). Distribution. Known from type locality only (Fig. 25). Etymology. Named for Frank Climo, a pioneering panbiogeographer who provided material support and encouragement for research by JRG and other panbiogeographers., Published as part of Ignatev, Nikolai, Grehan, John R., Mielke, Carlos G. C., Shih, Li-Cheng & Müller, Günter C., 2023, Three new Chinese species of Palpifer Hampson from the collection of Franz Daniel (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), pp. 322-336 in Zootaxa 5284 (2) on pages 327-334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7923372, {"references":["Daniel, F. (1940) Die Cossidae und Hepialidae der ausbeuten Hone (Lep. Het.). Mitteilungen der Munchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 30, 1004 - 1024.","Grehan, J. R. & Mielke, C. G. C. (2019) Two new species of Palpifer Hampson, 1893 from South East Asia (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Bishop Museum Occassional Papers, 125, 1 - 23.","Viette, P. (1968) Contribution a l'etude des Hepialidae (36 e note). Lepidoptera Hepialidae du Nepal. Ergebnisse Forsch Unternehmens Nepal Himalaya / Khumbu Himal, 3, 128 - 133.","Viette, P. (1950) Contribution a l'etude des Hepialidae (22 e note). Hepialidae du Musee de Leiden. Zoologische Mededelingen, 31, 67 - 77."]}

Palpifer chui Ignatev, Grehan & C. Mielke, sp. n. (Figs 2, 6a, 6b, 10a, 11h, 12b, 13d, 13,e, 13f, 14b, 15b, 16b, 17b, 18b, 20b, 21b) Palpifer pellicia (Daniel 1940) Type material: Holotype ♂: (with the following labels separated by forward slashes [no collection date]): Lingping [Guangxi], Südchina, H Höne / Palpifer pellicia Smh. Det F. Daniel / ZFMK Lep 155605 / ZFMK dissection 148052. / Palpifer chui ♂: Ignatev, Grehan & C. Mielke des. 2023. Deposited in the collection of ZFMK. Diagnosis. The subequal length of the valva digitiform branch and blade distinguishes P. chui sp. n. (Fig. 14b) from the Malaysian P. hylandae Grehan & Mielke, 2019 (Fig. 22b) and P. climoi sp. n. (Fig. 14d), each with a shorter digitiform branch, and from the Himalayan P. murinus (Moore, 1879) that lacks a digitiform branch (Fig. 22d). Within the cluster of species with a subequal digitiform branch, P. chui sp. n. has a medially oriented and wide pseudoteguminal arms apex that distinguishes it from P. boonei of Laos, P. hylandae, and the Himalayan P. sexnotatus and P. falkneri, that have a narrow pointed pseudoteguminal arms apex (Fig. 22). The medially oriented and broad apex of P. chui sp. n. (Fig. 20b) distinguishes this species from P. nielseni sp. n. with an anteriorly oriented and narrowed pseudoteguminal apex (Fig. 20a). These two species also differ from each other by the posteriorly narrowed medial ridge in the fultura inferior of P. chui sp. n. (Fig. 21c). The short, deep anterior convex lateral margins of the fultura inferior of P. chui sp. n. (Fig. 21b) distinguish this species from P. hopponis with a broad and shallow anterior concave margin (Fig. 21b). Description. Male. Wingspan (HT): ~ 27 mm; forewing length: 11 mm, width: 5 mm; hindwing length: 9 mm, width: 4 mm. Head (Figs 6a–b, 10a): As for P. nielseni sp. n., except that ocular-antenna scales were not observed due to disturbed scale condition of specimen. Labial palps not dissected. Thorax: Body and legs (Fig. 12b) as for P. nielseni sp. n. Forewing with white outer discal spot (Fig. 11h). Pregenital abdomen (Figs 13d–f): Sternum I removed intact, membranous (Fig. 13e). Hook-shaped spur on dorsal brace of tergosternal sclerite is an artefact of flattening the integument for imaging (Fig.13d); sternum II (Fig. 13e) proportionately broader with a more strongly curved lateral ridge than in P. nielseni sp. n. Genitalia (Figs 14b, 15b, 16b, 17b, 18b). Medially oriented apex of pseudoteguminal arms broad, rounded, without strong distal sclerotization (Fig. 20b). Fultura inferior with medial ridge slightly coiled and narrowing postero-dorsally (Fig. 21b). Habitat and Phenology. Unknown. No collection date and location not precise. Distribution. Known from type locality only (Fig. 25). Etymology. Named for Hong-Fu Chu, a leading entomologist of China who published extensively on new species and genera of Chinese Hepialidae., Published as part of Ignatev, Nikolai, Grehan, John R., Mielke, Carlos G. C., Shih, Li-Cheng & Müller, Günter C., 2023, Three new Chinese species of Palpifer Hampson from the collection of Franz Daniel (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), pp. 322-336 in Zootaxa 5284 (2) on pages 326-327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7923372, {"references":["Daniel, F. (1940) Die Cossidae und Hepialidae der ausbeuten Hone (Lep. Het.). Mitteilungen der Munchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 30, 1004 - 1024.","Grehan, J. R. & Mielke, C. G. C. (2019) Two new species of Palpifer Hampson, 1893 from South East Asia (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Bishop Museum Occassional Papers, 125, 1 - 23.","Moore, F. (1879) Descriptions of new genera and species of Asiatic Lepidoptera Heterocera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1879, 387 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1879. tb 02671. x"]}

Palpifer nielseni Ignatev, Grehan & C. Mielke, sp. n. (Figs 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 5a, 5b, 8, 9a, 10d, 11a, 11e, 11f, 11g, 12a, 13a, 13b, 13c, 14a, 15a 16a, 17a, 18a, 20a, 21a) Type material. Holotype: ♂: Kautun [Guadun] (2300.m) 27,40n. Br. 117,40ö. L. J. Klapperich. 27. 5. 1938 (Fukien) [China, Fujian] / Sammlung Daniel / MWW 36.331 / Holotypus, Palpifer nielseni ♂, Ignatev, Grehan & C. Mielke des. 2023. Deposited in collection of MWW. Paratypes: 2 ♂: Kautun [Guadun] (2300 m) 27,40n. Br. 117,40ö. L. J. Klapperich. 27. 5. 1938 (Fukien) [Fujian province] / Palpifer pellicia Sroh. Det. F. Daniel / ZFMK Lep148051, Lep148050. 1♂: Shaowu—Fukien [Fujian province] (500 m) J. Klapperich. 10. 5. 1937 / ZFMK Lep148049. All depostited in the collection of ZFMK. Diagnosis. The subequal length of the valva digitiform branch and blade of the male genitalia distinguishes P. nielseni sp. n. from the Malaysian P. hylandae Grehan & Mielke, 2019 (Fig. 22b) and P. climoi sp. n. (Fig. 14d), each with a shorter digitiform branch, and from the Himalayan P. murinus (Moore, 1879) that lacks a digitiform branch (Fig. 22d). Within the cluster of species sharing a subequally long digitiform arms and blade, the anteriorly oriented and narrowed rounded pseudoteguminal apex of P. nielseni sp. n. (Fig.20a ) differs from the medially oriented and broad apex of P. chui sp. n. (Fig. 20b). The two species also differ by tapered medial ridges in the fultura inferior of P. chui sp. n. (Fig. 21b). The rounded pseudoteguminal apex of P. nielseni sp. n. separates the species from the Laotian P. boonei Grehan & Mielke, 2019, P. hylandae, P. sexnotatus (Moore, 1879), P. falkneri Viette, 1968 that have a narrowly pointed pseudoteguminal arm apex (Fig. 22). The strongly sclerotized and anteriorly oriented pseudotegumen arms P. nielseni sp. n. (Fig. 20a) differentiate this species from the Taiwanese P. hopponis Matsumura, 1931 (Fig. 20c). Description. Male. Wingspan (HT): ~ 22 mm; forewing length: 9 mm, width: 4 mm; hindwing length: 8 mm, width: 3 mm. External colour and pattern given below for specimen L148049 (ZMFK) in best condition. Head: (Figs 5a–b, 9a, 10d): Scales grey, piliform; eye tuft scales yellowish brown (Fig. 5b). Eyes prominent, partially obscured by surrounding scales. Antenna filiform with 33 flagellomeres (WMW 36.331, ZFMK L148051), annuli covered with numerous sensilla chaetica (Fig. 10d); scape barrel shaped, covered with piliform scales; pedicel ovoid and subequal to flagellomeres. Palpomeres covered with piliform scales; three segmented, second palpomere longest—about twice basal palpomere; distal palpomere small, ovoid and positioned apically (Fig. 9a). Thorax: Scales of body and legs piliform, coloured as for head. Legs (Fig. 12a); pro-, meso-, and metalegs length subequal, tibial scales, about half length of tibia, dorsal scales of tarsi about twice segment length, ventral tarsal scales short, epiphysis and arolium present. Wings. Dorsal and ventral ground colour greyish-brown (Fig. 1b, 11e–g). Forewing with prominent, yellowish-white stigma (‘great white spot’) at base of anterior discal cell, two yellowish white spots near wing base near CuP and A, black marginal spot on posterior margin between CuA 2 and CuP, and two small yellowish white spots between R and Rs near apex (faintly visible in HT specimen only); Hindwing with pale yellowish brown ground colour between R and costa, outer margin with yellowish-white patch on fringe and outer margin between Rs3- M 1 veins. Costal margin nearly straight, apex, outer and dorsal margins forming a continuous curve, tornus not discernable. Venation hepialine (sensu Dumbleton 1966), forewing with Sc1 present, CuP very short beyond cross veins A-CuA 2; Hindwing Sc1 absent, single anal vein present. Pregenital abdomen: (Fig. 13a–c). Coloured as for thorax, anterior segments dorso-ventrally taller, and segments narrowing posteriorly. Tergosternal sclerite narrow; tergosternal bar curving dorso-anteriorly to junction with lateral tergal brace with no discernible central region, angled antero-ventrally to form an acute angle with lateral tergal arm, latter subequal length to tergosternal bar; dorsal tergal merging with anterior ridge of tergum II anterior to tuberculate plate. Abdominal segments lightly sclerotized; tergum II with anterior ridge fused across median, lateral ridge extending posteriorly from ventral corner of lateral tuberculate plate, but not reaching posterior margin; sternum II subrectangular, lateral arms broad, laterally edged with sclerotized ridge angled medially towards posterior; sternum III subsquare; tergum VIII subrectangular, narrowing posteriorly, four times longer than wide; sternum VIII subtriangular with concave lateral edges and digitiform shaped posterior half (Fig. 13c). Genitalia (Fig. 14a, 15a, 16a, 17a, 18a, 20a, 21a). Tergum IX membranous (sclerotized tergal lobes absent). Tegumen fused with pseudotegumen, boundary indistinct. Pseudotegumen rim bordering anogenital field with, densely sclerotized, sub-equal, and laterally curved postero-ventral and postero-medial spines (Figs 14a, 16a); pseudoteguminal arms (antero-ventral margin of anogenital field) not fused across median, distally rounded and strongly sclerotized, angled medially (Fig. 20a). Valva with posterior elongate digitiform arm, curving medially, apex expanded as a flattened lobe covered with numerous short setae, setae also extending basally along inner surface; and broad anterior flange, distally narrowing to blunt apex, medial surface with setae over approximately anterior half. Fultura superior sclerotized, forming a ‘V’ shape, articulating dorsally with pseudotegumen and ventrally with fultura inferior; latter forming a vertically elongate, tongue-like sclerite, length almost double maximum basal width, laterally convex; medial and posterior sclerotization forming an inverted ‘T’. Phallus membranous. Saccus with broadly U-shaped anterior margin, posterior margin almost straight. Habitat and Phenology. Habitat unknown, presumed to be forest or adjacent agricultural environments as known for some other species (Grehan & Mielke 2019). Specimens were collected in May, which corresponds to late Spring emergence, and precedes the highest rainfall between June and August for Fujian province (Zhao e t al. 2017). Distribution. Eastern China, Fujian province (Fig. 25). Etymology. Named for Australian lepidopterist John Nielsen, for his research support and collaborations on Hepialidae., Published as part of Ignatev, Nikolai, Grehan, John R., Mielke, Carlos G. C., Shih, Li-Cheng & Müller, Günter C., 2023, Three new Chinese species of Palpifer Hampson from the collection of Franz Daniel (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), pp. 322-336 in Zootaxa 5284 (2) on pages 323-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7923372, {"references":["Grehan, J. R. & Mielke, C. G. C. (2019) Two new species of Palpifer Hampson, 1893 from South East Asia (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Bishop Museum Occassional Papers, 125, 1 - 23.","Moore, F. (1879) Descriptions of new genera and species of Asiatic Lepidoptera Heterocera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1879, 387 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1879. tb 02671. x","Viette, P. (1968) Contribution a l'etude des Hepialidae (36 e note). Lepidoptera Hepialidae du Nepal. Ergebnisse Forsch Unternehmens Nepal Himalaya / Khumbu Himal, 3, 128 - 133.","Matsumura, S. M. (1931) 6000 illustrated insects of the Japan-Empire. Toko Shoin, Tokyo, 1496 pp.","Dumbleton, L. J. (1966) Genitalia, classification and zoogeography of the New Zealand Hepialidae (Lepidoptera). New Zealand Journal of Science, 9, 920 - 981."]}

Eudalaca cipollaisp. n. is described from a forestreservein a Mistbeltforest of KwaZulu-NatalProvince, South Africa. The species is characterized by a dark brown forewing with severalprominent white patches. These features are distinct from all otherEudalacaViette, 1950 species.Inclusion of the species withinEudalacais justified by the prominent expanded blade-like structureof the distal valva in the male genitalia that is characteristic of manyEudalacaspecies and absentfrom other southern African genera where genitalia are described. The monophyletic status ofEudalacaand other southern African genera is briefly reviewed. It is suggested that the malegenitalia of the monobasicLetoHübner, 1820 are most similar to that ofGorgopisHübner, 1820,while the male genitalia of the monobasic Chilean genusBlanchardinellaNielsen, Robinson &Wagner, 2000 show greater structural similarity withGorgopisandEudalacathan other SouthAmerican genera.

Details of external and genitalic morphology are described and illustrated for three male specimens ofOxycanus fuliginosa(Rothschild, 1915), a central highland species of Western Papua, New Guinea. Distinguishing features are documented for the genitalia and comparisons are made with other related genera. The absence of subanal sclerites in this species is of potential phylogenetic interest, and the tergosternal sclerite shares features with other species ofOxycanusWalker, 1856,and most other Old World oxycanine Hepialidae.

Magnificus regius (Staudinger, 1896) comb. n. (Figs 4 a–e, 12a–c, 18, 22b, 23a, 23e, 23j) Hepialus regius Staudinger (1896: 301) Phassus regius: Wagner & Pfitzner (1911: 18).— Pfitzner (1912: 438, pl.[1], Fig. 54b). Sthenopis regius: Tindale (1941: 42, pl. viii, Fig. 70).— Nielsen et al. (2000: 850). Phassus regues (Chu & Wang 1985a: 299) Hepialus regius rubellus: Bang-Hass (1939: 58) Sthenopis rubellus (Bang-Hass, 1939): Nielsen et al. (2000: 850); as a synonymy of M. regius Material examined: In total 3 ♂, 1 ♀: Lectotype ♂, [China], Kansu [recte Gansu,] Liang Tschou, 2,500 m, VII, / ESN 2485 / Type O.B. - Haas / Lectotype ♂ Phasus [sic] regius rubellus B.H. designated by E.S. Nielsen, ZSBS, (Fig. 4b); 1 ♂, China, Richthohen-Gebirge, Liang Tschou, VII-VIII.1940, M. Dirsch leg., ZSBS (Fig. 4c); 1 ♂, [China], Gansu, Liang Tschou, 2,500 m (MWM) (Fig. 4d); 1 ♀ [China], Kansu [recte Gansu], occ. Liang tschou, Richthofen mont. Mar. 2,500 m, VII, dissection ESN2875, MfN (Fig. 4e). Original description of Hepialus regius (Staudinger 1896): “FW markings reminiscent of Hepialus valleda [Korscheltellus fusconebulosa (De Geer)] while the otherwise dark hindwings are coloured carmine-red in their basal inner rim like no other species. One female measures 63 mm, the other 67 mm, so they have the size of Hepialus humuli (Linnaeus), but wider wings. FW are a dirty brown-grey with dark brown, white-rimmed, partly goldcovered spots and an irregularly curved, light-grey band in front of the outer edge, forked at the front edge. These markings are best illustrated by the good illustration of the most strongly marked female. In the other female they do not appear so clearly for, the spots on the inner edge and disc are partly missing completely, other markings are different. The dark basal spot on the front edge is completely missing, the third, very long spot is only half as long and wider, the light forked strip that extends into the apex is narrower and more extinguished (in the female shown on the right forewing it is separated from the light band, connected to it on the left). The large, hammer-shaped, dark spot on the right forewing at the end of the central cell is also smaller and differently shaped on the left, but in the female not shown it is almost completely absent. The shiny metallic golden dusting of the dark spots is very remarkable; in some spots (especially those on the front margin) it is only very slight, in others (especially in the disc) it covers them almost entirely. The underside is similar, but markings completely faded, with no trace of golden dusting. The hindwings in their basal inner half of the depicted female are splendid carmine red, in the other female they are dull (faded) red. Its outer half is dark smoky grey with a marked apex, as is only the case with Hepialus damor Moore from Western India of all the species I have seen. In the apex of regius there is a light, whitish stripe of pots (which in the other female forms a narrow, longer white stripe), in front of it on the front edge there is a darker spot (in the other female, smaller, almost entirely white-edged). The head and thorax are light yellow (grey) brown, the latter is outlined in dark brown on the sides and behind, like the forehead. The very short thread- (bristle-) shaped antennae are light, the chest and feet are dark brown, only the scales of the female shown are coloured red on the outside. The dark brown abdomen is beautiful carmine-red on the first 3–4 segments, below it is dirty-grey. Hepialus regius certainly varies quite a lot, like so many other Hepialus species, the males are perhaps somewhat different from the females, but even the most varied specimens can easily be recognized as belonging to this species (due to the red basal colour of the hindwing).” Original description for Hepialus regius rubellus Bang-Haas, 1939: “Wingspan: males 48 mm, females 58 mm. Smaller, more vividly coloured than the original form. Upper side of the forewings: the whitish submarginal band is straighter. Upper side of the hind wings: male coloured carmine red, lower central cell vein dusted brownish, female also carmine red, the upper half up to the central cell blackish brown, whitish marginal and submarginal spots in front of the apex.” Remark s. Originally described by Staudinger (1896) with reference to two female specimens from Xizang, between Lop Noor and Kukunoor, the ‘most strongly marked’ specimen being illustrated (Fig. 4a). These syntypes have not been located in MfN and ZSBS where they were expected to be found. Bang-Haas (1939) subsequently described Phassus regius rubellus as a subspecies but without distinguishing it from the nominal subspecies. The subspecies name rubellus was treated as a junior synonym of regius by Nielsen et al. (2000). Whether S. regius rubellus represents a distinct geographic entity from S. regius regius will require verification through additional population sampling across the distribution range of S. regius. The distribution range of S. regius includes local overlap with S. dirschi (Fig. 31). The saccus of male genitalia short and narrow, slightly convex lateral edges converging anteriorly as a blunt point. Posterior margin notch in the lectotype of M. regius rubellus does not extend anteriorly into the saccus much beyond the obtuse angle of the lateral margins (Fig. 12) as also in M. dirschi (Fig. 11) and M. jiuzhiensis (Fig. 14) in contrast to M. roseus where the notch extends further into the saccus (Fig. 13a, b).

Magnificus sp. (Fig. 7) We also examined a specimen from the collection of WMW (Figs 7, 20, 21a, 22a, 23i) that we could not identify with respect to the currently recognized species as it was a female specimen and therefore directly comparable to only three species. The specimen is from Qinghai province, Anemaqen Shan, 3000 m, 50 KM West of Maqen City, 26 July-1August 1997. Description. Wingspan 72 mm, FW length 34 mm, width 13 mm; HW length 28 mm, width 12 mm. Head covered with greyish brown scales. Antenna filiform. FW ground colour greyish-brown with scattered dark brown patches with golden dusting and edged with white, white lines edged with brown; predominantly white oblique band between anterior discal cell and apex (outlined by orange line in Fig. 30a). HW basally covered with pale orange, extending distally along veins, central and outer region predominantly greyish brown. Legs: as for genus, leg length ratio pro:meso:meta 1: 1.1: 0.72. Abdomen greyish brown with orangish brown bands dorsally. Female genitalia (Fig. 10): dorsal plate comprising lateral ovoids fused across dorsal midline, posterior margin forming a wide V shape; lamella antevaginalis lobes subequal, dorsal surface flat, para-anal sclerites dorsoventrally narrow; ductus bursae forming a tube, about twice as long as the bursa copulatrix. Ductus bursae about twice the length and half the width of the ovoid corpus bursae (Fig. 10). The FW similar to M. bouvieri where semi-ellipses (red arrows) is absent from the M 1 -M 2 cell, with basally concave edge to dark shading in outer M 2 -A cell (blue arrow in Fig. 30a) contrasting with concave edging in M. bouvieri. The oblique pale band cannot be definitively distinguished from that of M. jiuzhiensis as illustrated by Yan (2000). In M. zhiduoensis the basal band is localized to the medial discal cell (Fig. 30h) whereas in M. bouvieri the pale area extends over the anterior discal cell, and there is a more extensive pale region with central brown patches between M2 and posterior margin. All other Magnificus species have a continuous or broken postdiscal band between outer costa and posterior wing margin in the M2-A cell, Published as part of Grehan, John R., Mielke, Carlos G. C., Minet, Joël, Ignatev, Nikolai, Buchsbaum, Ulf & Xue, Dayong, 2021, Taxonomic composition and monophyly of the genus Magnificus (Lepidoptera Hepialoidea: Hepialidae), pp. 339-358 in Zootaxa 4920 (3) on pages 349-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4920.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4478051, {"references":["Yan, L. (2000) A new genus and two new species of the Hepialidae (Lepidoptera) from Qinghai, China. Journal of Qinghai University, Quinghai, 18, 1 - 6. [in Chinese with English summary]"]}

Magnificus zhiduoensis Yan, 2000 (Figs. 6, 19) Magnificus zhiduoensis Yan (2000: 3).— Wang & Yao (2011: 4) Reference material. Holotype ♀, GAAH: China, Qinghai, Zhiduo, Deer farm, 4,400–4,600m, 22.VII.1996. Three paratypes, same location and date as holotype (Fig. 6). Original description (Yan 2000). “Wingspan male: 45 mm female 53 mm. Labial palps two segmented on left and single segment on right [probably an aberration]; FW outer band with white reaching posterior margin; veins R2 and R3 shorter than stalk vein. Male HW anterior to medial cell and veins brown and grey, remainder white, and white patch at apical angle. Female HW brown and grey. Dorsal plate of female genitalia with medial V-shaped notch, subanal plate narrow and rectangular, antevaginalis dorsal margin with shallow points either side of shallow medial concavity, ventral margin medially broad and smooth, lateral angles narrow and lightly sclerotized.” Etymology. Presumably derived from Zhiduo, the name of the type locality. Remarks. Considered by Yan (2000) to be similar in appearance to M. jiuzhiensis where the posterior margin of the dorsal plate is dorsally broad (Fig. 17) whereas the central notch in M. zhiduoensis (Fig. 19) is narrowly triangular. The FW pattern (Fig. 30h) cannot be definitively distinguished from M. jiuzhiensis in the low-resolution image in Yan (2000)., Published as part of Grehan, John R., Mielke, Carlos G. C., Minet, Joël, Ignatev, Nikolai, Buchsbaum, Ulf & Xue, Dayong, 2021, Taxonomic composition and monophyly of the genus Magnificus (Lepidoptera Hepialoidea: Hepialidae), pp. 339-358 in Zootaxa 4920 (3) on page 348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4920.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4478051, {"references":["Yan, L. (2000) A new genus and two new species of the Hepialidae (Lepidoptera) from Qinghai, China. Journal of Qinghai University, Quinghai, 18, 1 - 6. [in Chinese with English summary]","Wang X. - L. & Yao, Y. - J. (2011) Host insect species of Ophiocordyceps sinensis: a review. ZooKeys, 127, 43 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 127.802"]}

Magnificus jiuzhiensis Yan, 2000 (Figs 14, 16) Magnificus jiuzhiensis Yan (2000: 1).— Wang & Yao (2011: 48) Reference specimen. Holotype ♂ GAAH: China, Qinghai, Jiuzhi Dehelong, 3,800–3,900 m, 15-VII-1996. Original description (Yan 2000). “ Wingspan male 42 mm, female 49 mm. Eye s dark or rusty brown; antennae filiform, short and slender with 22 segments; labial palps two segmented, foreleg tibial spurs absent, FW with marbled spots and stripes with grey-brown and gold, outer band with white not reaching to posterior edge but turning triangulary to basal part of forewing. FW vein Sc branched, R2 [Rs3] and R3 [Rs4] longer than stalk. HW of ♂ white, ♀ grey-brown and basally white. Male genitalia without lobe or tooth on tegumen and valva shape of tangerine section, saccus prominent, vinculum with deep medial notch. Female genitalia with deep and broad medial incision of dorsal plate, lateral margin strongly sclerotized; subanal plate narrow and rectangular; anterior and posterior margins of antevaginalis medially emarginate, laterally angled and tapering to narrow process laterally.” Female. Unknown. Etymology. Presumably derived from the location Jiuzhi. Flight period. Early summer—July. Remarks. Diagram of male genitalia (Fig. 14) shows the medial notch of the posterior margin of the saccus to be shallow compared to other species., Published as part of Grehan, John R., Mielke, Carlos G. C., Minet, Joël, Ignatev, Nikolai, Buchsbaum, Ulf & Xue, Dayong, 2021, Taxonomic composition and monophyly of the genus Magnificus (Lepidoptera Hepialoidea: Hepialidae), pp. 339-358 in Zootaxa 4920 (3) on page 344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4920.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4478051, {"references":["Yan, L. (2000) A new genus and two new species of the Hepialidae (Lepidoptera) from Qinghai, China. Journal of Qinghai University, Quinghai, 18, 1 - 6. [in Chinese with English summary]","Wang X. - L. & Yao, Y. - J. (2011) Host insect species of Ophiocordyceps sinensis: a review. ZooKeys, 127, 43 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 127.802"]}

Magnificus dirschi (Bang-Haas, 1939) comb. n. (Figs 3, 11) Phassus dirschi Bang-Haas (1939: 59) Sthenopis dirschi: Nielsen et al. (2000: 850) Material examined. Holotype ♂ MfN: Verbatim label: [China], Kansu [recte Gansu] occ., Liang tschou, Richthofen mont. mar. / Slide ESN 2486 ♂ / Zool. Mus. Berlin / One more red label. Original description of Phassus dirschi (Bang-Haas 1939). “ Upper side of FW dark brown, on the front edge are four brown, white edged spots. A white band runs from the 2nd spot to the middle of the forewings. From the 2nd spot a white band runs to the middle of FW, from the 4th spot a brown band with 2 metal-gold spots, then a further, larger golden spot towards the base. A straight white submarginal band extends just before the apex to the inner edge, a 6 mm long oblique band of the same colour ends in the tip of FW. At the base of the inner margin is a carmine-red spot. Underside of FW brownish; the markings of HW evenly carmine red. Both wings with blackbrown fringes. Underside of HW dirty red. Head, thorax brownish red, abdomen carmine red, the last segments brownish. Antennae yellowish.” Female. Unknown. Etymology. Named in honour of P. Mansuetus Dirsch (Bang-Haas 1939). Flight period. Late spring-early summer. Holotype collected June 20 th, 1938 (Bang-Haas 1939) Remarks. Postdiscal longitudinal band extending as a narrow sub-straight white line between costal margin near junction of Rs1 and Rs2 and CuA 2 (Fig. 30b). Slide mounted image of male genitalia (Fig. 11) indicate that the lateral flange on the posterior saccus margin is more broadly extended laterally than in other Magnificus species. Sympatric within distribution range of S. regius (Fig. 31).

Magnificus miniatus (Chu & Wang, 1985a) (Figs 3, 17) Phassus miniatus Chu & Wang (1985a: 299).— Zhu et al. (2004: 78; pl. 1, fig. 8). Sthenopis miniatus: Nielsen et al. (2000: 850; as a synonymy of M. roseus) Material examined. Holotype ♀ IZAS: China, Hubei, Shennongja, 2 August 1981 Original description (Chu & Wang 1985a). “ Pink scales and hairs covering the dorsal sides from metathorax to abdomen, and also the wing bases, possesses more pink that ‘ Phassus regues [sic]’ [Magnificus regius]. Immediately below the discoidal cell of the FW there is a black stripe with a reddish yellow area next to it, the mid band is broad, arolium present, apex of FW produced and bent downwards like a hook [falcate] which is also distinguishable from Phassus regeus [sic].” Male. Unknown. Etymology. Unknown Remarks. Forewing with a diffuse band of dark brown or black from base of central discal cell to other region of anterior discal cell extending to costa (Fig. 30d), a pattern also seen in M. roseus (Fig. 30f). Nielsen et al. (2000) listed M. miniatus as a synonym of M. roseus, perhaps because of an overall wing pattern similarity. Even though a direct genitalic comparison is not possible between the corresponding primary types, which represent different sexes, the distinct contrast between the falcate FW of M. miniatus (Fig. 3) and the FW shape of the other species is sufficient to treat M. miniatus as a distinct species as accepted by Zhu et al. (2004). Future genitalic comparison for a male of M. miniatus is desirable to verify its species status., Published as part of Grehan, John R., Mielke, Carlos G. C., Minet, Joël, Ignatev, Nikolai, Buchsbaum, Ulf & Xue, Dayong, 2021, Taxonomic composition and monophyly of the genus Magnificus (Lepidoptera Hepialoidea: Hepialidae), pp. 339-358 in Zootaxa 4920 (3) on page 345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4920.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4478051, {"references":["Chu, H. F. & Wang, L. Y. (1985 a) On the stem borers of Chinese hepialids (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Acta Entomolgoical Sinica, 28, 293 - 301. [in Chinese with English summary]","Zhu, H., Wang, K. & Han, H. (2004) Fauna Sinica Insecta 38. Science Press, Beijing, 952 pp. [in Chinese with English summary]","Nielsen, E. S., Robinson, G. S. & Wagner, D. L. (2000) Ghost-moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the Exoporia (Mnesarchaeoidea and Hepialoidea) (Lepidoptera). Journal of Natural History, 34, 823 - 878. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 002229300299282"]}

Magnificus bouvieri (Oberthür, 1913) comb. n. (Figs 1, 10, 23b, 23d) Hepialus (Phassus) bouvieri (Oberthür 1913: 671) Sthenopis bouvieri (Nielsen et al. 2000: 850) Examined material. Holotype ♂ MNHN: Verbatim label: Chasseurs indigènes des Missionnaires de [local collectors of the missionaries of] Ta-tsien-Loû, 1905 / ESN slide no. 2872/ Type. Original description (Oberthür 1913). “ Phassus bouvieri is close to regius, Str., and roseus, Obthr.; however, Phassus bouvieri does not present any vestige of the pink hue which characterizes regius and roseus. It is a very pretty species whose designs on the upper wings are very complicated and delicate.” Female. Unknown. Etymology. Named in honour of Eugène-Louis Bouvier, Professor of Entomology, MNHN (Oberthür 1913). Flight period. Unknown Remarks. Forewing pattern with oblique white band (orange outline in Fig. 30b) broken by dark brown patch over outer anterior and central discal cells. Very similar to M. zhiduoensis. Male genitalia (Fig. 10) distinguished from all other species (where male is known) by larger and rounded lateral corners and broadly rounded anterior margin of the saccus. Sympatric with S. roseus (Fig. 31).

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