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Background: This longitudinal study addressed whether mindfulness practice prevents psychological and behavioral symptoms, especially mood disorders, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: To assess the incidence of depression in the course of AD and to determine which non-pharmacological treatment (NPT) is most effective in preventing psychopathological symptoms. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal, non-inferiority and equivalence randomized clinical trial, repeated-measures design, with a control group and three experimental treatments: mindfulness, cognitive stimulation, and relaxation. Each experimental group performed three weekly sessions for two years. The pharmacological treatment of all participants was donepezil (10 mg). Participants were patients with probable AD without diagnosed depression from the public neurology services of the Canary Health Service, Spain. Psychological evaluation was performed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-Q). The statistical analysis included only patients who attended at least 75% of the sessions. A nonparametric, repeated-measures analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis H test and between-group differences with Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction (p 0.14) between mindfulness and the rest of the experimental groups as well as the control in the GDS, HDRS, and NPI-Q scales. Conclusion: Compared to the other experimental groups, only mindfulness prevented the onset of depression and other psychopathologies in early-stage AD. Based on its effectiveness in maintaining cognitive functions and preventing psychopathology, we recommend mindfulness as the first-choice NPT for mild to moderate AD.

An organophotoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling between azole nucleophiles and aliphatic carboxylic acid-derived redox-active esters is demonstrated. This protocol efficiently installs various tertiary or secondary alkyl fragments onto the nitrogen atom of azole nucleophiles under mild and transition-metal-free conditions. The pyridinium additive successfully inhibits the formation of elimination byproducts from the carbocation intermediate. This reaction is applicable to the synthesis of a protein-degrader-like molecule containing an azole and a thalidomide.

Gender is recognized as an important social determinant of health, but past research on gender differences in psychological well-being have not produced conclusive results. This study investigated gender differences in eudaimonic well-being and life satisfaction in emerging adulthood. A cross-sectional study with a sample of 1990 emerging adults (50% males) from the Spanish general population was conducted. Participants were assessed through five questionnaires. Results showed that women scored higher than men in purpose in life and personal growth. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the most important predictors of emerging adult men’s and women’s eudaimonic well-being and life satisfaction were higher self-confidence and lower negative self-evaluation. Other significant variables in the eudaimonic well-being of both women and men were higher score in the masculine/instrumental trait, higher emotional social support, higher educational level, and higher score in the feminine/expressive trait. Furthermore, higher instrumental social support was associated with eudaimonic well-being in females. Other predictors of women’s and men’s life satisfaction were higher score in the feminine/expressive trait, less age, higher educational level and higher instrumental social support. In addition, higher emotional social support was associated with life satisfaction in males. The results suggest that gender is important in the psychological well-being of people in emerging adulthood, although self-esteem and instrumental social support are, in both emerging adult women and men, the most important predictors of psychological well-being.

Background: Emerging adulthood is a critical period of life involving many life transitions that may generate stress and compromise health and mental well-being. Aims: To know the most frequent life events of women and men in emerging adulthood, analyzing also the relevance that such stressors have on their psychological well-being and life satisfaction. A second aim is to determine the relevance of age, educational level, most frequent life events, coping styles, and perceived social support as risk and protective factors for well-being. Method: The sample consisted of 2,000 individuals from the general Spanish population (55% women), aged between 18 and 29, who were assessed using five questionnaires and scales measuring life events, coping styles, life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and social support. Results: The findings showed that 90% of the sample had experienced one or more life events during the previous year and that a higher number of life events experienced over the past year was associated with lower mental well-being. Multiple regression analyses made clear that, although some events experienced in the previous year (namely, family conflicts and change in the relationship with parents) were associated with lower women’s and men’s well-being, the most important determinants of well-being in either gender were coping styles; however, some predictors of women’s well-being proved different from those of men. In the case of women, family and intimate partner conflicts predicted lower life satisfaction and psychological well-being was lower in the case of family conflicts. As for men, work or academic life events predicted lower life satisfaction. Conclusion: These research findings are relevant for the design of programs and strategies to improve mental well-being in emerging adulthood.

The hydroalkylation and hydroacylation of electron-deficient alkenes proceeded smoothly by using benzothiazoline derivatives as radical-transfer reagents under thermal conditions without light irradiation or any additive. Both benzyl and benzoyl moieties were transferred efficiently.

Objectives:Gender is an important social determinant of health, but gender has played only a marginal role in the geriatric and gerontology research and practice. The aim of this study was to examine the relevance of gender to the psychological well-being of older adults.Design:A cross-sectional study was conducted.Setting:The study was carried out in Spain.Participants:A total of 1,201 people aged between 65 and 94.Measurements:The participants completed sociodemographic data and four questionnaires: The Bem sex role inventory, the Ryff’s psychological well-being scale, the York self-esteem inventory, and the Social support scale.Results:Men scored higher than women in self-acceptance, autonomy, purpose in life, and environmental mastery. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that, although the most important predictors of psychological well-being in both women and men were self-esteem and social support, both masculine/instrumental and feminine/expressive traits were associated with higher psychological well-being, although the effect size was higher for the masculine/instrumental trait. Furthermore, education was associated with psychological well-being in the case of females.Conclusions:Gender plays an important role in the psychological well-being of older adults. The results of this research are relevant for healthcare providers and policy-makers interested in promoting successful aging and increasing the well-being of older people.

Background/objective: Research has highlighted the role of neuroticism, rumination, and depression in predicting suicidal thoughts, but studies on how these variables interplay are scarce. The aims of the present study were to test a model in which emotional stability (i.e., low neuroticism) would act as an antecedent and moderator of rumination and depressed mood in the prediction of suicidal ideation (i.e., moderated serial-mediation), and to explore their repli- cability across four countries and sex, among college students as an at-risk-group for suicide. Method: Participants were 3482 undergraduates from U.S, Spain, Argentina, and the Nether- lands. Path analysis and multi-group analysis were conducted. Results: Emotional stability was indirectly linked to suicidal ideation via rumination and depressed mood. Moreover, emotional stability moderated the associations between rumination and depressed mood, and between depressed mood and suicidal ideation. Findings were consistent in males and females, and across countries studied. Discussion: Regardless of sex and country, people with low emotional stability reported higher levels of rumination, which in turn was associated with more depressed mood, and these were associated with higher reports of suicidal thoughts. This cascade of psychological risk factors for suicidal ideation seems to be more harmful in people who endorse low levels of emotional stability.

Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) has drawn much attention as an attractive protein target in the disease pathways of Parkinson's Disease (PD) and lysosomal storage disorders, such as Gaucher's Disease (GD). In previous our study, T-036 and its analogue, 2a, were discovered as novel GCS inhibitors. To further improve activity of this chemical series, SAR was investigated on the fused pyridyl ring core of 2a by employing a photoredox reaction that significantly reduced synthetic demand. Herein, we successfully applied the decarboxylation C-H alkylation photoredox reaction to introduce a wide variety of substituents at the 6-position of the fused pyridine core scaffold. This quick SAR acquisition facilitated the swift identification of the potent GCS inhibitors 2b (ICsub50/sub = 5.9 nM) and 2g (ICsub50/sub = 3.6 nM). Moreover, 2b exhibited superior in vivo potency to that of our previously reported lead compound, T-036.

An efficient enantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of indoles with α-CF3-substituted β-nitrostyrenes is disclosed. The key to success is the use of a chiral calcium BINOL bis(phosphat...

GLT-1 is the main glutamate transporter in the brain and its trafficking controls its availability at the cell surface, thereby shaping glutamatergic neurotransmission under physiological and pathological conditions. Extracellular glutamate is known to trigger ubiquitin-dependent GLT-1 internalization from the surface of the cell to the intracellular compartment, yet here we show that internalization also requires the participation of calcium ions. Consistent with previous studies, the addition of glutamate (1 mM) to mixed primary cultures (containing neurons and astrocytes) promotes GLT-1 internalization, an effect that was suppressed in the absence of extracellular Ca. The pathways of Ca mobilization by astrocytes were analyzed in these mixed cultures using the genetically encoded calcium sensor GCaMP6f. A complex pattern of calcium entry was activated by glutamate, with a dramatic and rapid rise in the intracellular Ca concentration partially driven by glutamate transporters, especially in the initial stages after exposure to glutamate. The Na/Ca exchanger (NCX) plays a dominant role in this Ca mobilization and its blockade suppresses the glutamate induced internalization of GLT-1, both in astrocytes and in a more straightforward experimental system like HEK293 cells transiently transfected with GLT-1. This regulatory mechanism might be relevant to control the amount of GLT-1 transporter at the cell surface in conditions like ischemia or traumatic brain injury, where extracellular concentrations of glutamate are persistently elevated and they promote rapid Ca mobilization., This work was supported by grants from the Spanish MINECO (SAF2014- 55686-R) and the “Fundación Ramón Areces”

Se presenta en esta investigación una versión corta de 30 ítems del Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire ([MASQ]; Cuestionario de Síntomas de Ansiedad y del Humor) diseñado para medir las tres dimensiones del modelo tripartito de la ansiedad y la depresión, a saber, el Afecto Negativo (AN), el Afecto Positivo (AP) y la Ansiedad Somática (AS). Esta adaptación es una versión holandesa que se administró a una muestra de la población general canaria. Los objetivos propuestos son conocer la validez de constructo del MASQE30, mediante análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio, así como sus propiedades psicométricas y la validez convergente, discriminante y predictiva con ansiedad y depresión evaluadas con cuestionarios. Los resultados confirman la adecuada validez de constructo del MASQE30, así como coeficientes de consistencia interna que oscilan entre 0.88 y 0.92 y una estabilidad temporal que va desde 0.47 a 0.68. Los resultados corroboran que el AN y AS son compartidos por la ansiedad y la depresión, y el AP es específico de la depresión. El AN y AP corroboran las predicciones del modelo, pero no el resultado de AS. Se propone el MASQE30 como un instrumento adecuado para el estudio dimensional de la depresión y la ansiedad en población clínica y comunitaria.

• The aim is to deepen in the mechanisms that underlie a positive effect of yoga on essential arterial hypertension and on related emotional symptomatology.

Novel radical transfer reagents under photoirradiation conditions were developed by the use of benzothiazoline derivatives. These reagents enabled both hydroalkylation and hydroacylation of alkenes under neutral conditions at ambient temperature without any toxic reagents or an excess amount of metals. A mechanistic study was carried out to elucidate the radical process.

Objective To analyze the effect of the 'Exercise Without Movement' (E.W.M) yoga method on mindfulness and on the improvement of anxiety and depression symptoms. Methods A quasi-experimental study examined the effect of one month E.W.M. intervention among 38 participants who were enrolled voluntarily to both groups, study (n = 16) and control (n = 22). Five participants dropped out during the study. The State Mindfulness Scale (SMS) was used to measure mindfulness. The Anxiety Inventory Beck (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) were used to measure the anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively, before and after the intervention. Results Study group showed both a statistically significant increase in mindfulness and decrease in anxiety and depression symptoms, compared with the control group. Conclusions The E.W.M. has been useful in the development of mindfulness and in the treatment of anxiety and depression symptoms and may represent a new method in the mindfulness-based therapeutic application.

GLT-1 is the main glutamate transporter in the brain and undergoes trafficking processes that control its concentration on the cell surface thereby shaping glutamatergic neurotransmission. We have investigated how the traffic of GLT-1 is regulated by transporter activity. We report that internalization of GLT-1 from the cell surface is accelerated by transportable substrates like glutamate or aspartate, as well as by the transportable inhibitor L-trans-2,4-PDC, but not by the non-substrate inhibitor WAY 213613 in primary mixed cultures and in transiently transfected HEK293 cells. Analysis of the mechanism of endocytosis in HEK293 cells revealed that glutamate promoted the association with the transporter of the adaptor protein β-arrestin and the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2. The addition of glutamate is accompanied by an increase in the transporter ubiquitination, and the internalization is suppressed by an ubiquitination inhibitor (PYR41), and in a mutant defective in C-terminal lysines. The glutamate triggered endocytosis was also suppressed by siRNA for β-arrestin. This regulatory mechanism might be relevant in controlling the amount of transporter on the cell surface in conditions such as ischemia or traumatic brain injury, where extracellular concentrations of glutamate are persistently elevated.

Se presenta la visión fenomenológica de la psicosis así como sus implicaciones culturales. También se abordan las modificaciones convenientes en la práctica de mindfulness a la hora de utilizarla como una herramienta terapéutica y segura en el tratamiento psicológico de los pacientes psicóticos. Por último, se presentan datos sobre la viabilidad y eficacia de este planteamiento en el marco de un estudio piloto llevado a cabo en un centro público de rehabilitación/ recuperación psicosocial.

Emerging adulthood is a critical period of life that entails many life transitions in living arrangements, relationships, education and employment, which can generate stress and psychological distress in the emerging adult. The aim of the present study was to assess the relevance of stress, coping styles, self-esteem and perceived social support in the distress of emerging adult women and men. The sample consists of 4816 people (50% females) from the Spanish general population, ranging in age from 18 to 29 years old. All participants were assessed through questionnaires and scales that assess psychological distress, stress, coping styles, self-esteem and social support. Women scored higher than men in psychological distress, chronic stress, minor daily hassles, emotional coping style and social support, whereas men scored higher than women in rational and detachment coping styles and in self-esteem. Psychological distress was significantly predicted in women and men by high emotional coping style, lower self-esteem, high number of life events, and less social support. Another statistically significant predictor in men was less detachment coping style, whereas in women it was high chronic stress. The results of this research are relevant to healthcare professionals interested in improving the mental health of the emerging adult.

We used proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) to find proteins that potentially interact with the major glial glutamate transporter, GLT-1, and we studied how these interactions might affect its activity. GTPase Rac1 was one protein identified, and interfering with its GTP/GDP cycle in mixed primary rat brain cultures affected both the clustering of GLT-1 at the astrocytic processes and the transport kinetics, increasing its uptake activity at low micromolar glutamate concentrations in a manner that was dependent on the effector kinase PAK1 and the actin cytoskeleton. Interestingly, the same manipulations had a different effect on another glial glutamate transporter, GLAST, inhibiting its activity. Importantly, glutamate acts through metabotropic receptors to stimulate the activity of Rac1 in astrocytes, supporting the existence of cross-talk between extracellular glutamate and the astrocytic form of the GLT-1 regulated by Rac1. CDC42EP4/BORG4 (a CDC42 effector) was also identified in the BioID screen, and it is a protein that regulates the assembly of septins and actin fibers, influencing the organization of the cytoskeleton. We found that GLT-1 interacts with septins, which reduces its lateral mobility at the cell surface. Finally, the G-protein subunit GNB4 dampens the activity of GLT-1, as revealed by its response to the activator peptide mSIRK, both in heterologous systems and in primary brain cultures. This effect occurs rapidly and thus, it is unlikely to depend on cytoskeletal dynamics. These novel interactions shed new light on the events controlling GLT-1 activity, thereby helping us to better understand how glutamate homeostasis is maintained in the brain.

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of a mindfulness training program, "The Open Mindfulness Fundamental Training" (OMFT), on a non-clinical sample of 27 persons. On the one hand, it was intended to study pre-post intervention changes and, on the other hand, whether previous experience was modulating these changes. Results showed significant differences in several dimensions of interoceptive awareness: the ability to control attention regarding body sensations, the ability to regulate body tensions paying attention to embodied sensations, and the ability to trust that the body is safe and reliable. In addition, decentering skills improve significantly after training, as well as perception of the awareness level and attention to the present experience during a specific time in a given context. Previous experience in meditation was not related to participants improvement after the intervention, so all of them were equally benefited.

Resumen Introduccion Se llevo a cabo un estudio longitudinal para analizar la viabilidad, la seguridad y los efectos de la practica de mindfulness, relajacion y estimulacion cognitiva en la evolucion clinica de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) con el objetivo de analizar la equivalencia de estos tratamientos. Material y metodos En el estudio participaron 168 personas con EA probable en tratamiento con donepezilo. En este articulo se muestra a los 21 participantes en estadio grave que completaron el seguimiento de 24 meses. Se agrupo a los sujetos en 3 grupos experimentales (estimulacion cognitiva, relajacion y mindfulness) y uno control. Cada grupo desarrollo 3 sesiones semanales con medidas semestrales de seguimiento (cognicion: CAMCOG y MMSE; funcionalidad: RDRS-2; psicopatologia: NPI). Se realizaron analisis no parametricos. Resultados Las puntuaciones de la funcion cognitiva y la funcionalidad indicaron que no existian diferencias significativas entre los diferentes grupos. No obstante, los grupos de mindfulness y estimulacion cognitiva no perdieron puntuacion en la capacidad cognitiva en el analisis intragrupo. En el NPI se produjeron diferencias entre el grupo de mindfulness y el control al final del estudio (p Conclusion Los datos muestran que el tratamiento de donepezilo con mindfulness o estimulacion cognitiva presenta una mejor evolucion clinica que el tratamiento farmacologico solo o combinado con relajacion. Estos datos indican que se debe seguir trabajando en nuevas alternativas terapeuticas para la EA avanzada y que los tratamientos no farmacologicos deben ser recomendados en la practica clinica para el control evolutivo de la enfermedad a largo plazo. Ensayos con un mayor numero de participantes son necesarios para confirmar los resultados informados en este estudio.

I Jornades d’Investigació per als estudiants de Psicologia Introducción: Existe evidencia de que durante la adolescencia diversas variables individuales como la personalidad y variables ambientales como la afiliación con iguales influyen en el desarrollo del consumo de alcohol. Así, ser más extravertido se asocia con el inicio temprano del consumo, mientras que la elevada impulsividad / desinhibición se asocia con el consumo de alcohol en todas las etapas del consumo. Por otra parte, tener amigos consumidores o con conductas disruptivas parece influir en el propio comportamiento. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la relación entre la personalidad, las conductas antinormativas de los amigos y su interacción a la hora de predecir el consumo propio de alcohol en adolescentes. Método: La muestra estaba compuesta por 410 estudiantes de Secundaria (58 % chicas; media de edad 15,22 años; dt = ,63) que completaron el js-neo-s de personalidad, la escala Deviant Peer Scale que evalúa la Conducta Antinormativa de los amigos, y el ais-uji que evalúa el consumo de alcohol. Resultados: Los análisis de regresión lineal mostraron que la Extraversión (e) (β = ,15; p = ,002), las Conductas Antinormativas de los amigos (β = ,33; p = ,000) y la interacción de la (baja) Responsabilidad (r) y las Conductas Antinormativas de los amigos (β = ,18; p = ,001) se asociaron de forma significativa con el consumo de alcohol propio. Asimismo, los análisis de ecuaciones estructurales mostraron un efecto directo entre la Extraversión y el consumo de alcohol, y un efecto de mediación parcial de las mismas variables a través de la asociación con Amigos Antinormativos. Por último, la Amabilidad muestra un efecto de mediación total con el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes mediante la asociación con iguales Antinormativos. Discusión: Los resultados del presente trabajo apoyan lo encontrado en investigaciones previas sobre personalidad (e) y la influencia de los amigos en el consumo de alcohol propio. Además, muestran que el tener amigos disruptivos incrementaría principalmente el consumo de alcohol de los adolescentes más irresponsables (vía de influencia). También es posible que adolescentes más irresponsables busquen afiliarse con iguales disruptivos (e irresponsables) y ello incremente la probabilidad de consumir alcohol (vía de selección de los iguales). No obstante, son necesarias investigaciones longitudinales para clarificar la dirección de dichas relaciones. Introduction: There is evidence that along the adolescence many individual variables as personality and environmental variables do influence in alcohol consumption behaviour development. So, be more Extrovert is associated to onset alcohol consumption, while high Impulsivity/Disinhibited is associated with all consumption stages. On the other way, drinking friends or deviant peers seems to influence on own behaviour. The aim of the present research was to study the relationship among personality, deviant peers and their interaction to predict the alcohol consumption in adolescents. Method: We assessed in a sample of 410 secondary students (58 % girls; mean age 15,22 years; SD = ,63) with the JS neo and the Deviant Peer Scale (dp S) the influence of personality and deviant peers on alcohol consumption, assessed with the ais-uji. Results: Regression analyses showed that Extraversion (e) (β = ,15; p = ,002), Deviant friends (β = ,33; p = ,000) and interaction of low Conscientiousness (c) and Deviant Peers (β = ,18; p = ,001) were significantly associated with alcohol consumption. Also, structural equation modelling showed a direct effect between Extraversion and alcohol consumption and a partial mediation effect of the same variables through affiliation with deviant peers. Finally, Agreeableness showed a total mediation effect with alcohol consumption in young people through affiliation with deviant peers. Discussion: Results support the above research about influence of the personality and deviant peers in own alcohol consumption. At the same time, having deviant friends seems to facilitate the alcohol consumption in less responsible teenagers (influence path). Also, it’s possible that less responsible younger may tend to affiliate with deviant peers and this seems to facilitate the alcohol consumption (selection of peer path).

Glycine plays two roles in neurotransmission. In caudal areas like the spinal cord and the brainstem, it acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, but in all regions of the CNS, it also works as a co-agonist with L-glutamate at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). The glycine fluxes in the CNS are regulated by two specific transporters for glycine, GlyT1 and GlyT2, perhaps with the cooperation of diverse neutral amino acid transporters like Asc-1 or SNAT5/SN2. While GlyT2 and Asc-1 are neuronal proteins, GlyT1 and SNAT5 are mainly astrocytic, although neuronal forms of GlyT1 also exist. GlyT1 has attracted considerable interest from the medical community and the pharmaceutical industry since compelling evidence indicates a clear association with the functioning of NMDARs, whose activity is decreased in various psychiatric illnesses. By controlling extracellular glycine, transporter inhibitors might potentiate the activity of NMDARs without activating excitotoxic processes. Physiologically, GlyT1 is a central actor in the cross talk between glutamatergic, glycinergic, dopaminergic, and probably other neurotransmitter systems. Many of these relationships begin to be unraveled by studies performed in recent years using genetic and pharmacological models. These studies are also clarifying the interactions between glycine, glycine transporters, and other co-agonists of the glycine site of NMDARs like D-serine. These findings are also relevant to understand the pathophysiology of devastating diseases like schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, epilepsy, stroke, and chronic pain.

Este estudio presenta las relaciones existentes entre los procesos cognitivos de orientación negativa al problema, preocupación y rumiación, con la sintomatología ansiosa, depresiva y la presente en dificultades en la conducta alimentaria. Se utilizó una muestra no clínica e intencionada de 176 personas adultas de la isla de Tenerife. Los datos se analizan mediante el coeficiente de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson (χ2), la t de Student, el coeficiente de correlación r de Pearson y regresiones jerárquicas. Se constata que la orientación negativa al problema y la preocupación son transdiagnósticos para los síntomas de agorafobia y pánico, ansiedad generalizada, fobia social y control de la comida; mientras que los reproches son comunes a la sintomatología depresiva, el estrés postraumático y la dieta, y que la fobia social también se relaciona con el proceso reflexivo. Los resultados se discuten a partir el modelo teórico de la fobia social y el estrés postraumático, y se propone la investigación futura de los reproches y la reflexión, atendiendo a la teoría de la evitación cognitiva. Este estudo apresenta as relações existentes entre os processos cognitivos de orientação negativa ao problema, preocupação e ruminação, com a sintomatologia ansiosa, depressiva e a presente em dificuldades no comportamento alimentar. Utilizouse uma amostra não clínica e intencionada de 176 pessoas adultas da ilha de Tenerife (Espanha[RD2] ). Os dados foram analisados mediante o coeficiente de Qui-quadrado de Pearson (c2), o t de Student, o coeficiente de correlação r de Pearson e regressões hierárquicas. Constata-se que a orientação negativa ao problema e a preocupação são transdiagnósticos para os sintomas de agorafobia e pânico, ansiedade generalizada, fobia social e controle da comida; enquanto a rejeição é comum à sintomatologia depressiva, ao estresse pós-traumático e ao regime. A fobia social também se relaciona com o processo reflexivo. Os resultados são discutidos a partir do [RD3] modelo teórico da fobia social e do estresse pós-traumático, e propõese a pesquisa futura das rejeições e da reflexão, atendendo à teoria da evitação cognitiva. This research presents the relationship between the cognitive processes of negative problem orientation, trait worry and rumination, with anxious and depressive symptomatology and difficulties in eating behavior. The study was conducted with a non-clinical and intentional sample of 176 adults from the island of Tenerife. Data were analyzed using the Pearson Chi-square coefficient, Student's t, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regressions. Results confirm that negative problem orientation and trait worry are transdiagnostic factors for panic symptoms and agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and behavioral eating, whereas brooding is a transdiagnostic factor for depression, posttraumatic stress disorder and behavioral eating. Reflection has a relationship with social phobia. Results are discussed on the basis of the theoretical model of social phobia and posttraumatic stress. Future investigation on brooding and reflection according to the theory of cognitive avoidance is proposed.

Glycine plays two roles in neurotransmission. In caudal areas like the spinal cord and the brainstem, it acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, but in all regions of the CNS, it also works as a co-agonist with L-glutamate at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). The glycine fluxes in the CNS are regulated by two specific transporters for glycine, GlyT1 and GlyT2, perhaps with the cooperation of diverse neutral amino acid transporters like Asc-1 or SNAT5/SN2. While GlyT2 and Asc-1 are neuronal proteins, GlyT1 and SNAT5 are mainly astrocytic, although neuronal forms of GlyT1 also exist. GlyT1 has attracted considerable interest from the medical community and the pharmaceutical industry since compelling evidence indicates a clear association with the functioning of NMDARs, whose activity is decreased in various psychiatric illnesses. By controlling extracellular glycine, transporter inhibitors might potentiate the activity of NMDARs without activating excitotoxic processes. Physiologically, GlyT1 is a central actor in the cross talk between glutamatergic, glycinergic, dopaminergic, and probably other neurotransmitter systems. Many of these relationships begin to be unraveled by studies performed in recent years using genetic and pharmacological models. These studies are also clarifying the interactions between glycine, glycine transporters, and other co-agonists of the glycine site of NMDARs like D-serine. These findings are also relevant to understand the pathophysiology of devastating diseases like schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, epilepsy, stroke, and chronic pain.

II Jornades d’Investigació per a l’estudiantat de la Facultat de Ciències de la Salut Introducción: La triada oscura divide la personalidad socialmente aversiva en tres di- mensiones: maquiavelismo, narcisismo subclínico y psicopatía subclínica. Los instru- mentos más utilizados para evaluarla de forma conjunta son el Dirty Dozen (dd) y el Short Dark Triad (sd3), que recientemente han sido adaptados a nuestro contexto socio- cultural. Este estudio pretende examinar la red nomológica de estas escalas y cómo se relacionan con el consumo de sustancias (nicotina, alcohol y cannabis) y la felicidad subjetiva. Método: Una muestra de 217 sujetos cumplimentaron a través de internet nuestras versiones en español del dd y sd3, la escala ais de consumo de sustancias y la escala de felicidad subjetiva. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que el maquiave- lismo no se relaciona con ninguna sustancia en la regresión pero en las escalas se co- rrelaciona con consumo de alcohol; el narcisismo se relaciona con el consumo de alco- hol y cannabis, además el narcisismo sd3 con la felicidad; la psicopatía se relaciona con todas las variables de consumo, pero la psicopatía dd no tiene relación con el tabaco. Conclusión: En definitiva, y de acuerdo con lo esperado, la psicopatía sería la faceta que más se relaciona con el consumo de sustancias seguida del narcisismo; esta última es además la más relevante para el bienestar subjetivo. No obstante, los resultados obtenidos por ambos instrumentos muestran algunas diferencias, observando que el sd3 se ajusta mejor a lo esperado. Por ello, concluimos que la adaptación a nuestro contexto sociocultural del sd3 mostraría una mayor validez de constructo en la evalua- ción de la triada oscura que el dd. Introduction: The Dark Triad divides socially aversive personality into three traits: Machi- avellianism, subclinical narcissism and subclinical psychopathy. The most widely used instruments to measure the three traits together are Dirty Dozen (dd) and the Short Dark Triad (sd3), which have recently been adapted to our socio-cultural context. This study aims to examine the nomological network of these scales, and how they relate to substance use (nicotine, alcohol and cannabis) and subjective happiness. Method: A sample of 217 participants completed our Spanish versions of dd and sd3, ais Scale of Substance Use, and Subjective Happiness Scale online. Results: The results showed that: Machiavellian- ism is not related to any substance use in regression, but correlates with alcohol use on scales; narcissism is related to alcohol and cannabis use; sd3 narcissism correlates with happiness; psychopathy is related to all the substance use variables, dd psychopathy does not correlate with tobacco. Conclusion: Definitely, and as expected, psychopathy would be the most related triad aspect to substance use, followed by narcissism, and the latter would also be the most relevant to subjective well-being. However, the results obtained from both instruments showed some differences. We observed that SD3 better matched expectations. So we conclude that the adaptation of sd3 to our socio-cultural context would show higher construct validity in the Dark Triad evaluation than dd.

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Background and aims: Epidemiological and community-based surveys consistently report gender differences in mental health. This study examines gender differences in psychological distress by analyzing the relevance of stress, coping styles, social support and the time use. Methods: Psychological tests were administered to a convenience sample of 1,337 men and 1,251 women from the Spanish general population, aged between 18 and 65 and with different socio-demographic characteristics, although both the women and men groups had similar age and educational levels. Results: Women had more psychological distress than men. Although psychological distress in the women and men groups have some common correlates such as more stress, more emotional and less rational coping and less social support, we find some gender differences. Work role dissatisfaction was more associated with distress in the men than in the women group. In addition, women’s distress was associated with more daily time devoted to childcare and less to activities they enjoy, and men’s distress was associated with more time devoted to housework and less to physical exercise. Conclusions: Social roles traditionally attributed to women and men – and the differences in the use of time that such roles entail – are relevant in gender differences in psychological distress.

Fast inhibitory glycinergic transmission occurs in spinal cord, brainstem, and retina to modulate the processing of motor and sensory information. After synaptic vesicle fusion, glycine is recovered back to the presynaptic terminal by the neuronal glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2) to maintain quantal glycine content in synaptic vesicles. The loss of presynaptic GlyT2 drastically impairs the refilling of glycinergic synaptic vesicles and severely disrupts neurotransmission. Indeed, mutations in the gene encoding GlyT2 are the main presynaptic cause of hyperekplexia in humans. Here, we show a novel endogenous regulatory mechanism that can modulate GlyT2 activity based on a compartmentalized interaction between GlyT2, neuronal plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) isoforms 2 and 3, and Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchanger 1 (NCX1). This GlyT2·PMCA2,3·NCX1 complex is found in lipid raft subdomains where GlyT2 has been previously found to be fully active. We show that endogenous PMCA and NCX activities are necessary for GlyT2 activity and that this modulation depends on lipid raft integrity. Besides, we propose a model in which GlyT2·PMCA2-3·NCX complex would help Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in controlling local Na(+) increases derived from GlyT2 activity after neurotransmitter release.

The glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1 are mainly expressed in glial cells and regulate glutamate levels in the synapses. GLAST and GLT-1 are the targets of several signaling pathways. In this study we explore the possible functional interaction between these transporters and GSK3β. This kinase is involved in multiple cellular processes including neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. To evaluate whether GLT-1 and GLAST were regulated by GSK3β, we coexpressed these proteins in heterologous expression systems. In both COS-7 cells and Xenopus laevis oocytes, GSK3β stimulated the activity of GLT-1 and reduced that of GLAST. These effects were associated with corresponding changes in the amounts of GLT-1 or GLAST in the plasma membrane. These effects were suppressed by inhibitors of GSK3β or a catalytically inactive form of the kinase. GSK3β also decreases the incorporation of (32)Pi into GLT-1 and increases GLAST phosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibition of endogenous GSK3β in primary cultures of rat brain cortex also leads to a differential modulation of GLT-1 and GLAST. Our results suggest that constitutively active GSK3β is important in controlling the expression of functional glutamate transporters on the plasma membrane. This regulation might be relevant in physiological and pathological conditions in which glutamate transporters and GSK3β signaling are involved.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of self-identification in traditional gender roles of masculinity and femininity in women’s and men’s life satisfaction. Participants consisted of 1233 women and 1233 men from the Spanish general population aged between 20 and 60 years. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that although in both genders the most important predictors of life satisfaction were self-esteem and social support, both masculinity and femininity were associated with higher life satisfaction in women and men. Besides, in the prediction of life satisfaction, femininity interacted with social support in women, and masculinity with self-esteem in men, and it was found that the association between femininity and life satisfaction only occurred in women with high social support, and self-esteem was associated with life satisfaction only in men with low masculinity. These results provide information concerning the significance of adherence to gender roles in life satisfaction.

Resumen Introduccion Evaluar los efectos de un programa de intervencion neuropsicologica basado en mindfulness en la evolucion clinica de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Material y metodo Se realizo un ensayo clinico aleatorizado de dos anos de duracion a doble ciego. En el estudio participaron 127 personas mayores con enfermedad de Alzheimer probable segun criterios de la NINCDS-ADRDA. Se agruparon los enfermos en tres grupos experimentales (estimulacion cognitiva, relajacion muscular progresiva y mindfulness) y un grupo control. Todos los enfermos estaban en tratamiento con donepezilo. Se evaluaron las capacidades cognitivas con el CAMCOG y MMSE, el area funcional con el RDRS-2 y el area psicopatologica con el NPI. Se desarrollaron tres sesiones a la semana durante 2 anos con medidas semestrales de seguimiento. Resultados Las mediciones de la funcion cognitiva global, la funcionalidad y los trastornos de conducta asociados a la demencia indicaron que los enfermos del grupo experimental basado en mindfulness se han mantenido estables durante los dos anos, mientras que los controles y el resto de los grupos experimentales muestran un leve pero significativo empeoramiento de sus capacidades mentales. Conclusion El programa de intervencion neuropsicologica basado en mindfulness se ha asociado con la estabilidad cognitiva y funcional y mejoras significativas en la situacion psicopatologica de los enfermos de Alzheimer en fase leve y moderada. Estos resultados apoyan la idea de que la intervencion basada en mindfulness puede producir un beneficio clinicamente relevante en el tratamiento de la demencia. Se debe seguir trabajando en esta linea para confirmar estos datos.

Dopamine and glutamate transporters (DAT and GLT-1, respectively) share some biophysical characteristics, as both are secondary active carriers coupled to electrochemical ion gradients. In order to identify common or specific components of their respective proteomes, we performed a proximity labelling assay (BioID) in the hippocampal cell line HT22. While most of the identified proteins were specific for each transporter (and will be analyzed elsewhere), we detected two membrane proteins in the shared interactome of GLT-1 and DAT: the transmembrane protein 263 (Tmem263) and the potassium channel protein Kv7.3. However, only Kv7.3 formed immunoprecipitable complexes with GLT-1 and DAT in lysates of transfected HEK293 cells. Moreover, either DAT or GLT-1 co-clustered with Kv7.2/7.3 along the axonal tracts in co-transfected primary neurons, indicating a close spatial proximity between these proteins. Kv7.3, forming heterotetramers with the closely related subunit Kv7.2, underlies the M-currents that control the resting membrane potential and spiking activity in neurons. To investigate whether the presence of the potassium channel affected DAT or GLT-1 function, we performed uptake determinations using radioactive substrate and electrophysiological measurements. Uptake through both transporters was mildly stimulated by the presence of the channel, an effect that was reversed by the potassium channel blocker XE-991. Electrophysiological recording (in transfected HT22 and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells) indicated that the depolarizing effect induced by the presence of the neurotransmitter was reverted by the activity of the potassium channel. Altogether, these data suggest a tight spatial and functional relationship between the DAT/GLT-1 transporters and the Kv7.2/7.3 potassium channel that immediately readjusts the membrane potential of the neuron, probably to limit the neurotransmitter-mediated neuronal depolarization. This article is part of the issue entitled ‘Special Issue on Neurotransmitter Transporters’.