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We report on the linear polarization of polariton condensates in a codirectional coupler that allows evanescent coupling between adjacent waveguides. During the condensate's formation, polaritons usually acquire a randomly oriented polarization, however, our results reveal a preferential orientation of the linear polarization along the waveguide propagation path. Furthermore, we observe polarization-dependent intensity oscillations in the output terminal of the coupler, and we identify the mode beating between the linear-polarized eigenmodes as the origin of these oscillations. Our findings provide an insight into the control of the polarization of polariton condensates, paving the way for the development of spin-based polaritonic architectures where condensates propagate over macroscopic distances, This work has been partly supported by the Spanish MINECO Grant Nos. MAT2017-83722-R and PID2020-113445GB-I00. A.Y. and I.A.S. were financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation through Megagrant Number 14.Y26.31.0015 and Goszadanie No. 2019-1246. I.A.S. acknowledges also the support from theIcelandic research fund, Grant No. 163082-051. The Würzburgand Jena group acknowledges financial support within the DFGProject Nos. PE 523/18-1 and KL3124/2-1. The Würzburggroup acknowledges financial support by the German ResearchFoundation (DFG) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy−EXC2147 “ct.qmat” (Project No. 390858490) and is grateful forsupport by the state of Bavaria

Le conflit du Sahara Occidental reste peu connu et trop rarement documenté, en France en particulier. Pourtant, cette « dispute » territoriale remontant aux décennies 1960 et 1970 est essentielle à saisir aujourd’hui dans toute sa complexité car elle constitue toujours la principale pomme de discorde entre le Maroc et l’Algérie, et donc l’une des entraves à la construction du Maghreb politique et à la normalisation des relations euro-maghrébines. Cet ouvrage, qui rassemble historiens, juristes, politistes et anthropologues, offre de nouvelles clés de décryptage des racines, des principaux enjeux contemporains de cette décolonisation manquée et propose une analyse de ses retombées démographiques, sociales, politiques et culturelles sur des populations majoritairement en exil, victimes de violations des droits de l’homme et dépendantes de l’aide internationale. Loin du constat habituel d’un conflit dans l’impasse d’une irrésolution qui s’éternise, ce livre met au contraire l’accent sur les transformations sociales à l’œuvre, les stratégies politiques des acteurs, le rôle des nouveaux médias dans l’évolution des rapports de pouvoir, ou encore les expressions artistiques très créatives que cette situation génère de part et d’autre du mur qui sépare le territoire en deux et marque la ligne de cessez-le-feu depuis 1991 entre le Maroc et le Front Polisario.

Le travail de recherche, de tournage, d’enregistrement, d’archivage, de diffusion, etc., implique toujours et irrémédiablement une manière d’être et une position politique. Il suppose une façon particulière de se situer dans un milieu social, une manière d’entrer en relation avec les protagonistes d’un processus social particulier, d’interagir et de négocier une trame relationnelle (Marcus 1986 ; Ruby 1995 ; Denzin et Lincoln 2005), de construire des discours avec une valeur politique détermi...

Pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCN) are frequently detected on abdominal images performed for non-pancreatic indications. Their prevalence in asymptomatic population ranges from 2.7 to 24.8%, and increases with age. There are several types of pancreatic cysts. Some may contain cancer or have malignant potential, such as mucinous cystic neoplasms, including mucinous cystadenoma (MCN) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN). In contrast, others are benign, such as serous cystadenoma (SCA). However, even those cysts with malignant potential rarely progress to cancer. Currently, the only treatment for pancreatic cysts is surgery, which is associated with high morbidity and occasional mortality. The Board of the Chilean Pancreas Club of the Chilean Gastroenterology Society developed the first Chilean multidisciplinary consensus for diagnosis, management, and surveillance of PCN. Thirty experts were invited and answered 21 statements with five possible alternatives: 1) fully agree; 2) partially agree; 3) undecided; 4) disagree and 5) strongly disagree. A consensus was adopted when at least 80% of the sum of the answers "fully agree" and "partially agree" was reached. The consensus was approved by the Board of Directors of the Chilean Pancreas Club for publication.

The aim of this study is to compare climacteric symptomatology and sociodemographic conditions and their effect on quality of life in two populations: Monterrey (Mexico) and Madrid (Spain). 469 women from Monterrey (mean age 50.5 + 4.3 years) and 452 (mean age 51.7 + 3.7 years) from Madrid participated in the study. Descriptive analyses of sociodemographic and clinics characteristics of the sample were performed. A cross-sectional design and a regression analysis were performed to establish the sociodemographic and clinical variables that would be used as predictors of quality of life. Data was collected using the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life, MENQOL, the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Quality of Life Scale for Women Aged From 45 to 64 (QLS), and a sociodemographic and clinical interview designed ad hoc. Approximately 60% of both Spanish and Mexican women present symptoms during climacteric that impairs their quality of life. Spanish women suffer more intense symptoms and for a longer period of time than Mexican women, with the exception of anxiety. Mexican women report better quality of life than Spanish women and it is moderated by educational, socioeconomical, and marital status. Women’s knowledge about menopause is also related to a better quality of life. Our study confirms the differences in climacteric symptomatology between populations and the impact of educational level and knowledge about menopause as predictors of a better quality of life in climacteric women.

Objective To evaluate a new magnetic surgical system during reduced-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a prospective, multicenter clinical trial. Background Laparoscopic instrumentation coupled by magnetic fields may enhance surgeon performance by allowing for shaft-less retraction and mobilization. The movements can be performed under direct visualization, generating different angles of traction and reducing the number of trocars to perform the procedure. This may reduce well-known associated complications of trocars, including incisional pain, scarring, infection, bowel, and vascular injuries, among others. Methods A prospective, multicenter, single-arm, open-label study was performed to assess the safety and performance of a magnetic surgical system (Levita Magnetics' Surgical System). The investigational device was used during a 3-port laparoscopic technique. The primary endpoints evaluated were safety and feasibility of the device to adequately mobilize the gallbladder to achieve effective exposure of the targeted surgical site. Patients were followed for 30 days postprocedure. Results Between January 2014 and March 2015, 50 patients presenting with benign gallbladder disease were recruited. Forty-five women and 5 men with an average age of 39 years (18-59), average body mass index of 27 kg/m (20.4-34.1) and an average abdominal wall thickness of 2.6 cm (1.8-4.6). The procedures were successfully performed in all 50 patients. No device-related serious adverse events were reported. Surgeons rated as "excellent" (90%) or "sufficient" (10%) the exposure of the surgical site. Conclusions This clinical trial shows that this new magnetic surgical system is safe and effective in reduced-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Uncertainty about the survivability and technological evolution presents its risks when designing the sensors to use on infrastructure health monitoring systems. Fibre optic methods have been available for some time, and are reaching the technological maturity required to provide reliable long-term structural health monitoring solutions. By embedding fibre optic sensors in the structures at construction time, the engineers are able to detect deviations from the structure’s original design and expected dynamics. However, due to the long-term infrastructure’s life span and the relatively new fibre optic techniques, there are very few historical examples to analyse and use as proof for the adequacy of such techniques to the infrastructure’s life-cycle. This study explores the risks and opportunities associated with these technologies through a real case of one of the first Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensorized highway bridge installed in Spain in the year 2000, the «Las Navas» bridge at the A-8 «Autovía del Cantábrico» highway in the north of Spain. The survivability of the fibre optic sensors, after eighteen years of embedded exposure, is compared to the traditional strain gauges solutions and the maintenance challenges they face. And, most importantly, the exciting new opportunities that the new measurement units can offer, are analysed, evaluating the re-purpose capacity of the health monitoring systems fibre optic sensors as sustainable real time operational monitoring systems. The originally designed structural sensors are proved to be useful also to detect, count and classify operational traffic using the infrastructure, by applying machine learning techniques that add another benefit of the use of these type of measurement sensors into the infrastructure’s world. The fibre sensor company SMARTEC and also the R&D H2020-EU.3.4. project RAGTIME (Grant agreement ID: 690660), thanks to which it all started with the first site visit.

Background and Aims: Before the covid-19 pandemic, medicine was practice and taught almost entirely face-to-face. The new normal, presented us with an opportunity to change the paradigm. Previously, live video transmission was only possible with the use of satellites, that were too expensive to be use regular bases. Now it is possible to broadcast live cases, from anywhere around de world, at a relative low cost. Methodology: This is a descriptive study to show the experience in transmissions of endoscopy live procedures from endoscopy rooms of different centers of Latin America ascribed to the Latin American Training Center (LAGE-TC) adapting virtual transmission technologies for a diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy, to broadcast cases in real-time through the internet. Results: From April 2020 to July 31th, 2020 we have made transmissions every week, for each center, being Tuesdays designated for transmissions from Manizales in Colombia from the Union de Cirujanos SAS (Dr Lazaro Arango M), Wednesdays from San Borja Arriaran, in Santiago de Chile (fellows training center of Latin America and from where the LAGE-TC is born) (Drs. Claudio Sergio Navarrete Garcia- Cecilia Castillo T, Carlos Barrientos- Ignacio Robles and Arturo Valle) and from San Juan in Argentina (Dr Marcelo Ponce), on Thursdays from Santa Fe Argentina (Dr. Hugo Imcof), and the Clinica del Norte in Barranquilla - Colombia (Drs. Jesus Rodriguez and Alvaro Jalal). Transmissions have also been made from other centers in Santiago de Chile, Mendoza (Dr Jorge Isaguirre) and Cordoba (Dra Jackelina Gobelet) in Argentina, and in Bucaramanga - Colombia (Dr Eduardo Valdivieso – Fundacion Ildetecsa). 23 live broadcasts of cases from all the named cities in Latin America have been made, almost all from one center and being seen by the other centers already named as initial tests. One of the last meetings was held simultaneously between the Latin American Training Center in Santiago de Chile and the Hospital de San Juan in Argentina. The transmissions were done with good quality of video and sound, at a relative low cost. Conclusion: The study shows in detail different ways in which an endoscopy room can be adapted to perform live broadcasts with elements easy to get and at low cost, with good quality images. The adaptation of this technology will allow live transmission of medical classes, conferences with large audience, consultation form experts on line in other units, cities or countries, to improve medical knowledge and care.

En este artículo exploramos las dinámicas de las relaciones coloniales establecidas entre la sociedad saharaui y la sociedad metropolitana. La penetración colonial española en el territorio del Sahara Occidental desde 1884 fue parcial, lenta e incompleta. Sólo desde 1958, en lo que puede considerarse una “segunda colonización”, se dieron cambios sustantivos en las relaciones coloniales con el objetivo de desarrollar el Sahara Español como una provincia española y asegurar el control efectivo de sus fronteras con los territorios vecinos, que se conformaron como países independientes: Marruecos, Mauritania y Argelia. La naturaleza paternalista de la colonización española y la participación de la sociedad saharaui a partir de sus estructuras de organización tribales produjeron un tipo específico de relaciones coloniales, diferentes a la que se dieron en los territorios vecinos. Dichas relaciones han sido consideradas, tanto por saharauis como por los españoles, relaciones familiares, y débiles. Esta imagen, de mutua consideración, se ha reforzado, dado el apoyo de la sociedad civil española a la causa saharaui. Sin embargo, hubo momentos en la historia del Sahara Occidental donde estas relaciones coloniales adquirieron tintes dramáticos (particularmente alrededor de los años 1930-1934/1956-1958). Desde 1969 con el surgimiento de la organización liderada por Mohamed uld El Hadj Brahim uld Lebsir, conocido por Basiri, la represión violenta de Zemla, el 17 de junio de 1970, que conllevó la desaparición del líder saharaui, y el posterior surgimiento del Polisario en 1973, que promovió la lucha por la independencia del Sahara Occidental1, con el apoyo mayoritario de la población saharaui, la relaciones coloniales revelaron sus verdaderos límites. Este artículo explora a partir de las historias vividas por personas saharauis en una serie de situaciones extremas en 1970, 1974 y 1975 la naturaleza profunda de la ambivalencia colonial en el Sahara Occidental. In this article we explore the dynamics of colonial relations in Western Sahara . The Spanish colonial penetration in Western Sahara since 1884 was partial, slow and incomplete . Only since 1958, which could be considered the beginning of a “second colonization”, substantive changes were colonial relations with the aim of developing the Spanish Sahara as a Spanish province and ensuring effective control of its borders with neighboring territories, which were formed as independent countries: Morocco, Mauritania and Algeria. The paternalistic nature of Spanish colonization and the Saharawi society participation from tribal organizational structures produced a specific type of colonial relations, different to that given in the neighboring territories. Such relationships have been considered by both parties as family and weak. However, there were moments in the history of Western Sahara where these colonial relationships acquired most dramatic dyes (particularly around the years 1930-1934/1956-1958). Since 1969 emerges the organization led by Mohamed Ould El Hadj Brahim Ould Lebsir, known for Basiri. Zemla violent repression of the June 17, 1970, which led to the disappearance of the Sahrawi leader, resulted the emergence of Polisario, 1973, which promoted the fight for the independence of Western Sahara. With the majority support of the Sahrawi population, the colonial relationships revealed their true limits. Starting from the life stories of Saharawi people lived by a series of extremes in 1970, 1974 and 1975, this article explores the profound nature of colonial ambivalence in Western Sahara.

Resumen Introduccion Se acumula informacion relativa a casos clinicos de excepcion, relacionados con la ingesta de determinados alimentos y con su forma de consumo, los que presentan un cuadro caracterizado por descarga anal, las mas de las veces inadvertida, de liquido anaranjado oleoso que alarma a los pacientes. Metodo Se registran los antecedentes de una serie de casos recogidos de forma consecutiva, que presentan un cuadro clinico caracterizado por descarga masiva e involuntaria, sin sensacion esfinteriana, de deposiciones de aspecto oleoso anaranjado despues de ingerir pescado en la gran mayoria de los casos, de cocina japonesa. Resultados Se evaluaron 11 pacientes con el cuadro clinico mencionado. Cuatro mujeres y siete de ellos varones. Edad promedio de 47,3 anos. Cuatro pacientes tenian estudio colonoscopico previo sin lesiones. La keriorrea se produciria por acumulacion de «esteres cerosos» no digeribles, presentes en algunos peces escolares, algunos de ellos incorporados recientemente a la ingesta cruda en forma de sashimi o mal llamados mero cocido. Estos aceites, al ser no absorbibles ni digeribles, se filtran insensiblemente desde el recto. Tambien se postularia una disfuncion esfinteriana secundaria a toxinas. En ocasiones se produce la misma sintomatologia por consumo de estas especies en su forma cocida. El antecedente epidemiologico de ingesta previa de pescado de las caracteristicas mencionadas, los datos clinicos y lo autolimitado del cuadro, permiten el diagnostico sin necesidad de realizar mayores estudios. Conclusion Se describe y comunica una serie de casos, de enfermedad recientemente descrita, asociada a cambios de habito alimentario, de curso benigno y autolimitado. Nos parece importante que este cuadro sea reconocido por los clinicos, para informar a los pacientes y manejar correctamente estos casos.

La cirugia laparoscopica colorrectal, aunque de desarrollo lento, ha presentado en los ultimos anos ventajas con respecto a la cirugia abierta. Hay escasas publicaciones nacionales sobre esta tecnica en enfermedad diverticular. Objetivo: Presentar nuestra experiencia en enfermedad diverticular en una serie consecutiva de pacientes con indicacion quirurgica electiva resueltos por via laparoscopica. Material y Metodo: Se analizan los protocolos prospectivos de cirugia laparoscopica de colon con diagnostico de enfermedad diverticular para resolucion electiva, desde junio de 1997, hasta diciembre de 2009. Todo paciente con indicacion quirurgica electiva por esta patologia fue resuelto por via laparoscopica. Se estudian edad, sexo, tipo de reseccion, evolucion postoperatoria inmediata y tardia. Resultados: Se operaron 60 pacientes, con edad promedio de 53,8 anos. De estos 46 fueron sigmoidectomias y 14 hemicolectomias izquierdas. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 173 minutos y la hospitalizacion de 4,16 dias. Se convirtieron 3 pacientes (5%) y hubo 3 complicaciones (5%), que fueron manejadas medicamente. Hubo 1 estenosis de anastomosis tratada endoscopicamente como complicacion tardia. Seguimiento promedio de 37,9 meses. Hubo 2 recidivas (3,3%), tratadas medicamente y no hubo mortalidad en esta serie. Conclusion: La cirugia laparoscopica para la enfermedad diverticular electiva es factible de realizar en la gran mayoria de los pacientes, con baja morbilidad y rapida recuperacion.

Este artículo es el producto de una investigación en co-laboración entre investigadores saharauis y españoles. En él se propone una primera aproximación a la construcción de una contra-historia del Sahara occidental, desde 1884, fecha de la llegada e instalación de los primeros españoles en la costa del territorio, hasta la “pacificación” de 1934. Esta contra-historia exige una mirada post-colonial y descolonizada que revise las historias hegemónicas sobre la región. Esta revisión es por otro lado la condición necesaria para emprender de manera paralela una contra-historia de la Europa del siglo XX.

Este documento es una muestra de la poesia desarrollada entre las decadas de los anos 50, 60 y 70 por poetas y poetisas saharauis. Estos poemarios representan no solamente un extraordinario valor literario como patrimonio inmaterial sahariano, sino que traducen, transmiten y legitiman los profundos cambios del universo de significado de un naciente pueblo saharaui que va emergiendo en este periodo como sujeto politico. El articulo es el resultado del trabajo de colaboracion entre investigadores saharauis (residentes en los campos de refugiados y en Espana) e investigadores espanoles, mediante el cual se pretende la recuperacion del acervo de la poesia saharaui en hasania en el marco de un proyecto del Ministerio de Cultura Saharaui de la Republica Arabe Saharaui Democratica en colaboracion con antropologos de la Universidad Autonoma de Madrid.

Cet article propose un échantillon de la poésie écrite durant les décennies 1950, 1960 et 1970 par les poètes et poétesses sahraouis. Ces extraits sont tirés d’œuvres qui non seulement possèdent une extraordinaire valeur littéraire parce qu’elles participent du patrimoine immatériel sahraoui, mais qui de plus traduisent, transmettent et légitiment les profonds changements de l’univers de signification d’un peuple sahraoui en train de naître, et qui émerge à cette période-là en tant que sujet politique. Cet article est le résultat d’un travail en co-élaboration entre des chercheurs sahraouis (résidant dans les camps de réfugiés et en Espagne) et des chercheurs espagnols. Il se voudrait un moyen de restauration du patrimoine culturel que constitue la poésie sahraouie composée en hassaniya, en vue de sa sauvegarde et de sa transmission.

Background : The Hartmann's operation, although less frequently performed today, is still used when initial colonic anastomosis is too risky in the short term. However, the subsequent procedure to restore gastrointestinal continuity is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Patients and Methods : The review of an institutional review board (IRB)-approved prospectively maintained database provided data on the Hartmann's reversal procedure performed by either laparoscopic or open technique at our institution. The data collected included: demographic data, operative approach, conversion for laparoscopic cases and perioperative morbidity and mortality. Results : Over a 14-year period from January 1997 to August 2011, 74 Hartmann's reversal procedures were performed (laparoscopic surgery—49, open surgery—25). The average age was 55 years for the laparoscopic and 57 years for the open surgery group, respectively. Male patients represent 61% of both groups. There was no significant difference in operative time between the two groups (149 min vs 151 min; P = 0.95), and there was a tendency to lower morbidity (3/49—7.3% vs 4/25—16%; P = 0.24) in the laparoscopic surgery group. In the laparoscopic group, eight patients (16.3%) were converted to open surgery, mostly due to severe adhesions. The length of hospital stay was significantly shorter for the laparoscopic group (5 days vs 7 days; P = 0.44). Conclusions : The Hartmann's reversal procedure can be safely performed in the majority of the cases using a laparoscopic approach with a low morbidity rate and achieving a shorter hospital stay.

Endocarditis due to Corynebacterium striatum has been rarely reported. A 78-year-old patient developed pacemaker endocarditis caused by multidrug-resistant C. striatum, complicated by vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess. Daptomycin therapy successfully eradicated the bacteremia and metastatic infection. A review of the English literature on this emerging nosocomial, multidrug-resistant pathogen is included.

The treatment of Chagas disease is limited by the frequent cutaneous side effects of benznidazole. We tested the use of steroids plus escalating doses of benznidazole to prevent this complication in 17 adult patients with chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection and found extremely good tolerance. A randomized trial is warranted.

Este texto se publicó originalmente en Íconos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales n°44, sección Temas, 147-162, 2012, La Antropología audiovisual conecta de modo directo con la esencia misma de la Antropología sociocultural, la cual pretende vincularse a la orientación pública, que se quiere teórica y aplicada, autorreferencial y compartida, que busca la superación de la parálisis metadiscursiva vinculada a la crisis representacional, desde la integración en el texto fílmico del encuentro intercultural y ante la necesidad de relegitimarse metodológicamente para ocupar el espacio que le corresponde en los debates seculares en relación a las profundas transformaciones sociales en curso. Esta opción metodológica reubica a la Antropología audiovisual en un espacio profesional lleno de oportunidades y riesgos, Audiovisual Anthropology is directly connected to Sociocultural Anthropology, which is in turn linked to public orientation, whose aim is to achieve a theoretical and applied Anthropology that is both self-referential and mutual, and which seeks to overcome the meta-discursive paralysis linked to representational crises that surged with the integration of cultural encounters into the cinematic text, and to re-legitimize its position within current debates about social transformations. The above characteristics place Audiovisual Anthropology in a professional field full of risks and opportunities

Information is accumulating on exceptional cases of oily orange anal leakage, probably caused by certain foods and their form of consumption. The leakage is usually inadvertent and is worrisome for patients.Clinical data was gathered on a case series presenting with massive and inadvertent orange oily anal leakage, without sphincter sensation, causing the patients to feel alarmed. This condition usually occurs after eating fish, especially Japanese cuisine.Eleven patients were included (four women and seven men). The mean age was 47.3 years. Colonoscopy had previously been performed in four patients, with normal results. The symptoms, described as keriorrhea, were probably produced by accumulation of indigestible "wax esters", es Mero present in some oily fish, recently incorporated in raw fish dishes (sashimi) or as Japanese Mero sea bass. These oils, which cannot be absorbed or digested, accumulate in the rectum and may also filter spontaneously and induce toxin-related sphincter dysfunction. The same symptoms are sometimes produced after consumption of cooked versions of these species. The diagnosis is given by clinical data, prior ingestion of these types of fish and the self-limiting nature of the symptoms, without the need for further investigations.We describe a case series of a recently described entity associated with dietary changes. This entity is benign and self-limiting. Clinicians should be familiar with the symptoms to inform patients correctly and avoid unnecessary laboratory studies.