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The opportunistic Candida species that cause candidiasis are fungi that are infectious. The incidence of candidiasis has increased, due to prolonged antibiotic therapy and an increased number of immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to evaluate if Purifeid Gambier extracts have antifungal activity in vitro against Candida albicans. The antifungal activity of Purified gambir extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) with concentrations of 32%, 16%, and 8% was tested against Candida albicans using the agar diffusion method. Purified gambir extract at concentrations of 8%, 16%, and 32% showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans with an average inhibition zone diameter of 5.95 mm, 13.8 mm, and 15.9 mm, respectively. In conclusion, purified gambir extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) has strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans.

Objective: Inflammation plays a crucial role in the progression of many diseases, excessive inflammation increases immune cell activation, which can destroy tissues and body health. When inflammation occurs, multiple pro-inflammatory mediators are overproduced, leading to a variety of diseases such as rheumatism, diabetes, and cardiovascular problems. Brucea javanica has been used as traditional medicine as a therapy for anti-tumor, amebic dysentery, diarrhea, malaria, and intestinal inflammation. Therefore, in this study, we explored the effect of ethanol extract Brucea javanica Fruit on anti-inflammation activity in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and the COX-2 inhibitory effect in vivo. Methods: In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extracts was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced rat paws edema method at doses of 50, 100, and 200mg/kg and further investigated the effect of Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory using ELISA readers. Results: The ethanolic extract of Brucea javanica Fruit exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by oral intake of 50 mg/kg of the ethanolic extract and Brucea javanica inhibited rat paw edema by 50.91% significantly compared to Celecoxib by 58.52%. Moreover, Brucea javanica showed COX-2 inhibition by 16,40% compared to Celecoxib by 20,50%. Conclusions: These findings indicate that Brucae javanica Fruit extracts have promising anti-inflammatory activity directed against COX-2 enzymatic activity. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, Brucea javanica, Malur, Buah Makasar, Cyclooxygenase.

Oxidative stress and inflammation are two common risk factors in the pathogenesis of various life-threatening diseases. In recent years, antioxidant-rich medicinal plants have been extensively researched for their potential role in disease treatment and prevention. Garcinia cowa (Family Guttiferae) has been used as traditional medicine in many countries around the world. It contains numerous chemicals with various bioactivities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic. These effects are thought to be related to the radical scavenging effect, due to their antioxidant activities, along with other possible mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the present review provides in-depth knowledge about the antioxidant potential of Garcinia cowa. This review provides evidence in the literature for the Garcinia cowa, from 2000 to 2022. Three bibliographic databases were used as primary sources of information (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar). The keywords in this research were "Antioxidant", “Asam Kandis”, and " Garcinia cowa". A total of 10 studies were included in this review according to the required criteria. Garcinia cowa has powerful antioxidant characteristics, to remove free radicals. It is clear that Garcinia cowa, with different plant parts and diverse concentrations, can have varied antioxidant capacities.

Inflammation is a protective response to injury or tissue damage and acts by eliminating harmful stimuli such as pathogens cell damage and initiates the healing process. Azadirachta indica was known as medicinal plant with various pharmacological activities. This review aims to summarize the scientific activity of A.indica as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic with experimental models either in vivo or in vitro taken from several databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed over the last ten years (2011- 2021). From the data, A.indica was proven to be anti-inflammatory by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, NFkB, COX2, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN- γ, and reducing the volume of edema. Potential analgesic indicated by decreasing stomach writhing and reducing pain sensation in rats. The antipyretic activity was characterized by a decrease in rats' body temperature. This review proves that natural products from A.indica have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic potential. Keywords: Analgesic, Azadirachta, Fever, Inflammation, Neem

Background: Inflammation is a natural reaction that the body has when exposed to physical damage. Inflammation in numerous organs implies atherosclerosis, diabetes, dermatitis, arthritis, obesity, and cancer. The review's objective was to summarize the currently known eriocitrin's anti-inflammatory effects. Methods: A review was conducted on a study of the anti-inflammatory effects of eriocitrin conducted from January 2010 to April 2021. Results: Based on eligibility criteria, six studies were included in this study consisting of in vitro and in vivo studies. Some pharmacological studies have suggested that eriocitrin has the potential to treat diseases involving inflammatory responses. Nitric Oxide (NO), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, NF-κB, MPO, MAPK, and MMP-9 secretion were reduced by eriocitrin, inhibiting cell apoptosis, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but increases the content of IL-10, Nrf2, DUSP14, HO-1, and NQ01. Conclusions: Eriocitrin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Keywords: eriocitrin; flavonoids; inflammation

Inflammation occurs because of a response to tissue injury, cell death, cancer, ischemia, and degeneration. Uncaria gambir is one of the pharmacological solutions in overcoming inflammation. U. gambir has traditionally been used as a febrifuge, pain reliever, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and burn wound healing. The purpose of this paper is to present knowledge of the phytochemical and anti-inflammatory properties of U. gambir. This review provides literature evidence from 2011 to 2021. Three search sources were used as literature review sources (Pub Med, Science Direct, and Google Scholar). 13 articles in this review were based on our eligibility criteria. Pharmacological studies reported that U. gambir had been shown to have anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the volume of edema, inhibiting the enzymes COX-1, COX-2, 5-LOX, and iNOS. The phytochemical compounds contained in U. gambir were flavonoids, phenolics, polyphenols, catechins, spiroxylopropane rings, proanthocyanidins, alkaloids, epicatechins, and caffeic acid, which were distributed in leaves, trunk, bark, shoots, stems, and gambir.

Objective : Inflammation is a manifestation of the immune response to eliminate antigens from the body. This process will occur until the antigen is eliminated from the body. This inflammatory process can occur locally or systemically. Anredera cordifolia (Ten) has been used as a traditional medicine as a therapy for inflammation, diabetes, kidney failure, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and others. Therefore, this review aims to provide current information and obtain a comprehensive review of the anti-inflammatory activity of Anredera cordifolia (Ten). Methods : This review provides evidence in the literature for the phytochemical and anti-inflammatory activity of Anredera cordifolia (Ten), from August 2011-August 2021. Three bibliographic databases were used as the main sources of information (Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google scholar). The keywords used in this research are as follows: “Phytochemical”, “anti-inflammatory”, “Bioactive compounds”, “Pharmacology” and “Anredera cordifolia”. Results: A total of 10 studies were included in this review according to the required criteria, 5 of which were concerning phytochemical and 5 were concerning anti-inflammatory. Anredera cordifolia (Ten) contains many secondary metabolites such as essential oil, saponins, phenolics, rauninflammatory activity of Anredera cordifolia (Ten) occur mainly through several mechanisms including a decrease in the volume of paw edema, inhibition of hemolysis, inhibition of the inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NO, and a decrease in the number of neutrophil PMNs. Conclusions: Recent interest in the traditional treatment of the Anredera cordifolia (Ten) plant both in vitro and in vivo has shown potential anti-inflammatory activity attributed to the presence of natural bioactive compounds. Keywords : Anti-inflammatory, Anredera, Phytochemical, Pharmacology

The bacterial resistance shown by the microorganisms in the presence of antimicrobial agents has prompted the search for new materials to overcome this public health problem. Gambir (Uncaria gambir, Roxb.) leaves extract has high catechin content thereby potentially antibacterial. This research aimed to examine the effect of purified gambir extract on inhibiting growth and killing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of Purified gambir extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) with concentrations of 32%, 16%, and 8% was tested against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa using the agar diffusion method. Purified gambir extract at concentrations of 8%, 16%, and 32% showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with an average inhibition zone diameter of 19.25 mm, 23.45 mm, and 26.25 mm, respectively. Purified gambir extract at concentrations of 8%, 16%, and 32% also showed antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an average inhibition zone diameter of 11.55 mm, 15,4 mm, and 18,5 mm, respectively. In conclusion, purified gambir extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) has very strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and strong antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain is the most common reason a patient sees a physician. However, conventional painkillers are not completely effective in controlling all pain syndromes; thus, additional efforts have been made to develop analgesic drugs from natural materials. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Physalis angulata (EEA) was examined for its antinociceptive activity at doses of 140, 280, and 560 mg/kg body weight. Acetic acid-induced writhing was used to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of EEPa. The results showed that the EEPa (140, 280, and 560 mg/kg BW) had significant antinociceptive activity. The percentage of inhibition was 29,41%, 37,96%, 44,38%, respectively. These findings suggest that Physalis angulata leaves extracts possess promising antinociceptive effects.

Inflammation is involved in several stages of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, asthma, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, or cancer. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important enzyme that catalyzes the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid and has an important role in various inflammatory-related pathologies. The selective suppression of COX-2 over COX-1 is thought to be a useful approach for treating inflammation. Vitex trifolia is traditionally used for various inflammatory ailments, thus giving scope for anti-inflammatory studies. Since the action of Ethanol extract of Vitex trifolia (EEVT) on COX-2 has not been previously described. In this study, we further investigated the effect of Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory effects spectrophotometrically in ELISA readers and evaluated anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. The edema volume was measured using a plethysmometer. The results showed that the EEVt (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW) had significant anti-inflammatory activity and the EEVt demonstrated a COX-2 Inhibitory effect. The percentage of COX-2 inhibition was 8,04%, 20,74%, 21,92%, and the percentage of inhibition of paw edema was 39,56%, 45,60%, and 40,56%, respectively. These findings suggest that Vitex trifolia leaves extracts to possess promising and remarkable anti-inflammatory activity, which is directed against the enzymatic activity of COX-2.

Inflammatory diseases have affected a large proportion of the population worldwide, and inflammation is a major risk factor for several dangerous disease pathologies. The increasing incidence and impact of inflammatory diseases have prompted research into pharmacological strategies to deal with them. Chromolaena odorata is traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant, analgesic, and as a wound-healing agent. Therefore, this review aimed to obtain a comprehensive review of the anti-inflammatory activity of Chromolaena odorata. This review provides evidence in the literature for the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Chromolaena odorata, from 2010 to 2021. Three bibliographic databases were used as primary sources of information (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar). The keywords in this research were "Anti-inflammatory", "Analgesic" and "Chromolaena odorata". A total of 7 studies were included in this review according to the required criteria, 3 of which were in vitro studies and 4 in vivo studies.Pharmacological studies reported that Chromolaena odorata was proven to have anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NO, NF-κβ, p38 MAPK, IL-1β, TNF-α, suppressed leukocyte cell migration, reduced of edema and Chromolaena odorata also was shown analgesic activity through significantly reduced stomach writhing and reduction pain sensation in rats. This review explains the potential importance of Chromolaena odorata as a natural anti-inflammatory and analgesic.

Inflammation is the initial response to acute and chronic tissue damage, which is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Natural products derived from plants have specific pharmacological activity and minimal side effects. Brucea javanica is a plant that has an anti-inflammatory effect, this plant contains alkaloid and flavonoid compounds. Flavonoids have the ability to block cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase while alkaloids as an anti-inflammatory are thought to work by inhibiting prostaglandin H2 PGH2 which is an inflammatory mediator. From the data obtained, there is no complete literature that reviews its use as an anti-inflammatory. The search databases used are as follows: Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to study the anti-inflammatory activity of Brucea javanica. All recent research articles were published between 2010 to 2021. Based on eligibility, 4 studies were included in this study, consisting of 2 In vivo studies and 2 In vitro and In vivo studies. A series of pharmacological studies have reported that Brucea javanica can block the Nf-kB signaling pathway and decrease the production of inflammatory mediators. It has been reported to be able to inhibit the production of NO, PGE2, TNF-, IL-1β, IL-18IL-23, COX-2, NF-κB, IFN-γ, IL-6, the levels of MPO (Myeloperoxidase), reducing the edema and induce the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β). Brucea javanica also markedly activates Nrf2 expression suppressing the inflammatory response-mediated NLRP3 and NF-κB activation. In addition, the elevated mRNA expression of MMP-1, MMP-3 and RAGE was remarkably inhibited by Brucea javanica, while the mRNA expression of PPAR-γ was significantly enhanced. In vitro and in vivo studies strongly indicate that Brucea javanica has the potential as an anti-inflammatory.

Background: Inflammation is part of the biological response that exists in vascular tissue to harmful stimulation. Using medicinal plants can help to treat inflammation. Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. is one of the medicinal plants. Objective: The review aims to present information from some research about the phytochemical and antiinflammatory activity of Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. Methods: The review provides evidence in the literature for the phytochemical and antiinflammatory activity of Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. from 2010-2021. The bibliographic databases were used as the primary sources of information (Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed). The keywords in this search were "Phytochemical or Phytochemistry" and "Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. or Nicolaia speciosa Horan" and "Anti-inflammatory or Anti Inflammatory." Five studies were included in this review according to the required criteria. Results: Phytochemical compounds contained in Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. dominated by flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids phenolic, and volatile oils which are widely distributed in leaves, flowers, stems, and rhizomes. Pharmacological studies reported that Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. shown anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting regulation of NF-κB-p65 expression. It can reduce carrageenan-induced edema in the soles of rat's feet and stabilize erythrocyte membranes. Conclusion: Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. is the potential medicinal plant to develop as anti-inflammatory therapy.

Inflammation is a defence mechanism of a body against foreign substances. However, Inflammation also plays a key role in diseases such as diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Increasing scientific evidence has shown that fruits, vegetables, and legumes can have anti-inflammatory properties. This paper aims to provide recent studies on the anti-inflammatory properties of Psidium guajava L. A review was conducted on the studies of Psidium guajava L. anti-inflammatory properties performed during the past 10 years with the literature databases such as Pub Med, Science Direct, Google Scholar. Based on our eligibility criteria, a total of ten studies were included in this paper. The studies suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of Psidium guajava occurs mainly through inhibition of PGE2, COX-2, NO, iNOS, ERK1/2, leukocyte cell migration, and suppression of edema, paw withdrawal latency as well as exhibited a membrane stabilization effect. This review has demonstrated the importance of Psidium guajava L. as a natural anti-inflammatory potential.

Mekanisme pertahanan tubuh dapat ditingkatkan dengan senyawa tertentu yang bersifat imunostimulan. Imunostimulan secara umum didefenisikan sebagai senyawa yang dapat meningkatkan mekanisme pertahanan tubuh baik secara spesifik maupun non spesifik baik mekanisme pertahanan seluler maupun humoral. Titer antibodi adalah pengukuran tingkat kekebalan tubuh terhadap suatu penyakit yang beredar dalam darah. Titer biasanya dinyatakan dalam rasio, yang berapa kali bisa mencairkan darah sampai tidak bisa menemukan antibodi lagi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas dari ekstrak daun sambung nyawa (Gynura Procumbens (Lour.) Merr.) terhadap titer antibodi, jumlah dan persentase sel leukosit mencit putih jantan. Mencit sebanyak 25 ekor dibagi atas 5 kelompok yang terdiri dari kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, kelompok dosis 75 mg/kg BB, 150 mg/kg BB, 300 mg/kg BB. Ekstrak diberikan selama 7 hari secara oral. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian ekstrak daun sambung nyawa dapat meningkatkan titer antibodi dan semakin meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan dosis. Ekstrak daun sambung nyawa meningkatkan titer antibodi, jumlah total dan persentase sel leukosit secara signifikan (P

Inflammation is a normal protective response to tissue damage that mediated by Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. The enhancement incidence and impact of inflammatory diseases have encouraged the search for new pharmacological strategies to overcome the problem. Ketumbar (Coriandrumsativum L.) has been traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, thus giving chance for anti-inflammatory studies. This study aims to determine the ethanol extract of Ketumbar (Coriandrumsativum L.) leaves anti-inflammatory activity and inhibitory effect on COX-2 enzyme. This study uses male wistar rats with 180–220 g body weights. The rats is divided into six groups by the dose of 125 mg/kg BW, 250 mg/kg BW, and 500 mg/kg BW; positive control (Carrageenan 1%); negative control (Na. CMC 0,5%); and comparative group (Celecoxib 9 mg/kg BW). Determining the anti-inflammatory activity, the oedema formation is measured using a plethysmometer and the inhibition activity is determined by ELISA methods. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Ketumbar leaves by the dose of 125 mg/kg BW, 250 mg/kg BW, and 500 mg/kg BW was significantly inhibitted COX-2 valued 65,61%, 76,83%, and 62,93%. The anti-inflammatory activity was shown by inhibiting oedema valued of 62.26%, 70.59%, and 54.90% respectively. These findings suggested that the ethanol extract of Ketumbar leaves had anti-inflammatory activity, that was possibly mediated through inhibition of COX-2 enzymes

Objective: This review provides an update review of the efficacy and safety of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonists in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in cancer patients. Methods: The information was collected from electronic scientific search engines from PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The publication dates covered were from 2010 to 2020. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients who achieved a complete response (CR), complete control (CC), no nausea, no emesis, or no rescue medication.The secondary endpoint was the percentage of patients who experience constipation related to 5-HT RA constipation, headache, diarrhea, or dizziness, as well as changes in heart rhythm. Results: Fourteen articles were identified. Palonosetron has the same effectiveness as granisetron as but more effective than ondansetron in the delayed phase and overall. Adverse effects that often occur due to the use of palonosetron, granisetron, and ondansetron are constipation and headache. Some of the articles also mentioned that palonosetron does not cause changes in heart rhythm but granisetron and ondansetron do cause changes in the electrocardiogram (ECG) at certain doses. Conclusion: Palonosetron has the same effectiveness as granisetron, and more effective than ondansetron in delayed, and overall phases. The use of palonosetron, granisetron, and ondansetron cause constipation and headaches at all doses, palonosetron does not cause ECG abnormalities whereas granisetron and ondansetron cause ECG changes. Keywords: palonosetron, ondansetron, granisetron, 5-HT3 RAs, cancer, nausea, vomiting, CINV.

Inflamasi merupakan suatu respon protektif normal terhadap kerusakan jaringan yang dimediasi oleh enzim siklooksigenase-2 (COX-2). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat aktivitas antiinflamasi ekstrak etanol daun malur (Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.) dan daya hambatnya terhadap enzim COX-2. Hewan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini ialah tikus putih jantan yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu dosis 250 mg/kg BB, dosis 500 mg/kg BB, pembanding (Celecoxib), kontrol positif dan kontrol negatif. Pengujian aktivitas antiinflamasi dilakukan dengan cara menginduksi telapak kaki tikus dengan karagen kemudian diukur volume udemnya menggunakan pletismometer dan pengukuran daya hambat COX-2 menggunakan microplate readers. Hasil uji analisis menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun malur dosis 250 mg/kg BB dan 500 mg/kg BB memiliki aktivitas antiinflamasi secara signifikan (p < 0,05). Dosis 500 mg/kg BB memiliki daya hambat terhadap COX-2 secara signifikan (p < 0,05) sedangkan dosis 250 mg/kg BB tidak memiliki daya hambat terhadap COX-2 secara signifikan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun malur memiliki efek antiinflamasi pada dosis 250 mg/kg BB dan 500 mg/kg BB dan daya hambat terhadap COX-2 pada dosis 500 mg/kg BB.

Hyperuricemia is a condition where there is an increase in uric acid levels above normal. An increase in the number of leukocytes is also a biological marker of hyperuricemia. The leaves of bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) are one of the traditional medicinal plants which contain alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and flavonoid compounds. Flavonoid compounds are thought to inhibit the formation of uric acid in the body. This study investigates the antihyperuricemia activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of bilimbi leaves. The animals were male white mice grouped into six groups: the normal group, negative control, positive control (allopurinol), and the group was given the ethyl acetate fraction of bilimbi leaves at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW. Hyperuricemia induction is by giving high-purine diets and potassium oxonate. The results showed that the variation of the ethyl acetate fraction of bilimbi leaves significantly reduce uric acid levels and the number of leukocyte cells (sig

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat rasionalitas penggunaan antibiotika yang diberikan pada penderita Leukemia Limfoblastik Akut (LLA) dengan demam neutropenia.. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional deskriptif dengan pendekatan Cross-Sectional dengan menggunakan data prospektif dan retrospektif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh penderita LLA dengan demam neutropenia di IRNA Anak RSUP DR. M. Djamil Padang yang mendapatkan terapi antibiotik. Jumlah sampel yang diambil untuk penelitian ini 21 orang. Hasil kajian kuantitatif menunjukkan cefotaxim paling banyak digunakan pada penderita LLA dengan demam neutropenia yaitu sebesar 6,59 DDD/100 patien-days. Hasil kajian kualitatif penggunaan antibiotik pada kasus ini, antara lain penggunaaan antibiotik sudah tepat 28%, dan penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak rasional sebesar 72%. Kata kunci : Rasionalitas Antibiotik, Leukemia Limfoblastik Akut (LLA), Demam Neutropenia.